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ASTM E987-88(2001)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products

Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Under normal usage, deglazing loads are generally applied parallel to the plane of the glazing material and eccentric to the sash element when it is opened, closed, or lifted out of the frame. When operating hardware is present, torsional forces may be increased. Opening and closing forces are normally applied from the interior side only. Sliding glass door panels are activated from both sides.
The ability of fenestration products to resist deglazing forces may vary with a number of factors. These factors should be considered when selecting test specimens or when interpreting test results. Bedding compounds in newly assembled sashes may not reach full strength until they have been allowed to cure for several days or weeks. Some sash materials are subject to shrinkage at low temperatures and increased elasticity at high temperatures. Therefore, a sash containing these materials may exhibit a range of deglazing resistance due to varying temperature conditions. Normal manufacturing tolerances and clearances in sash members and glazing materials may also affect deglazing resistance. Further, although fenestration products are designed to operate within certain force limits, improper installation, wear, and abuse may increase the forces necessary for sash operation.
When determining which members of a given sash shall be tested for deglazing resistance, consideration must be given to the manner in which the sash may be operated when normally installed. Handles and lift devices are usually located on the sash for the convenience of the operator and therefore dictate the normal direction of operation.
Test Method A presents a technique for actual measurement of the deglazing forces of an individual sash member.
Test Method B presents a technique for measuring the deglazing force of two opposite members. This test method is intended for quality control measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods measure the resistance of elements of fenestration products such as operating (or removable) window sashes, storm sashes, and sliding glass door panels (hereafter referred to as sash members) to forces tending to deglaze the construction.  
1.2 These test methods utilize concentrated loads applied to the interior side of a sash member in a manner simulating normal opening and closing forces. Removable sashes are loaded to simulate handling for removal and cleaning.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric (SI) equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2000
ICS
91.060.50 - Doors and windows
Technical Committee
E06 - Performance of Buildings
Drafting Committee
E06.51 - Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E987-88(1994)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Replaced By
ASTM E987-88(2009) - Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009

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ASTM E987-88(2001) - Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration ProductsASTM E987-88(2001) - Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products
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ASTM E987-88(2001) - Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:E987–88(Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Methods for
Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 These test methods measure the resistance of elements 4.1 Under normal usage, deglazing loads are generally
of fenestration products such as operating (or removable) applied parallel to the plane of the glazing material and
window sashes, storm sashes, and sliding glass door panels eccentrictothesashelementwhenitisopened,closed,orlifted
(hereafter referred to as sash members) to forces tending to out of the frame.When operating hardware is present, torsional
deglaze the construction. forces may be increased. Opening and closing forces are
1.2 These test methods utilize concentrated loads applied to normally applied from the interior side only. Sliding glass door
the interior side of a sash member in a manner simulating panels are activated from both sides.
normal opening and closing forces. Removable sashes are 4.2 The ability of fenestration products to resist deglazing
loaded to simulate handling for removal and cleaning. forces may vary with a number of factors.These factors should
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded be considered when selecting test specimens or when interpret-
as the standard. The metric (SI) equivalents of inch-pound ing test results. Bedding compounds in newly assembled
units may be approximate. sashes may not reach full strength until they have been allowed
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the to cure for several days or weeks. Some sash materials are
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the subject to shrinkage at low temperatures and increased elastic-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- ity at high temperatures. Therefore, a sash containing these
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- materials may exhibit a range of deglazing resistance due to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. varying temperature conditions. Normal manufacturing toler-
ances and clearances in sash members and glazing materials
2. Referenced Documents
may also affect deglazing resistance. Further, although fenes-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tration products are designed to operate within certain force
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
limits, improper installation, wear, and abuse may increase the
forces necessary for sash operation.
3. Terminology
4.3 When determining which members of a given sash shall
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test
be tested for deglazing resistance, consideration must be given
methods, refer to Terminology E631.
to the manner in which the sash may be operated when
3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
normally installed. Handles and lift devices are usually located
3.2.1 deglazing—the movement of a sash member from its
on the sash for the convenience of the operator and therefore
original position in relation to the glazing material. Deglazing
dictate the normal direction of operation.
is expressed as a percentage of the original (before testing)
4.4 Test Method A presents a technique for actual measure-
glazing “bite.”
ment of the deglazing forces of an individual sash member.
3.2.2 deglazing force—the force required to obtain the
4.5 Test Method B presents a technique for measuring the
deglazing measured.
deglazing force of two opposite members. This test method is
3.2.3 bite—the distance from the edge of the glazing mate-
intended for quality control measurements.
rial to the sight line.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Hydraulic or Pneumatic Ram, or an equivalent capable
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
of producing at least a 100-lbf (445-N) force when connected
Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51
on Component Performance of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors.
to a hydraulic pump or compressed air supply, or an equivalent
Current edition approved Feb. 26, 1988. Published July 1988. Originally
of suitable capacity. The ram piston extension can be fitted to
published as E987 – 64. Last previous edition E987 – 84. DOI: 10.1520/E0987-
allow the addition of extensions to accommodate the width or
88R01.
length of the specimen to be tested.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E987–88 (2001)
5.1.1 Sliding Contact Shoe, to be fitted on either end of the 6. Test Specimen
ram, as shown in Fig. 1.
6.1 Submit the test specimen glazed in accordance with the
5.1.1.1 For Test Method A, only one shoe is required, since
manufacturer’s standard practices for the window sash or the
the opposing force will be dissipated against a stationary
door panel to be tested. The test specimen shall be of the
support.
maximum width and maximum height for which the test data
5.1.1.2 ForTestMethodB,twocontactshoesarerequiredto
is to be determined.
generate the opposing forces against opposite sash members.
6.2 The sash or panel members to be included in this test are
5.1.2 Force Gage, capable of measuring force to an accu-
those having integral pull provisions, and those having no
racy of 61.0 lbf (64.5 N).
integral pull provisions, but fitted with handles, latches, or
5.1.2.1 The apparatus, including the gage system, shall be
other means that might be used to operate the window or door.
calibrated and a calibration curve prepared every 6 months
Removablewindowsashes,becauseoftheirinherentcapability
correlating gage readings to pounds-force generated.
of being lifted by any sash surround, shall be tested on all four
5.2 Extensometers, capable of being read to an accuracy of
sash surround members.
0.01 in. (0.25 mm), required to measure the deflection of the
6.2.1 Test sliding glass door panels from both the interior
members under test. One extensometer is required for Test
and exterior side on the stile containing the locking mecha-
MethodAand two extensometers are required for Test Method
nism, necessitating the submission of at least two panels for
B.
each door tested.
6.3 Acclimate the test specimen to the ambient conditions
und
...

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5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining the resistance to water penetration under uniform static air pressure differences. The air-pressure differences acting across a building envelope vary greatly. These factors should be fully considered prior to specifying the test pressure difference to be used.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of exterior windows, curtain walls, skylights, and doors to water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor face and exposed edges simultaneously with a uniform static air pressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at the indoor face.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to any curtain-wall area or to windows, skylights, or doors alone.  
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5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining the resistance to water penetration during rapid cyclic pulses of dynamic air pressure differences. The air-pressure differences acting across a building envelope vary greatly. These factors should be fully considered prior to specifying the test pressure difference to be used.  
5.2 The median test pressure used in this test method is defined as the specified test pressure supplied by the user and related to the maximum positive building design pressure. This test method departs from the format of other ASTM water penetration resistance test methods based on a maximum test pressure related to a maximum positive building design pressure.  
5.3 As the specified or median test pressure is increased, the maximum test pressure in this procedure is also increased to 1.5 times the specification median test pressure. This higher maximum test pressure may not be representative of actual building service conditions. For this reason the maximum recommended median test pressure is 480 Pa (10 psf), which corresponds to a maximum test pressure of 720 Pa (15 psf).  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of exterior windows, skylights, and doors to water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor face and exposed edges simultaneously with a rapid pulsed air pressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at the indoor face.  
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Note 1: The AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 document provides air leakage acceptance criteria for these products based on their performance class. Acoustical products could require a lower air leakage rate than what is required in this standard in order to achieve the desired acoustical performance.  
4.2 Operating Force Relative to Sound Transmission—The use of specific sealing components to achieve a given sound rating could affect operating force of the vertical or horizontal sliding sash or panels of the assembly; therefore, operating force is reported to allow the approving authority information relative to sash or panel operating forces.
Note 2: The opening force in 28 CFR Part 36 ADA for interior hinged doors and sliding doors is limited to 5 lbf (22.2 N). The AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 document provides operating force acceptance criteria for products based on their performance class.  
4.3 Latching Force Relative to Sound Transmission—Latching force can affect the compression of seals and the amount of damping applied to the system that in turn affects the air leakage and the acoustical performance. The use of specific sealing components and latching/locking hardware can affect the force required to close and latch the door under test. The latching force is reported to allow the approving authority information relative to sash or panel latching conditions.
Note 3: The AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 document states that the maximum force to latch shall be measured and reported.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes requirements for testing and rating acoustical performance of window, door, skylight, and glazed wall systems, regardless of their method or materials of manufacture.  
1.1.1 Operating force, latching force, and air leakage are integral elements of the acoustical performance of window, door, skylight, and glazed wall systems. This practice requires (when applicable) the concurrent testing of operating force, latching force, and air leakage, in addition to the sound transmission loss test.  
1.2 This practice establishes the test methodology, specimen criteria, and classification rating system for purposes of determining the acoustical performance levels of window, door, skylight, and glazed wall systems only, and not through openings between such assemblies and adjacent construction.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1105-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining the resistance to water penetration under uniform or cyclic static air pressure differences of installed exterior windows, skylights, curtain walls, and doors. The air-pressure differences acting across a building envelope vary greatly. These factors should be considered fully prior to specifying the test pressure difference to be used.
Note 1: In applying the results of tests by this test method, note that the performance of a wall or its components, or both, may be a function of proper installation and adjustment. In service, the performance will also depend on the rigidity of supporting construction and on the resistance of components to deterioration by various causes, vibration, thermal expansion and contraction, and so forth. It is difficult to simulate the identical complex wetting conditions that can be encountered in service, with large wind-blown water drops, increasing water drop impact pressures with increasing wind velocity, and lateral or upward moving air and water. Some designs are more sensitive than others to this upward moving water.
Note 2: This test method does not identify unobservable liquid water which may penetrate into the test specimen.  
5.2 Laboratory tests are designed to give an indication of the performance of an assembly. Field performance may vary from laboratory performance since the supporting structure for the test specimen, methods of mounting, and sealing in the laboratory can only simulate the actual conditions that will exist in the building. Shipping, handling, installation, acts of subsequent trades, aging, and other environmental conditions all may have an adverse effect upon the performance of the installed product. This field test procedure provides a means for determining the performance of a product once installed in the building.  
5.3 The field test may be made at the time the window, skylight, curtain-wall, or door assemblies are initially installed ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of installed exterior windows, curtain walls, skylights, and doors to water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor face and exposed edges simultaneously with a static air pressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at the indoor face.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to any curtain-wall area or to windows, skylights, or doors alone. It is intended primarily for determining the resistance to water penetration through such assemblies for compliance with specified performance criteria, but it may also be used to determine the resistance to penetration through the joints between the assemblies and the adjacent construction. Other procedures may be appropriate to identify sources of leakage.  
1.3 This test method addresses water penetration through a manufactured assembly. Water that penetrates the assembly, but does not result in a failure as defined herein, may have adverse effects on the performance of contained materials such as sealants and insulating or laminated glass. This test method does not address these issues.  
1.4 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledge of the principles of pressure measurement.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 7.1.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on...

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ASTM
ASTM E1424-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Skylights, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under Specified Pressure and Temperature Differences Across the Specimen

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The exterior building envelope and its components (for example, windows and doors) separate the interior conditioned spaces from exterior environmental factors such as heat, cold, rain, wind, noise dust, etc. Building materials and components can expand or contract to varying degrees, depending on seasonal and diurnal exterior ambient air temperatures. Fluctuations in the ambient air temperatures can alter the sealing characteristics of windows, curtain walls, and doors by changing weather seal compression ratios. Thermal expansion or contraction of framing materials coupled with thermal blowing due to temperature gradients through the product, and alterations in the effective leakage areas due to weather seal shrinkage and compression set, can also significantly alter the air leakage rates of these products in field service applications. Air leakage tests performed using Test Method E283 (a laboratory air leakage test performed at ambient temperature conditions) will not account accurately for changes in air leakage rates that may occur from dimensional changes in fenestration systems, materials, and components.  
5.2 It is recommended that test specifiers consult the manufacturer for recommended test temperature extremes.  
5.3 This procedure provides a means for evaluating air leakage rates of fenestration systems under various temperature and pressure conditions and air flow directions. It is also applicable for use in evaluating the efficiency of weather sealing products in fenestration systems. All air flow rates are converted to standard conditions to provide a means of comparison between measurements made at different ambient air temperature and pressure conditions.  
5.4 Air leakage rates are sometimes used for comparison purposes. Such comparisons may not be valid unless the components being tested and compared are of essentially the same size, configuration, and design.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a standard laboratory procedure for determining the air leakage rates of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors under specified differential air temperature and pressure conditions across the specimen.  
1.2 Specified temperature and pressure conditions are representative of those that may be encountered at the exterior thermal envelope of buildings, excluding the effects of heat buildup due to solar radiation.  
1.3 This laboratory procedure is applicable to exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors and is intended to measure only such leakage associated with the assembly and not the installation; however, the test method can be adapted for the latter purpose.  
1.4 This is a laboratory procedure for testing at differential temperature conditions. Persons interested in a laboratory test at ambient conditions should reference Test Method E283. Persons interested in a field test on installed windows and doors should reference Test Method E783.  
1.5 Persons using this procedure should be knowledgeable in the areas of heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and instrumentation practices, and shall have a general understanding of fenestration products and components.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technic...

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