ASTM E238-84(2002)

Standard Test Method for Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The data obtained from the bearing test are the bearing ultimate and yield strength. The data provide a measure of the load-carrying capacity of a material edge loaded with a close-fitting cylindrical pin through a hole located a specific distance from the specimen edge.
Bearing properties are useful in the comparison of materials and design of structures under conditions where the pin is not restricted.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a pin-type bearing test of metallic materials to determine bearing yield strength and bearing strength.
Note—The presence of incidental lubricants on the bearing surfaces may significantly lower the value of bearing yield strength obtained by this method.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 26-Jul-1984
• ICS: 77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
• Technical Committee: E28 - Mechanical Testing
• Drafting Committee: E28.04 - Uniaxial Testing

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E238-84(1996) - Standard Test Method for Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 27-Jul-1984
• Replaced By: ASTM E238-84(2008) - Standard Test Method for Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 01-May-2008
• Referred By: ASTM F3122-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
• Effective Date: 27-Jul-1984
• Referred By: ASTM F3056-14(2021) - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Nickel Alloy (UNS N06625) with Powder Bed Fusion
• Effective Date: 27-Jul-1984
• Referred By: ASTM F3184-16 - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Stainless Steel Alloy (UNS S31603) with Powder Bed Fusion
• Effective Date: 27-Jul-1984
• Referred By: ASTM F3001-14(2021) - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) with Powder Bed Fusion
• Effective Date: 27-Jul-1984
• Referred By: ASTM D5961/D5961M-23 - Standard Test Method for Bearing Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
• Effective Date: 27-Jul-1984
• Referred By: ASTM F3055-14a(2021) - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Nickel Alloy (UNS N07718) with Powder Bed Fusion
• Effective Date: 27-Jul-1984
• Referred By: ASTM F2924-14(2021) - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium with Powder Bed Fusion
• Effective Date: 27-Jul-1984
• Referred By: ASTM F3607-22 - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing – Finished Part Properties – Maraging Steel via Powder Bed Fusion
• Effective Date: 27-Jul-1984

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E238–84 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 238; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a pin-type bearing test of
metallic materials to determine bearing yield strength and
bearing strength.
NOTE 1—The presence of incidental lubricants on the bearing surfaces
may significantly lower the value of bearing yield strength obtained by
this method.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
ing
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
someters
FIG. 1 Bearing Test Specimen
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 bearing area—the product of the pin diameter and
3.1.6 edge distance—the distance from the edge of a bear-
specimen thickness.
ing specimen to the center of the hole in the direction of
3.1.2 bearing stress—the force per unit of bearing area.
applied force (Fig. 1).
3.1.3 bearing strain—the ratio of the bearing deformation
3.1.7 edge distance ratio—the ratio of the edge distance to
of the bearing hole, in the direction of the applied force, to the
the pin diameter.
pin diameter.
3.1.8 For definitions of other terms see TerminologyE6.
3.1.4 bearing yield strength—the bearing stress at which a
4. Significance and Use
material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the pro-
portionality of bearing stress to bearing strain.
4.1 The data obtained from the bearing test are the bearing
3.1.5 bearing strength—the maximum bearing stress which
ultimate and yield strength. The data provide a measure of the
a material is capable of sustaining.
load-carrying capacity of a material edge loaded with a
close-fitting cylindrical pin through a hole located a specific
distance from the specimen edge.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
4.2 Bearing properties are useful in the comparison of
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E 28.05 on
Compression Testing. materials and design of structures under conditions where the
Current edition approved July 27, 1984. Published November 1984. Originally
pin is not restricted.
published as E 238 – 64. Last previous edition E 238 – 68 (1978).
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E238–84 (2002)
TABLE 1 Characteristics of Pin for Various Materials Tested
the bearing strength is obtained. If a specimen is too thin,
Rockwell Surface Roughness, buckling may occur. A ratio of pin diameter to specimen
Material Tested Material
Hardness µ in. (µm) (avg)
thicknessoffrom2to4hasbeenusedtoavoidbothconditions.
Aluminum alloys hardened steel C60 to 64 4 to 8 (0.1 to 0.2 µm)
The hole should have approximately the same diameter as for
Beryllium alloys hardened steel C60 to 64 4 to 8 (0.1 to 0.2 µm)
the intended use. For example, if the bearing test results are
Copper alloys hardened steel C60 to 64 4 to 8 (0.1 to 0.2µ m)
3 1
being used to obtain data for a riveted part, a hole ⁄16 in. or ⁄4
Magnesium alloys hardened steel C60 to 64 4 to 8 (0.1 to 0.2 µm)
Zinc alloys hardened steel C60 to 64 4 to 8 (0.1 to 0.2µ m)
in. (5 or 6 mm) in diameter would be suitable, while for a
bolted assembly, a larger hole might be desirable.Adifference
in test results may be obtained with holes of different diam-
eters. The width of the specimen should be about 4 to 8 times
5. Apparatus
theholediameter.Theedgedistanceratioshallbespecifiedand
5.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for bearing testing
the edge distance held within a tolerance of 62 %. Edge
shall conform to the requirements of PracticesE4.
distance ratios of 1 ⁄2 and 2 are commonly used (see Fig. 1).A
5.2 Gripping Devices—Various types of gripping devices
close fit between the specimen and pin is required since a loose
may be used to transmit the measured load applied by the
fit will tend to give lower results. The diameter of the hole
testing machine to the test specimens.Any grips considered to
should not exceed the pin diameter by more than 0.001 in.
apply the load axially for tension testing, such as pin connec-
(0.02 mm). The total length of the test specimen is not critical
tions or wedge grips, are satisfactory for use in bearing testing.
and may depend on the method used to grip the specimen. Fig.
5.3 Pin—The bearing load is generally applied to the
1 shows a bearing test specimen commonly used.
specimen through a close-fitting cylindrical pin. The pin shall
6.2 Specimen Preparation—A flat specimen with a hole
be harder and stronger than the material being tested. Restraint
normal to the face shall be used. A smooth, round hole with a
ofmovementofthespecimenwhereitisincontactwiththepin
minimum of cold work on the surface must be obtained. The
hasaconsiderableeffectupontheholedeformationobtainedas
finished hole is generally bored, reamed, or ground as a final
a function of the load applied. Close control of surface
operation to obtain the desired degree of roundness. Any burr
conditions on both the specimen and pin is needed to assure
on the periphery of the hole is indicative of a cold-worked
reproducible results. The pins used should be uniform in
surfaceontheholeandshouldbeavoided.Removaloftheburr
diameter, hardness, and surface roughness. Pin materials,
will not eliminate the cold work.
hardness, and surface roughness as shown in Table 1 are
recommended for testing the materials listed. The pin should
7. Procedure
be checked carefully after each test to ensure that no metallic
7.1 Measurement of Specimens—Measure the actual thick-
residueadherestoitandthatitisbothstraightandundeformed.
ness of the specimen and the pin diameter, preferably reading
If there is any
...