ASTM D4410-10

Terminology for Fluvial Sediment

SCOPE
1.1 These terms are to be used by persons involved in collecting, reporting, and interpreting information pertaining to sedimentation and hydrologic processes as they apply in the development, use, control, and conservation of water and land resources.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2010
• ICS: 01.040.07 - Natural and applied sciences (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 07.060 - Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology
• Technical Committee: D19 - Water
• Drafting Committee: D19.07 - Sediments, Geomorphology, and Open-Channel Flow

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4410-03 - Terminology for Fluvial Sediment
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Replaced By: ASTM D4410-16 - Terminology for Fluvial Sediment
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D4823-95(2019) - Standard Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsolidated Sediments
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM F2664-19e1 - Standard Guide for Assessing the Attachment of Cells to Biomaterial Surfaces by Physical Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G170-06(2020)e1 - Standard Guide for Evaluating and Qualifying Oilfield and Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors in the Laboratory
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D3976-22 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Sediment Samples for Chemical Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D6146-97(2018) - Standard Guide for Monitoring Aqueous Nutrients in Watersheds
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D3977-97(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Sediment Concentration in Water Samples
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D6145-97(2018) - Standard Guide for Monitoring Sediment in Watersheds
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D5387-93(2019) - Standard Guide for Elements of a Complete Data Set for Non-Cohesive Sediments
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G184-06(2020)e1 - Standard Practice for Evaluating and Qualifying Oil Field and Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors Using Rotating Cage
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G208-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Evaluating and Qualifying Oilfield and Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors Using Jet Impingement Apparatus
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D4822-88(2019) - Standard Guide for Selection of Methods of Particle Size Analysis of Fluvial Sediments (Manual Methods)
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D6764-02(2019) - Standard Guide for Collection of Water Temperature, Dissolved-Oxygen Concentrations, Specific Electrical Conductance, and pH Data from Open Channels
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G185-06(2020)e1 - Standard Practice for Evaluating and Qualifying Oil Field and Refinery Corrosion Inhibitors Using the Rotating Cylinder Electrode
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4410 − 10
Terminologyfor
1
Fluvial Sediment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4410; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope bag sampler—a sampler that utilizes a collapsible bag as the
sample collection container.
1.1 These terms are to be used by persons involved in
collecting, reporting, and interpreting information pertaining to
base flow—stream flow that is sustained by ground water and
sedimentation and hydrologic processes as they apply in the
other delayed sources.
development, use, control, and conservation of water and land
resources.
bed-load—material moving on or near the stream bed by
rolling, sliding, and skipping.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
bed-load discharge—the quantity of bed-load passing a cross
standard.
section of a stream in a unit of time.
2. Terminology
bed-load sampler—a device for sampling the bed-load.
2.1 Definitions:
bed material—the sediment mixture of which the stream bed
accelerated erosion—erosion at a rate greater than geologic or
is composed.
natural erosion.
DISCUSSION—Accelerated erosion is usually associated with anthro-
bed-material discharge—that part of the total sediment dis-
pogenic activities and usually reduces plant cover and increases runoff.
charge composed of grain sizes occurring in appreciable
quantities in the bed material.
accretion—a process of sediment accumulation.
aggradation—the geologic process by which stream beds,
bed-material load—that part of the total load which is
flood plains, and the bottoms of other water bodies are raised composed of particle sizes present in appreciable quantities
in elevation by the deposition of material eroded and
in the shifting portions of the stream bed.
transported by water from other areas.
boulder size (fluvial sediment)—larger than 256 mm in
alluvial deposit—sediment deposited by the action of moving
diameter.
water.
braided river—a wide- and shallow-river where the flow
alluviation—the process of accumulating sediment deposits at
passes through a number of small interlaced channels
places where the flow is retarded.
separated by bars or shoals.
alluvium—a general term for all fluvial deposits resulting
channel—a natural or artificial waterway that periodically or
directly or indirectly from the sediment transport of (mod-
continuously contains moving water.
ern) streams, thus including the sediments laid down in
riverbeds, flood plains, lakes, fans, and estuaries.
clay size (fluvial sediment)—0.00024 to 0.004 mm in diam-
eter.
armoring—theformationofaresistantlayerofrelativelylarge
particles by erosion of the finer particles.
cobble size (fluvial sediment)—64 to 256 mm in diameter.
avulsion—a sudden, natural change of a stream channel, so
cohesive sediments—that material whose resistance to initial
that the water flows elsewhere than in its previous course.
movement or erosion depends upon the strength of the bond
between particles.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water
colloids (fluvial sediment)—smaller than 0.00024 mm in
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments,
diameter.
Geomorphology, and Open-Channel Flow.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2010. Published March 2010. Originally
colluvial deposits—that material accumulated along valley
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4410 – 03. DOI:
10.1520/D4410-10. margins by mass movements from the adjacent hillsides.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4410 − 10
composite sample—a sample formed by combining two or filtration—the process of passing a liquid through a porous
more individual samples or representative portions of the medium for the removal of suspended matter.
samples.
fine-material load—that part of the total sediment load that is
composed of particles of a finer size than the particles
concentration (volume)—the ratio of the volume of dry
present in appreciable quantities in the bed material; nor-
sediment to the volume of the water-sediment mixture.
mally, the fine-material load consists of material finer than
concentration of sediment (by mass)—the ratio of the mass
0.062 mm.
of dry sediment in a water-sediment mixture to the mass of
flocculant—an agent that produces flocs or aggregates from
the mixture.
small suspended particles.
critical flow—open channel flow in which the energy, ex-
flocculating a
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4410–03 Designation: D4410 – 10
Terminology for
1
Fluvial Sediment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4410; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These terms are to be used by persons involved in collecting, reporting, and interpreting information pertaining to
sedimentation and hydrologic processes as they apply in the development, use, control, and conservation of water and land
resources.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
2. Terminology
2.1 Definitions:
accelerated erosion—erosion at a rate greater than geologic or natural erosion.
DISCUSSION—Accelerated erosion is usually associated with anthropogenic activities and usually reduces plant cover and increases runoff.
accretion—a process of sediment accumulation.
aggradation—the geologic process by which stream beds, flood plains, and the bottoms of other water bodies are raised in
elevation by the deposition of material eroded and transported by water from other areas.
alluvial deposit—sediment deposited by the action of moving water.
alluviation—the process of accumulating sediment deposits at places where the flow is retarded.
alluvium—a general term for all fluvial deposits resulting directly or indirectly from the sediment transport of (modern) streams,
thus including the sediments laid down in riverbeds, flood plains, lakes, fans, and estuaries.
armoring—the formation of a resistant layer of relatively large particles by erosion of the finer particles.
avulsion—a sudden, natural change of a stream channel, so that the water flows elsewhere than in its previous course.
bag sampler—a sampler that utilizes a collapsible bag as the sample collection container.
base flow—stream flow that is sustained by ground water and other delayed sources.
bed-load—material moving on or near the stream bed by rolling, sliding, and skipping.
bed-load discharge—the quantity of bed-load passing a cross section of a stream in a unit of time.
bed-load sampler—a device for sampling the bed-load.
bed material—the sediment mixture of which the stream bed is composed.
bed-material discharge—that part of the total sediment discharge composed of grain sizes occurring in appreciable quantities in
the bed material.
bed-material load—that part of the total load which is composed of particle sizes present in appreciable quantities in the shifting
portions of the stream bed.
boulder size (fluvial sediment)—larger than 256 mm in diameter.
braided river—a wide- and shallow-river where the flow passes through a number of small interlaced channels separated by bars
or shoals.
channel—a natural or artificial waterway that periodically or continuously contains moving water.
clay size (fluvial sediment)—0.00024 to 0.004 mm in diameter.
cobble size (fluvial sediment)—64 to 256 mm in diameter.
cohesive sediments—that material whose resistance to initial movement or erosion depends upon the strength of the bond between
particles.
colloids (fluvial sediment)—smaller than 0.00024 mm in diameter.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments, Geomorphology,
and Open-Channel Flow.
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2003. Published September 2003. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D4410–98. DOI:
10.1520/D4410-03.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2010. Published March 2010. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4410 – 03. DOI:
10.1520/D4410-10.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4410 – 10
colluvial deposits—that material accumulated along valley margins by mass movements from the adjacent hillsides.
composite sample—a sample formed by combining two or more individual samples or representative portions of the samples.
concentration (volume)—the ratio of the volume of dry sediment to the volume of the water-sediment mixture.
concentration of sediment (by mass)—the ratio of the mass of dry sediment in a water-sediment mixture to the mass of the
mixture.
critical flow—open channel flow in
...