Standard Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of Cotton Fibers by Photoelectric Measurement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Fibrograph measurements provide a relatively fast method for determining the length and length uniformity of the fibers in a sample of cotton in a reproducible manner.  
5.3 Results of the Fibrograph length tests do not necessarily agree with those obtained by other methods for measuring lengths of cotton fibers because of the effect of fiber crimp and other factors.  
5.4 Fibrograph tests are more objective than commercial staple length classifications and also provide additional information on fiber length uniformity of cotton fibers. The cotton quality information provided by these results is used in research studies and quality surveys, in checking commercial staple length classifications, in assembling bales of cotton into uniform lots, and for other purposes.  
5.5 Fibrograph measurements are based on the assumptions that a fiber is caught randomly along its length.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by use of photoelectric measurement. The test method is applicable to fibers taken from raw or partially processed cotton (up to card mat) or some types of cotton waste, but not to fibers from blends of cotton with other fibers or to fibers recovered from cotton yarns, fabrics or to 100 % synthetic fibers.  
1.2 This test method is especially adapted for determining the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by models of the Digital Fibrograph, hereafter referred to as Fibrograph.
Note 1: Instructions for the use of Manual and Servo Fibrograph Models were included in the text of Test Method D1447 in 1971 and previous editions.
Note 2: For other methods covering the measurement of the length of cotton fibers refer to Test Method D1440.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

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Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2020
Technical Committee
Drafting Committee
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D1447-07(2021) - Standard Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of Cotton Fibers by Photoelectric Measurement
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1447 − 07 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
Length and Length Uniformity of Cotton Fibers by
Photoelectric Measurement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1447; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
Cotton Fibers (Array Method)
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the length
D1441 Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
and length uniformity of cotton fibers by use of photoelectric
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
measurement. The test method is applicable to fibers taken
D3025 Practice for Standardizing Cotton Fiber Test Results
fromraworpartiallyprocessedcotton(uptocardmat)orsome
by Use of Calibration Cotton Standards
types of cotton waste, but not to fibers from blends of cotton
D7139 Terminology for Cotton Fibers
with other fibers or to fibers recovered from cotton yarns,
fabrics or to 100 % synthetic fibers.
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method is especially adapted for determining
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.11, refer to Termi-
the length and length uniformity of cotton fibers by models of
nology D7139.
the Digital Fibrograph, hereafter referred to as Fibrograph.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
NOTE 1—Instructions for the use of Manual and Servo Fibrograph
fibrogram, mean length, uniformity index, upper-half-mean
Models were included in the text of Test Method D1447 in 1971 and
length.
previous editions.
NOTE 2—For other methods covering the measurement of the length of
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
cotton fibers refer to Test Method D1440.
Terminology D123.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 4. Summary of Test Method
standard.
4.1 Fibers are placed on comb(s) in such a way that they are
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
caught at random points along their lengths to form a beard.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
The beard is scanned photoelectrically from base to tip, the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
amount of light passing through the beard being used as a
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
measure of the number of fibers that extend various distances
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
from the comb(s).
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.2 The Fibrograph shows the amount and the length
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
readings from the Fibrogram being sensed on separate dials.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5. Significance and Use
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
tance testing when the levels of the laboratories are controlled
by the use of the same reference standard cotton samples
2. Referenced Documents
because the current estimates of between-laboratory precision
2.1 ASTM Standards:
are acceptable under these conditions. If there are differences
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
of practical significance between reported test results for two
laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers.
competent statistical assistance.As a minimum, ensure the test
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2021. Published January 2021. Originally
ε1
samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D1447 – 07(2021) .
DOI: 10.1520/D1447-07R21.
from the material from which the disparate test results were
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
laboratoryfortesting.Thetestfromthetwolaboratoriesshould
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1447 − 07 (2021)
FIG. 1 Fibrosampler
probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is 7. Sampling
found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future
7.1 DivisionintoLots—For acceptance testing purposes, the
test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration
purchaser and the supplier shall agree on what material
of the known bias.
constitutes a lot.
5.2 Fibrograph measurements provide a relatively fast
7.2 LotSample—Asalotsampleforacceptancetesting,take
method for determining the length and length uniformity of the
at random the number of shipping containers directed in an
fibers in a sample of cotton in a reproducible manner.
applicable material specification or other agreement between
5.3 Results of the Fibrograph length tests do not necessarily the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to use
agree with those obtained by other methods for measuring Practice D1441.
lengths of cotton fibers because of the effect of fiber crimp and
7.3 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
other factors.
tance testing, select and prepare a 30 to 50 g subsample from
5.4 Fibrograph tests are more objective than commercial eachoftheshippingcontainersinthelotsample,proceedingas
staple length classifications and also provide additional infor- directed in Practice D1441 using either the blended sample
procedure or the subsample procedure as agreed between the
mation on fiber length uniformity of cotton fibers. The cotton
quality information provided by these results is used in purchaser and the supplier.
research studies and quality surveys, in checking commercial
7.4 Test Specimens—As directed in Section 10, prepare
staple length classifications, in assembling bales of cotton into
either two or four specimens from each subsample in the
uniform lots, and for other purposes.
laboratory sample. For acceptance testing, test either two or
5.5 Fibrograph measurements are based on the assumptions four specimens from each subsample in the laboratory sample
as agreed between the purchaser and the supplier.
that a fiber is caught randomly along its length.
8. Preparation and Adjustment of Apparatus
6. Apparatus
8.1 Set up the Fibrograph and adjust it as directed in the
6.1 Fibrograph, digital model, with accessory equipment as
manufacturer’s instructions for the model being used.
shown in Fig. 2.
8.2 Set up and adjust the Fibrosampler as directed in the
6.2 Fibrosampler, for the preparation of test specimens
manufacturer’s instructions.
(required) as shown in Fig. 1.
8.3 Before making Fibrograph length tests, allow the instru-
ment to warm up until it is electronically stable (5 minutes),
Instruments and accessories meeting these requirements may be obtained from
then carefully check it both electronically and mechanically by
Uster Technologies, Inc., 456 Troy Circle, P. O. Box 51270, Knoxville, TN
37919-1270. using the methods listed in 8.3.1 – 8.3.4 for specific items.
D1447 − 07 (2021)
FIG. 2 Digital Fibrograph, Model 730
8.3.1 When the Fibrograph is first powered on, the LEDs on
the front of the instrument will display the unit’s system
information. After the system information is displayed, the
combtransportmovesfromthestarttothestoppositiontozero
the optics. Once the comb transport has returned to the start
position, lift the door and adjust the optics by following the
manufacturer’s instruction.
8.3.2 The Fibrograph calibration should be checked once a
week. During calibration check the calibration values are not
changed. When a calibration is performed, the calibration
values will be changed.Ametal length standard with a known
length value is supplied with the Fibrograph for calibration
purposes. Follow the calibration procedures as directed in the
manufacturer’s instructions.
8.3.3 Measure specimens of cotton fibers from a laboratory
control sample with established length values (Note 3). Each
technician must measure separate specimens prepared from a
laboratory control sample and obtain acceptable length results
before performing similar measurements on specimens from
unknown samples. When unacceptable results are obtained
from the laboratory control sample, recheck the instrument
adjustments and the testing techniques until
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