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ASTM E750-04

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation

Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation

ABSTRACT
This practice deals with the testing and measurement of operating characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) electronic components or units. This practice is not intended for routine checks of acoustic emission instrumentation, but rather for periodic evaluation or in the event of a malfunction. The sensor is not addressed in this document other than suggesting methods for standardizing system gains (equalizing them channel to channel) when sensors are present. The test methods and measurement techniques used and their corresponding results should be recorded in documentation, which consists of photographs, charts or graphs, calculations, and tabulations where applicable. This practice does not cover the testing of the computer or computer peripherals used in conjunction with AE systems that use them to control the collection, storage, display, and analysis of data. Instead a manufacturer's specification should be provided for such purpose.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is recommended for use in testing and measuring operating characteristics of acoustic emission electronic components or units. (See Appendix X1 for a description of components and units.) It is not intended that this practice be used for routine checks of acoustic emission instrumentation, but rather for periodic evaluation or in the event of a malfunction. The sensor is not addressed in this document other than suggesting methods for standardizing system gains (equalizing them channel to channel) when sensors are present.
1.2 Where the manufacturer provides testing and measuring details in an operating and maintenance manual, the manufacturer's methods should be used in conjunction with the methods described in this practice.
1.3 Difficult or questionable instrumentation measurements should be referred to electronics engineering personnel.
1.4 The methods set forth in this practice are not intended to be either exclusive or exhaustive.
1.5 The methods (techniques) used for testing and measuring the components or units of acoustic emission instrumentation, and the results of such testing and measuring should be documented. Documentation should consist of photographs, charts or graphs, calculations, and tabulations where applicable.
1.6 AE systems that use computers to control the collection, storage, display, and data analysis are in common use. Features of the computer-based systems might include waveform collection as well as a wide selection of measurement parameters relating to the AE signal. The manufacturer provides a specification for each system that specifies the operating range and conditions for the system. All calibration and acceptance testing of computer-based AE systems must use the manufacturer's specification as a guide. This practice does not cover testing of the computer or computer peripherals.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2004
ICS
17.140.20 - Noise emitted by machines and equipment
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E750-98 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Replaced By
ASTM E750-10 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Referred By
ASTM E976-15(2021) - Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1118/E1118M-16(2020) - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP)
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1932-12(2022) - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2075/E2075M-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response Using an Acrylic Rod
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2076/E2076M-15(2022) - Standard Practice for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1624-22 - Standard Test Method for Adhesion Strength and Mechanical Failure Modes of Ceramic Coatings by Quantitative Single Point Scratch Testing
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM F2174-02(2023) - Standard Practice for Verifying Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1067/E1067M-18 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1211/E1211M-17 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM F1430/F1430M-20 - Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices with Supplemental Load Handling Attachments
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2374-16(2021) - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2981-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Composite Overwraps in Filament Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM F1797-18(2022) - Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated Digger Derricks
Effective Date
01-May-2004

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ASTM E750-04 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission InstrumentationASTM E750-04 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
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ASTM E750-04 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E750 – 04
Standard Practice for
1
Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E750; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This practice is recommended for use in testing and
measuring operating characteristics of acoustic emission elec-
2. Referenced Documents
troniccomponentsorunits.(SeeAppendixX1foradescription
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ofcomponentsandunits.)Itisnotintendedthatthispracticebe
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
used for routine checks of acoustic emission instrumentation,
2.2 ANSI Standard:
but rather for periodic evaluation or in the event of a malfunc-
ANSI/IEEE 100-1984 Dictionary of Electrical and Elec-
tion. The sensor is not addressed in this document other than
3
tronic Terms
suggesting methods for standardizing system gains (equalizing
2.3 Other Documents:
them channel to channel) when sensors are present.
Manufacturer’s Operating and Maintenance Manuals perti-
1.2 Where the manufacturer provides testing and measuring
nent to the specific instrumentation or component
details in an operating and maintenance manual, the manufac-
turer’s methods should be used in conjunction with the
3. Terminology
methods described in this practice.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of additional terms relating
1.3 Difficult or questionable instrumentation measurements
to acoustic emission, refer to Terminology E1316.
should be referred to electronics engineering personnel.
1.4 Themethods setforthinthispracticearenotintended to
4. Apparatus
be either exclusive or exhaustive.
4.1 The basic test instruments required for measuring the
1.5 The methods (techniques) used for testing and measur-
operating characteristics of acoustic emission instrumentation
ing the components or units of acoustic emission instrumenta-
include:
tion, and the results of such testing and measuring should be
4.1.1 Variable Sine Wave Generator,
documented. Documentation should consist of photographs,
4.1.2 True RMS Voltmeter,
charts or graphs, calculations, and tabulations where appli-
4.1.3 Oscilloscope,
cable.
4.1.4 Variable Attenuator, graduated in decibels, and
1.6 AE systems that use computers to control the collection,
4.1.5 Tone Burst Generator.
storage, display, and data analysis are in common use. Features
4.2 Additional test instruments should be used for more
of the computer-based systems might include waveform col-
specialized measurements of acoustic emission instrumenta-
lection as well as a wide selection of measurement parameters
tions or components. They are as follows:
relating to the AE signal. The manufacturer provides a speci-
4.2.1 Variable-Function Generator,
fication for each system that specifies the operating range and
4.2.2 Time Interval Meter,
conditions for the system. All calibration and acceptance
4.2.3 Frequency Meter, or Counter,
testing of computer-based AE systems must use the manufac-
4.2.4 Random Noise Generator,
turer’s specification as a guide. This practice does not cover
4.2.5 Spectrum Analyzer,
testing of the computer or computer peripherals.
4.2.6 D-C Voltmeter,
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.2.7 Pulse-Modulated Signal Generator,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2.8 Variable Pulse Generator, and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Acoustic Emission. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E750 - 98. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/E0750-04. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E750 – 04
4.2.9 Phase Meter, 5.1.3.3 The data storage capability should be tested against
4.2.10 Electronic AE Simulator. the specification for single- and multiple-channel operation.
4.3 An electronic AE simulator is
...

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ASTM E751/E751M-17(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During Resistance Spot-Welding

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The AE produced during the production of a spot-weld can be related to weld quality parameters such as the strength and size of the nugget, the amount of expulsion, and the amount of cracking. Therefore, in-process AE monitoring can be used both as an examination method, and as a means for providing feedback control.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for the measurement, processing, and interpretation of the acoustic emission (AE) response associated with selected stages of the resistance spot-welding process.  
1.2 This practice also provides recommendations for feedback control by utilizing the measured AE response signals during the spot-welding process.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E749/E749M-17(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During Continuous Welding

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Detection and location of AE sources in weldments during fabrication may provide information related to the integrity of the weld. Such information may be used to direct repair procedures on the weld or as a guide for application of other nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods. A major attribute of applying AE for in-process monitoring of welds is the ability of the method to provide immediate real-time information on weld integrity. This feature makes the method useful to lower weld costs by repairing defects at the most convenient point in the production process. The AE activity from discontinuities in the weldment is stimulated by the thermal stresses from the welding process. The AE activity resulting from this stimulation is detected by AE sensors in the vicinity of the weldment, which convert the acoustic waves into electronic signals. The AE instrumentation processes signals and provides means for immediate display or indication of AE activity and for permanent recordings of the data.  
4.2 Items to be considered in preparation and planning for monitoring should include but not be limited to the following:  
4.2.1 Description of the system or object to be monitored or examined,  
4.2.2 Extent of monitoring, that is, entire weld, cover passes only, and so forth,  
4.2.3 Limitations or restrictions on the sensor mounting procedures, if applicable,  
4.2.4 Performance parameters to be established and maintained during the AE system verification procedure (sensitivity, location accuracy, and so forth),  
4.2.5 Maximum time interval between AE system verification checks,  
4.2.6 Performance criteria for purchased equipment,  
4.2.7 Requirements for permanent records of the AE response, if applicable,  
4.2.8 Content and format of test report, if required, and  
4.2.9 Operator qualification and certification, if required.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides recommendations for acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of weldments during and immediately following their fabrication by continuous welding processes.  
1.2 The procedure described in this practice is applicable to the detection and location of AE sources in weldments and in their heat-affected zone during fabrication, particularly in those cases where the time duration of welding is such that fusion and solidification take place while welding is still in progress.  
1.3 The effectiveness of acoustic emission to detect discontinuities in the weldment and the heat-affected zone is dependent on the design of the AE system, the AE system verification procedure, the weld process, and the material type. Materials that have been monitored include low-carbon steels, low-alloy steels, stainless steels, and some aluminum alloys. The system performance must be verified for each application by demonstrating that the defects of concern can be detected with the desired reliability.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2598/E2598M-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Cast Iron Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cast iron Yankee dryers can be up to 6.7 m [22 ft] in diameter, 7.3 m [24 ft] long, and weigh 91 000 Kg [100 tons], or more (refer to Fig. 1). Vessel thickness measurements are available from the paper/tissue machine operator. Cast iron is a brittle metal and has no specific yield point. Yankee dryers must maintain specific dimensional tolerances. When a pressurized Yankee or steam heated paper dryer (SHPD) remains stationary, it fills with condensate at a rapid rate. In an hour, a steam pressurized Yankee or SHPD can fill half way with condensate, doubling the weight on the frame, and the floor. Some Yankee owners have corporate requirements that a cast iron Yankee dryer remain stationary for 1/2 h, then rotation is required. Permission is required, if the Yankee is to remain stationary for more time. This issue should be discussed with the responsible person prior to the examination.
FIG. 1 Yankee Dryer Drum  
5.2 Yankee dryers operate under a heated hood. The hood is in close proximity to the Yankee shell and allows only inches of clearance for the top half of the vessel.  
5.3 Cast iron steam heated paper machine dryers are 2 m [6 ft] in diameter, or more, and may be 9 m [30 ft] long.  
5.4 Grey cast iron experiences a continuing reduction in elastic modulus as it is stressed to increasing higher levels. It is prudent not to stress grey cast iron material beyond its operating stress level.  
5.5 Flaws to be found are the same as those in any cast and machined product. Attempts have been made to characterize strength properties of cast irons in compact tension tests. In a TAPPI sponsored laboratory study, two out of three cast iron compact tension specimens experienced unplanned failures. From that experience it was cautioned that cracks initiated and grew faster than expected resulting in brittle fracture before the process could be halted. The failure of these two coupons demonstrated the rate in which cracks can grow in these materials and the mater...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is no longer being updated but is being retained for historical value due to the procedures herein that are unique to the AE community.  
1.2 This practice provides guidelines for carrying out acoustic emission (AE) examinations of Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers (SHPD) of the type to make tissue, paper, and paperboard products.  
1.3 This practice requires pressurization to levels used during normal operation. The pressurization medium may be high temperature steam, air, or gas. The dryer is also subjected to significant stresses during the heating up and cooling down periods of operation. Acoustic Emission data maybe collected during these time periods but this testing is beyond the scope of this document.  
1.4 The AE measurements are used to detect, as well as, localize emission sources. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission sources.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E750-15(2020)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation

ABSTRACT
This practice deals with the testing and measurement of operating characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) electronic components or units. This practice is not intended for routine checks of acoustic emission instrumentation, but rather for periodic evaluation or in the event of a malfunction. The sensor is not addressed in this document other than suggesting methods for standardizing system gains (equalizing them channel to channel) when sensors are present. The test methods and measurement techniques used and their corresponding results should be recorded in documentation, which consists of photographs, charts or graphs, calculations, and tabulations where applicable. This practice does not cover the testing of the computer or computer peripherals used in conjunction with AE systems that use them to control the collection, storage, display, and analysis of data. Instead a manufacturer's specification should be provided for such purpose.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides information necessary to document the accuracy and performance of an Acoustic Emission system. This information is useful for reference purposes to assure that the instrumentation performance remains consistent with time and use, and provides the information needed to adjust the system to maintain its consistency.  
5.2 The methods set forth in this practice are not intended to be either exclusive or exhaustive.  
5.3 Difficult or questionable instrumentation measurements should be referred to electronics engineering personnel.  
5.4 It is recommended that personnel responsible for carrying out instrument measurements using this practice should be experienced in instrumentation measurements, as well as all the required test equipment being used to make the measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is recommended for use in testing and measuring operating characteristics of acoustic emission electronic components or units. (See Appendix X1 for a description of components and units.) It is not intended that this practice be used for routine checks of acoustic emission instrumentation, but rather for periodic evaluation or in the event of a malfunction. The sensor is not addressed in this document other than suggesting methods for standardizing system gains (equalizing them channel to channel) when sensors are present.  
1.2 Where the manufacturer provides testing and measuring details in an operating and maintenance manual, the manufacturer's methods should be used in conjunction with the methods described in this practice.  
1.3 The methods (techniques) used for testing and measuring the components or units of acoustic emission instrumentation, and the results of such testing and measuring should be documented. Documentation should consist of photographs, screenshots, charts or graphs, calculations, and tabulations where applicable.  
1.4 AE systems that use computers to control the collection, storage, display, and data analysis, might include waveform collection as well as a wide selection of measurement parameters (features) relating to the AE signal. The manufacturer provides a specification for each system that specifies the operating range and conditions for the system. All calibration and acceptance testing of computer-based AE systems must use the manufacturer's specification as a guide. This practice does not cover testing of the computer or computer peripherals.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E2907/E2907M-13(2019)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic Emission from Crack Face Rubbing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Paper machine rolls can range in size from 2.4 to 9 m [8 to 30 ft] long, with a shell thickness of from 12.5 to 75 mm [0.5 to 3 in.,] and 300 to 1200 mm [12 to 48 in.] diameter. Depending on purpose, paper machine rolls can weigh as little as 60 000 kg [13 000 lb] to as much as 27 500 kg [60 000 lb].  
5.2 If indications are found during this procedure it can be repeated, with additional sensors to refine source location accuracy.  
5.3 Removal of rolls for traditional NDT examination may be impractical and may not be sensitive enough to locate small defects.  
5.4 Traditional AE examination, whereby the roll is subjected to load greater than service load to detect crack extension, risks damage to the roll and is best employed as a follow-up NDT examination.  
5.5 Manual rotation through a full revolution subjects existing cracks to tensile and compressive forces which can open and close existing cracks, and cause friction at the crack surfaces.  
5.6 Excess background noise (overhead cranes, nearby maintenance activities) may distort AE data or render it useless. Users must be aware of the following common sources of background noise: bearing noise (lack of lubrication, spalling, and so forth), mechanical contact with the roll by other objects, electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) from nearby broadcasting facilities and from other sources. This practice should not be used if background noise cannot be eliminated or controlled.  
5.7 Other Non-destructive test methods may be used to evaluate the significance of AE indications. Traditional AE has been used to confirm the existence of the AE indication and fine tune the location. Magnetic particle, ultrasonic and radiographic examinations have been used to establish the position, depth and dimensions of the indication. Procedures for using other NDT methods are beyond the scope of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examinations of non-pressure, paper machine rolls.  
1.2 This practice utilizes a slow rotation of the roll to produce a full load cycle where load is provided by the weight of the roll suspended from its bearings or other journal support mechanism(s).  
1.3 This practice is used for detection of cracks and other discontinuities in rolls that produce frictional acoustic emission during rotation.  
1.4 The AE measurements are used to detect or locate emission sources, or both. Other nondestructive test (NDT) methods must be used to evaluate the significance of AE sources. Procedures for other NDT techniques are beyond the scope of this practice. See Note 1.
Note 1: Traditional AE examination, magnetic particle examination, shear wave ultrasonic examination, and radiography are commonly used to establish the exact position and dimensions of flaws that produce AE.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1067/E1067M-18(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The AE examination method detects damage in FRP equipment. The damage mechanisms that are detected in FRP are as follows: resin cracking, fiber debonding, fiber pullout, fiber breakage, delamination, and bond failure in assembled joints (for example, nozzles, manways, and so forth). Flaws in unstressed areas and flaws that are structurally insignificant will not generate AE.  
5.2 This practice is convenient for on-line use under operating stress to determine structural integrity of in-service equipment usually with minimal process disruption.  
5.3 Indications located with AE should be examined by other techniques; for example, visual, ultrasound, dye penetrant, and so forth, and may be repaired and tested as appropriate. Repair procedure recommendations are outside the scope of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers acoustic emission (AE) examination or monitoring of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks-vessels (equipment) under pressure or vacuum to determine structural integrity.  
1.2 This practice is limited to tanks-vessels designed to operate at an internal pressure no greater than 1.73 MPa absolute [250 psia, 17.3 bar] above the static pressure due to the internal contents. It is also applicable for tanks-vessels designed for vacuum service with differential pressure levels between 0 and 0.10 MPa [0 and 14.5 psi, 1 bar].  
1.3 This practice is limited to tanks-vessels with glass contents greater than 15 % by weight.  
1.4 This practice applies to examinations of new and in-service equipment.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2863-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Welded Steel Sphere Pressure Vessels Using Thermal Pressurization

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Because of safety considerations, regulatory agencies (for example, U.S. Department of Transportation) require periodic tests of pressurized vessels used in commercial aviation. (see Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations). AE testing has become accepted as an alternative to the common hydrostatic proof test.  
5.2 An AE test should not be conducted for a period of one year after a common hydrostatic test. See Note 1.
Note 1: The Kaiser effect relates to the irreversibility of acoustic emission which results in decreased emission during a second pressurization. Common hydrostatic tests use a relatively high test pressure (200 % of normal service pressure). (See Section 49, Code of Federal Regulations.) If an AE test is performed too soon after such a hydrostatic pressurization, the AE results will be insensitive below the previous maximum test pressure.  
5.3 Acoustic Emission is produced when an increasing stress level in a material causes crack growth in the material or stress related effects in a corroded surface (for example, crack growth in or between metal crystallites or spalling and cracking of oxides and other corrosion products).  
5.4 While background noise may distort AE data or render it useless, heating the vessels inside an industrial oven is an almost noise free method of pressurization. Further, source location algorithms using over-determined data sets will often allow valid tests in the presence of otherwise interfering noise sources. Background noise should be reduced or controlled but the sudden occurrence of such noise does not necessarily invalidate a test.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is commonly used for periodic inspection and testing of welded steel gaseous spheres (bottles) is the acoustic emission (AE) method. AE is used in place of hydrostatic volumetric expansion testing. The periodic inspection and testing of bottles by AE testing is achieved without depressurization or contamination as is required for hydrostatic volumetric expansion testing.  
1.2 The required test pressurization is achieved by heating the bottle in an industrial oven designed for this purpose. The maximum temperature needed to achieve the AE test pressure is ≤250°F (121°C).  
1.3 AE monitoring of the bottle is performed with multiple sensors during the thermal pressurization.  
1.4 This practice was developed for periodic inspection and testing of pressure vessels containing Halon (UN 1044), which is commonly used aboard commercial aircraft for fire suppression. In commercial aircraft, these bottles are hermetically sealed by welding in the fill port. Exit ports are opened by explosively activated burst disks. The usage of these pressure vessels in transportation is regulated under US Department of Transportation (DOT), Code of Federal Regulations CFR 49. A DOT special permit authorizes the use of AE testing for periodic inspection and testing in place of volumetric expansion and visual inspection. These bottles are spherical with diameters ranging from 5 to 16 in. (127 to 406 mm).  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1888/E1888M-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Pressurized Containers Made of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic with Balsa Wood Cores

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice does not rely on absolute quantities of AE parameters. It relies on trends of cumulative AE counts that are measured during a specified sequence of loading cycles. This practice includes an example of examination settings and acceptance criteria as a nonmandatory appendix.  
FIG. 1 Recommended Features of the Apparatus  
4.2 Acoustic emission (AE) counts were used as a measure of AE activity during development of this practice. Cumulative hit duration may be used instead of cumulative counts if a correlation between the two is determined. Several processes can occur within the structure under examination. Some may indicate unacceptable flaws (for example, growing resin cracks, fiber fracture, delamination). Others may produce AE but have no structural significance (for example, rubbing at interfaces). The methodology described in this practice prevents contamination of structurally significant data with emission from insignificant sources.  
4.3 Background Noise—Background noise can distort interpretations of AE data and can preclude completion of an examination. Examination personnel should be aware of sources of background noise at the time examinations are conducted. AE examinations should not be conducted until such noise is substantially eliminated.  
4.4 Mechanical Background Noise—Mechanical background noise is generally induced by structural contact with the container under examination. Examples are: personnel contact, wind borne sand or rain. Also, leaks at pipe connections may produce background noise.  
4.5 Electronic Noise—Electronic noise such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) can be caused by electric motors, overhead cranes, electrical storms, welders, etc.  
4.6 Airborne Background Noise—Airborne background noise can be produced by gas leaks in nearby equipment.  
4.7 Accuracy of the results from this practice can be influenced by factors related to setup and calibration of instrume...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examinations of pressurized containers made of fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) with balsa cores. Containers of this type are commonly used on tank trailers for the transport of hazardous chemicals.  
1.2 This practice is limited to cylindrical shape containers, 0.5 m [20 in.] to 3 m [120 in.] in diameter, of sandwich construction with balsa wood core and over 30 % glass (by weight) FRP skins. Reinforcing material may be mat, roving, cloth, unidirectional layers, or a combination thereof. There is no restriction with regard to fabrication technique or method of design.  
1.3 This practice is limited to containers that are designed for less than 0.520 MPa [75.4 psi] (gage) above static pressure head due to contents.  
1.4 This practice does not specify a time interval between examinations for re-qualification of a pressure container.  
1.5 This practice is used to determine if a container is suitable for service or if follow-up NDT is needed before that determination can be made.  
1.6 Containers that operate with a vacuum are not within the scope of this practice.  
1.7 Repair procedures are not within the scope of this practice.  
1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance w...

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ASTM
ASTM E751/E751M-17(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During Resistance Spot-Welding

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The AE produced during the production of a spot-weld can be related to weld quality parameters such as the strength and size of the nugget, the amount of expulsion, and the amount of cracking. Therefore, in-process AE monitoring can be used both as an examination method, and as a means for providing feedback control.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for the measurement, processing, and interpretation of the acoustic emission (AE) response associated with selected stages of the resistance spot-welding process.  
1.2 This practice also provides recommendations for feedback control by utilizing the measured AE response signals during the spot-welding process.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1222-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of the Insertion Loss of Pipe Lagging Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The insertion loss of a pipe lagging system depends upon the lagging system materials, the method used to apply the materials, the pipe wall thickness, the size and shape of the bare and lagged pipe, and the mechanisms causing noise radiation from the pipe. Insertion losses measured using this test method should be used with some caution. In the laboratory, measurements must be made under reproducible conditions, but in practical usage in the field, the conditions that determine the effective insertion loss are difficult to predict and they may lead to slightly different results. Insertion losses measured with this test method can be used successfully for acoustical design purposes. Insertion losses measured with this test method are most useful for pipes and lagging systems which are similar to those used in the laboratory configuration.  
5.2 This test method may be used to rank-order pipe lagging systems according to insertion loss or to estimate the field insertion loss of pipe lagging systems installed in the field.  
5.3 This test method assumes that pipe wall stresses resulting from different methods of supporting the test pipe in the laboratory do not have a significant effect upon the measured insertion loss.  
5.4 Pipe lagging systems typically have small insertion loss, and sometimes negative insertion loss, at frequencies below 500 Hz. The results obtained at frequencies below 500 Hz may be somewhat erratic. Sound sources used with this test method normally have a low frequency limit in the range from 300 to 500 Hz. For these reasons, the lowest band of frequencies for which results are required is centered at 500 Hz.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the insertion loss of pipe lagging systems under laboratory conditions.  
1.2 A procedure for accrediting a laboratory for purposes of this test method is given in Annex A1.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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