ASTM E7-00

Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography

SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the definition of terms, acronyms, and symbols used in ASTM documents related to the field of metallography and metallographic testing. Terms that are only relevant to a particular standard of that are adequately defined in a general dictionary are not defined in this terminology standard.
1.2 This standard includes terminology used in metallographic areas, such as, but not limited to: light microscopy, microindentation hardness testing, specimen preparation, x-ray and electron metallography, quantitative metallography, photomicrography, and determinatin of grain size and inclusion content.
1.3 This standard may be of use to individuals utilizing standards of Committee E-4 as well as by those in need of a general reference souce for terminolgy in the field of metallography.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Dec-2001
• ICS: 01.040.77 - Metallurgy (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
• Technical Committee: E04 - Metallography
• Drafting Committee: E04.02 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM E7-01 - Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM A1100-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Qualification and Control of Induction Heat Treating
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E407-07(2015)e1 - Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E1268-19 - Standard Practice for Assessing the Degree of Banding or Orientation of Microstructures
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E2627-13(2019) - Standard Practice for Determining Average Grain Size Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) in Fully Recrystallized Polycrystalline Materials
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E45-18a - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E2014-17 - Standard Guide on Metallographic Laboratory Safety
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E1426-14(2019)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining the X-Ray Elastic Constants for Use in the Measurement of Residual Stress Using X-Ray Diffraction Techniques
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM F3122-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E562-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E1245-03(2023) - Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM F2005-21 - Standard Terminology for Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E986-04(2017) - Standard Practice for Scanning Electron Microscope Beam Size Characterization
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E3-11(2017) - Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:E7–00
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Metallography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 7; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope properly use and interpret these standards, the terminology
used in these standards must be understood.
1.1 This standard covers the definition of terms, acronyms,
3.2 The terms used in the field of metallography have
and symbols used in ASTM documents related to the field of
precise definitions. The terminology and its proper usage must
metallography and metallographic testing. Terms that are only
be completely understood in order to adequately communicate
relevant to a particular standard or that are adequately defined
in this field. In this respect, this standard is also a general
in a general dictionary are not defined in this terminology
source of terminology relating to the field of metallography
standard.
facilitating the transfer of information within the field.
1.2 This standard includes terminology used in metallo-
graphic areas, such as, but not limited to: light microscopy,
4. Terminology
microindentation hardness testing, specimen preparation, x-ray
absorption—the decrease in intensity which radiation under-
and electron metallography, quantitative metallography, pho-
tomicrography, and determination of grain size and inclusion goes during its passage through matter when the ratio of
transmitted or reflected luminous flux to incident is less than
content.
1.3 This standard may be of use to individuals utilizing 1.
absorption coefficient—specific factor characteristic of a
standards of Committee E-4 as well as by those in need of a
general reference source for terminology in the field of substance on which its absorption radiation depends. The
rate of decrease of the natural logarithm of the intensity of a
metallography.
parallel beam per unit distance traversed in a substance. For
2. Referenced Documents
X-rays, the linear absorption coefficient is the natural loga-
2.1 ASTM Standards: rithm of the ratio of the incident intensity of an X-ray beam
2
E 14 Practice for Thermal Analysis of Metals and Alloys incident on unit thickness of an absorbing material to the
E 45 Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content intensity of the beam transmitted. If I is the incident inten-
e
3
of Steel sity of a beam of X-rays, I the transmitted intensity, and X
t
E 80 Practice for Dilatometric Analysis of Metallic Materi- the thickness of the absorbing material, then:
4
als
I 5 I exp~2μX! (1)
t e
E 92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Mate-
Here μ is the linear absorption coefficient. The mass absorption
3
rials
coefficient is given by μ/r where r is the density.
3
E 112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
absorption edge—an abrupt change in absorption coefficient
E 1122 Practice for Obtaining JK Inclusion Ratings Using
at a particular wavelength. The absorption coefficient is
3
Automatic Image Analysis
always larger on the short wavelength side of the absorption
edge.
3. Significance and Use
absorption limit—See absorption edge.
3.1 Standards of Committee E-4 consist of test methods,
accelerating potential—a relatively high voltage applied be-
practices, and guides developed to ensure proper and uniform
tween the cathode and anode of an electron gun to accelerate
testing in the field of metallography. In order for one to
electrons.
achromatic—literally, color-free. A lens or prism is said to be
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on
achromatic when corrected for two colors. The remaining
Metallography and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.02 on
color seen in an image formed by such a lens is said to be
Metallographic Terminology and Nomenclature of Phase Diagrams.
Current edition approved July 10, 2000. Published September 2000. Originally secondary chromatic aberration. See apochromatic objec-
published as E7–26T. Last previous edition E 7 – 99b.
tive
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
achromatic objective—an objective that is corrected chro-
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
4
matically for two colors, and spherically for one, usually in
Discontinued; see 1984 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. Replaced
by E228.
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E7
the yellow-green part of the spectrum. anode aperture—See aperture.
achromatic objective le
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