ASTM D7294-13(2021)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Collecting Treatment Process Design Data at a Contaminated Site—A Site Contaminated with Chemicals of Interest
Standard Guide for Collecting Treatment Process Design Data at a Contaminated Site—A Site Contaminated with Chemicals of Interest
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide allows the decision maker to determine which remedial treatment processes are and are not applicable to remediate an area of soil, surface water, or ground water that contains contaminants of concern.
4.2 This guide provides the data to make cost comparisons of the remedial treatment processes.
4.3 Analysis of treatment process design data can often be performed at the site with field instruments and test kits.
4.4 Tables 1 and 2 are a guide to selecting and obtaining physical and chemical treatment process design data. Data marked with an “X” is needed to evaluate alternatives and select a remedial treatment process. Once the remedial process is selected, the additional data that are needed to design the selected remedial treatment process are marked with an “O.” It may be advisable to also collect the data marked with an “O” during the initial sampling event to minimize sampling trips to the site.
4.5 Tables 3 and 4 list laboratory and field methods for analyzing this data. More than one analytical method may be listed. The most suitable method must be chosen for each application. (A) This table was developed jointly by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Support Project—Engineering Forum. Additional information and methods can be found in 40 CFR 136, EPA SW-846, and Standard Methods for Evaluation of Water and Wastewater, most current edition.(B) Estimated sensitivity and detection ranges are method/kit specific. Detection ranges are estimates. Verify these methods are suitable for the samples at this site. Consult the method or manufacturer's catalogs for details.(C) Spectrometers and meters are instruments that can be used to analyze for many parameters. Kits cost much less, but usually analyze for only one parameter. There are many manufacturers of field test equipment. Verify that the field methods are applicable to the m...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide lists the physical and chemical treatment processes design data needed to evaluate, select, and design treatment processes for remediation of contaminated sites. This data is listed in Tables 1 and 2. Much of these data can be obtained and analyzed at the site with instruments and test kits.
1.2 It is recommended that this guide be used in conducting environmental site assessments and Remedial Investigations/Feasibility Studies (RI/FS) and selections of remedy in U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 300.430.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7294 − 13 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Guide for
Collecting Treatment Process Design Data at a
Contaminated Site—A Site Contaminated with Chemicals of
Interest
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7294; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
1.1 This guide lists the physical and chemical treatment
D2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils
processes design data needed to evaluate, select, and design
(Constant Head)
treatmentprocessesforremediationofcontaminatedsites.This
D3590 Test Methods for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Water
data is listed in Tables 1 and 2. Much of these data can be
D3921 Test Method For Oil and Grease and Petroleum
obtained and analyzed at the site with instruments and test kits.
Hydrocarbons in Water (Withdrawn 2013)
1.2 It is recommended that this guide be used in conducting
D4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Suppressed Ion
environmental site assessments and Remedial Investigations/
Chromatography
Feasibility Studies (RI/FS) and selections of remedy in U.S.
D4564 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 300.430.
Place by the Sleeve Method (Withdrawn 2013)
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D4611 Test Method for Specific Heat of Rock and Soil
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D4943 Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Cohesive Soils
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
by the Water Submersion Method
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D4972 Test Methods for pH of Soils
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Wall Permeameter
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D5334 Test Method for Determination of Thermal Conduc-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tivity of Soil and Soft Rock by Thermal Needle Probe
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Procedure
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
D5463 Guide for Use of Test Kits to Measure Inorganic
2. Referenced Documents
Constituents in Water
D5730 Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone
D422 Test Method for Particle-SizeAnalysis of Soils (With-
and Groundwater (Withdrawn 2013)
drawn 2016)
D6836 Test Methods for Determination of the Soil Water
D1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
Characteristic Curve for Desorption Using Hanging
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
Column, Pressure Extractor, Chilled Mirror Hygrometer,
D1498 Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of
or Centrifuge
Water
E953/E953M Practice for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel
(RDF) Ash
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on
2.2 Other Documents:
Planning for Sampling.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2021. Published January 2021. Originally
Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7294 – 13. DOI:
Guide
10.1520/D7294-13R21.
U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 300.430
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Available at http://www.frtr.gov.
www.astm.org. Available at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7294 − 13 (2021)
A
TABLE 1 Water Parameters
NOTE 1—“X” parameters are recommended during early site investigations before any treatment is being considered or has been selected.
NOTE 2—“O” parameters are recommended in addition to “X” if the technology is being considered or has been selected.
B
Technology
IN-SITU TREATMENT
H
Phytoremediation XX X X X O O X O O O X
Permeable Reactive Barriers X X O X O X X O O X X O X X O X X O O X
Monitored Natural Attenuation X X X O O O XXXX X O X O O X XX O X
Enhanced Bioremediation X X X OOOO X X X X O X O O X X X O X
Air Sparging X X X O X X X O O X X O O X O O O X
Hot Water or Steam Flush/Strip See Soil, Sediment & Sludge Parameters—thermally enhanced SVE
Slurry Walls See Soil, Sediment & Sludge Parameters
I
Bioslurping XX X X X X X X
J
Dual (multiphase) Phase Extraction XX X X X
Chemical Oxidation X X X O O X X O X O O O X O O X
In-Well Air Stripping Same parameters as air sparging
Free Product Recovery See Dual (multiphase) Phase Extraction
EX-SITU TREATMENT
Advanced Oxidation (UV) X X O X O X X X O X O O X X X O X O O
Bioreactor X X O X O X X X O X O O O X O O O O O O
Air Stripping X X X X X O X O X X O X
Ion Exchange X X O X X X O X X O O O X O O O
Adsorption (carbon) X X O X O X X O X O O O X O O O
Precipitation/Coagulation/Flocculation X X O X X X O X O X O O O O
Constructed Wetlands X X O X O X X O O O X O O X O O O O O
A
This table was developed jointly by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise and the U.S. Environmental Project—Engineering Forum.
B
See Treatment Technology Profiles in www.frtr.gov for a description of the technology.
C
Quality of sampling indicators.
D
If these cations are to be analyzed in an offsite laboratory, evaluate analyzing all metal as the cost may be the same.
E
Conductivity is a good indicator of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).
F +2 +2
Analyze for Fe in the field or total iron in the laboratory and estimate Fe from turbidity, etc.
G
Estimate of soil hydraulic properties in the aquifer where the samples were taken. This information may already be available.
H
See soil parameaters for vadose zone.
I
Easily converted to conventional bio venting system or SVE after free product is removed to complete the remediation. Include bio/SVE parameters.
J
Dual (multiphase) extraction is generally combined with technologies such as bioremediation, air sparging, bioventing, and soil vapor extraction. Include parameters for these technologies if they are being considered.
DO (field)
Temperature (field)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
C
Turbidity
CO
H S
Dissolved H
Methane, Ethane and Ethene
pH (field)
ORP (field)
Chloride (Cl-)
Fluoride (Fl-)
+2 +2 +2 + +D
Ca ,Mg ,Mn ,Na ,K
TOC
COD
DOC
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
- -2
Alkalinity HCO , CO3
E
Conductivity (field)
Volatile Fatty Acids
Biological Oxygen Demand (5-day BOD)
Oil/Grease
Ammonia (NH )
Phosphorous (total)
+2F
Ferrous Iron Fe
+2 +3D
Total Iron Fe +Fe
Sulfate/sulfite (SO =/SO =)
4 3
Nitrate/nitrite (NO -/NO -)
3 2
Kjeldahl Nitrogen
G
Sieve Analysis
D7294 − 13 (2021)
A
TABLE 2 Soil, Sediment, and Slurry Parameters
NOTE 1—“X” parameters are recommended during early site investigations before any treatment is being considered or has been selected.
NOTE 2—“O” parameters are recommended in addition to “X” if the technology is being considered or has been selected.
B
Technology
IN-SITU TREATMENT
E
Bioventing X X X OOO X X OO O O O X O X O
F
Soil Flushing XX X O O O X O
E
Soil Vapor ExtractionXXXO X
E
Thermally Enhanced SVE X X X OOO X X O X X OOOO OO O O X X
Monitored Natural Attenuation
(See water parameters table)
F
Solidification/Stabilization X X OX OX O O O O OX
Hot Water/Steam Flushing/ Strip-
ping
See thermally enhanced SVE
G,H
Phytoremediation X X OOOO X OOO OO O O OO
Chemical Reduction/Oxidation
(See water parameters table)
Slurry Wall & Sheet Piling X O X O O O O O
EX-SITU TREATMENT
Composting O OOOO X O
H
Landfarming X O OOOO X
Slurry Phase Biological Treatment X X O O O X O
Chemical Reduction/Oxidation X X X O O O O
Soil Washing X X X O
Soil Vapor Extraction X X O O O O O O
Solidification/Stabilization
(Same as in situ)
I
Thermal Desorption O X X OOOOO X O O X OO O
Incineration
(See thermal desorption)
Sediment Technologies applicable to saturated soils will generally also be applicable to sediments.
Biopiles X X OOOO X O O O O
A
This table was developed jointly by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Support
Project—Engineering Forum.
B
See Treatment Technology Profiles in www.frtr.gov for a description of the technologies.
C
Only if visible evidence.
D
Usually available from geological investigation data.
E
Vadose zone.
F
Vadose or saturated zone.
G
See water parameters table for saturated zone.
H
Additional data on soil conditioning may be needed to determine the suitability of the soil to support vegetation suitable for phytoremediation.
I
Includes cement kilns.
Temperature
Soil pH
Low Volatile Metals (Sb, AS)
Semi Volatile Metals (Hg, Br, Cr, Na, K)
TOC
Kjeldahl nitrogen
Nitrate, Nitrite
Available P (soil), Total P (water)
Plasticity (Atterberg limits)
Sieve Analysis/(Particle Size Analysis)
Specific Heat BTU/lb
Soil Fusion Temperature
Sodium
Moisture Content
Field Capacity
Bulk Density
Potassium
Soil Permeability
C
Oil and Grease
Cation Exchange Capacity
-2
Alkalinity (HCO -, CO ) (water)
3 3
Fe+3, Mn+4 (water)
Oxygen (soil gas)
CO (Soil gas)
Calcium, Magnesium
Soluble Solids (electrical conductivity)
Conductivity (thermal)
Capillary pressure–saturation curve
D
Strataigraphy
Humic Content
Fluoride, Chloride
Sulfate
Sulfur (total)
D7294 − 13 (2021)
3. Terminology may be advisable to also collect the data marked with an “O”
during the initial sampling event to minimize sampling trips to
3.1 Definitions:
the site.
3.1.1 contaminants of concern, n—anysubstancepotentially
4.5 Tables 3 and 4 list laboratory and field methods for
hazardous to human health or the environment and present at
the site and above background concentrations. analyzing this data. More than one analytical method may be
listed. The most suitable method must be chosen for each
3.1.2 remedial treatment process, n—as used in this guide,
application.
physical, chemical, and biological technologies used to
4.6 This guide does not address sampling for contaminants
destroy, contain, or remove contaminants of concern at con-
taminated sites. of concern and sampling locations. See EM 200-1-2 Technical
Project Planning (TPP) under Engineering Manuals for infor-
3.1.3 treatment process design data, n—as used in this
mation on sampling contaminants of concern. It is recom-
guide,physicalandchemicaldatathatareneededinadditionto
mended that the treatment process design sampling be coordi-
data on contaminants of concern, characterization of the
nated with the sampling for chemicals of concern to minimize
subsurface, and major factors affecting the surface and subsur-
duplicate sampling and trips to the site.
face environment that are addressed in Guide D5730 to
evaluate and design treatment processes for remediation of 4.7 This guide does not address physical and chemical
contaminated sites. Examples are cations and anions com-
propertiesrelatedtocontaminanttransport.Thisisaddressedin
monly present in water such as calcium, iron, carbonate/ Guide D5730.
bicarbonate, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), pH, temperature,
4.8 This guide does not address why the data is needed to
and sieve analysis of the soil. See Tables 1 and 2 for the
evaluate each treatment technology. This information is ad-
complete list.
dressed in the Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
(FRTR) site at http://www.frtr.gov in the U.S. Army Corps of
4. Significance and Use
Engineers guidance documents at http://www.usace.army.mil/
4.1 This guide allows the decision maker to determine
inet/usace-docs/ and the United Facilities Guide Specifications
which remedial treatment processes are and are not applicable
(UFGS) available at http://www.ccb.org/.
to remediate an area of soil, surface water, or ground water that
4.9 This guide does not address QualityAssurance / Quality
contains contaminants of concern.
Control (QA/QC) or sampling design strategy. See U.S. Army
4.2 This guide provides the data to make cost comparisons
Corps of Engineers Engineering Regulation ER 1110-1-263
of the remedial treatment processes.
and Engineering Manual EM 200-1-3 for information on
QA/QC. This needs to be addressed in the Quality Assurance
4.3 Analysis of treatment process design data can often be
Project Plan (QAPP).
performed at the site with field instruments and test kits.
5. Keywords
4.4 Tables 1 and 2 are a guide to selecting and obtaining
physical and chemical treatment process design data. Data
5.1 assessment; environmental; hazardous waste; remedia-
marked with an “X” is needed to evaluate alternatives and
tion; sampling; solid waste; wastewater
select a remedial treatment process. Once the remedial process
is selected, the additional data that are needed to design the 6
United States Army Corps of Engineers, Publications of the Headquarters,
selected remedial treatment process are marked with an “O.” It available at http://www.usace.army.mil/.
D7294 − 13 (2021)
A
TABLE 3 Water Analytical Methods
Field Test Methods
B B
Parameters Laboratory Methods Detection Range Detection Range
C
Meter/Kit
D,E F +G H
pH EPA 150.1/150.2 ; SM 4500-H ; 0–14 pH units Meter
Test Methods D1293
D,E,I G
ORP SM 2580 ; Practice D1498 Meter
D,E F G
Temperature EPA 170.1 ; SM 2550 0–100 °C
D,E F G
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) EPA 360.1 ; SM 4500-O 360.2 0–20 mg/L Spectrophotometer 1–10 mg/L
H
(spec)/Meter
D,E F G
Conductivity EPA 120.1 ; SM 2510 1–1000 µS/cm Meter 200 mS
D,E F
Turbidity EPA 180.1 0–40 NTU Spec/Meter 0–4400 NTU/0.1–100 NTU
F
Total Dissolved Solids EPA 160.1 10–20 000 mg/L Meter 0–200 mg/L
F H
Ammonia EPA 350.1/350.2/350.3 ; SM 4500- 0.01–2.0 mg/L Spec/Kit 0–2.5 mg/L
G
NH
F
Kjeldahl (TKN) EPA 351.1/351.2/3
...
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