ASTM D7188-05(2019)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
Standard Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink makers, paper makers, and printers.
3.2 Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced sources are indicated by giving the acronym of the organization or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers terms used in the description of printing inks, printing materials, and printing processes.
1.2 This terminology standard does not include definitions related to Print Problems (see Terminology D6488).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7188 − 05 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Terminology for
Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4361 Test Method for Apparent Tack of Printing Inks and
Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter
1.1 This terminology standard covers terms used in the
D4449 Test Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differ-
description of printing inks, printing materials, and printing
ences Between Surfaces of Similar Appearance
processes.
D5010 GuideforTestingPrintingInksandRelatedMaterials
1.2 This terminology standard does not include definitions
(Withdrawn 2017)
related to Print Problems (see Terminology D6488).
D5181 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Printed
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Matter by the GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D5383 Practice for Visual Determination of the Lightfast-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- ness of Art Materials by Artists and Art Technologists
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D5403 Test Methods for Volatile Content of Radiation Cur-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. able Materials
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
D5909 Test Method for Drying Time of Oxidative-Drying
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- Printing Inks by Squalene Resistance
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D6488 Terminology Relating to Print Problems
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- D6493 Test Methods for Softening Point of Hydrocarbon
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Resins and Rosin Based Resins by Automated Ring-and-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Ball Apparatus
D6687 Guide for Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Compo-
2. Referenced Documents
nents Thereof
E430 TestMethodsforMeasurementofGlossofHigh-Gloss
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry
D16 TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
2.2 Other Documents:
Applications
NAPIM: National Association of Printing Ink
D1316 Test Method for Fineness of Grind of Printing Inks
th 4
Manufacturers, 5 ed. 1988
By the NPIRI Grindometer
Kipphan: Handbook of Print Media Technologies and Pro-
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
duction Methods, Kipphan, Helmut: Springer 2001
D2066 Test Methods for Relative Tinting Strength of Paste-
Type Printing Ink Dispersions
3. Significance and Use
D3732 Practice for Reporting Cure Times of Ultraviolet-
Cured Coatings 3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve
communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink
D4040 Test Method for Rheological Properties of Paste
Printing and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer makers, paper makers, and printers.
D4302 Specification for Artists’ Oil, Resin-Oil, and Alkyd
3.2 Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced
Paints
sourcesareindicatedbygivingtheacronymoftheorganization
or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint 4. Terminology
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
4.1 Definitions:
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2019. Published January 2019. Originally
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7188 – 05 (2010).
DOI: 10.1520/D7188-05R19. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or www.astm.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers, 581 Main
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on St., 5th Fl., Woodbridge, NJ 07095, http://www.napim.org.
the ASTM website. Available from Springer Nature, http://www.springer.com.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7188 − 05 (2019)
abrasion resistance, n—(1) the ability of a coating to resist aniline point, n—the minimum temperature at which a hydro-
being worn away and to maintain its original appearance and carbon solvent is completely soluble in an equal volume of
structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or wear. D16 freshly distilled aniline. NAPIM
(2) resistance against the act of scraping, smudging, or DISCUSSION—Below this point, the mixture is cloudy and separates
intotwolayers.Itisusedasameasureofsolventpowerofhydrocarbon
rubbing off. D5181
solvents.
(3) ability to withstand the effects of repeated rubbing and
scuffing. NAPIM
aniline printing, n—an earlier name for flexography, based on
the use of the aniline inks that were initially used. Kipphan
abrasiveness, n—(1) the degree to which a product tends to
cause abrasion by the act of rubbing or scraping. D5181
anilox roller, n—an engraved metering cylinder used in flexo
(2) the tendency of a substance to wear or scratch other
presses to transfer a controlled film of ink to the printing
surfaces with which it is in contact. NAPIM
plate.
absorbency, n—the tendency of a porous material, such as
antiskinning agents, n—chemical substances that retard the
paper, to take up liquids or vapors. NAPIM
skin formation on the surface of an oxidizable oil or ink
(frequently antioxidants). NAPIM
absorption, n—soaking in or penetration of liquid components
of the ink into the pores of an absorbent substrate (a type of apparent tack, n—a measure of the force required to split an
physical drying, like evaporation). Kipphan ink film at the out-running nip of a pair of rollers under a
specific set of conditions.
‘across-machine’ direction, n—the perpendicular to ‘with-
machine’ direction, referring to a substrate and its passage ball mill, n—a dispersion device comprised of a rotating
cylinder containing balls which cascade; used to disperse a
through printing machinery.
pigment in a vehicle by impact and attrition as the cylinder
additive, n—a substance added in small quantities to another
revolves. NAPIM
substance, usually to improve properties; sometimes called a
barrier coating, n—the coating applied to a substrate to make
modifier (for example, a drier, mildewcide, etc.). D16
it resistant to the permeation of moisture vapor, gases, water,
additive primary colors, n—red, green, and blue. NAPIM
or other liquids including oils. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—Mixing lights of these colors together can produce a
large gamut of colors. When mixed in equal amounts, they produce the base, n—in ink manufacture, a dispersion of very high
sensation of white light.
pigment-to-binder ratio containing usually only one pigment
(or dye) dispersed in a vehicle and subsequently mixed with
adhesion, n—the tendency of a material to bond to another
polymers,solvents,andadditivestoproducethefinishedink.
material, as in the bonding of a printing ink to a substrate.
NAPIM
adhesion promoter, n—a material built into the binder or
basis weight, n—the weight in pounds of a ream (500 sheets)
addedtotheinktoformprimarybondstoeitherthesubstrate
of paper cut to a given standard size for that grade. NAPIM
or the previously applied coating, with the specific aim of
DISCUSSION—For example, 500 sheets 25 by 38 of 80-lb. coated for
improving the dry or wet adhesion, or both.
book papers will weigh eighty pounds.
adsorption, n—the adhesion of an extremely thin layer of
batch, n—a discrete quantity of manufactured ink or coating
material to the surface with which it is in contact. NAPIM
produced by following a formula to completion.
after-tack, n—the tendency of a printed surface to remain bimetal plate, n—in lithography, a plate in which the image
sticky to the touch even when the ink has completed its area is copper or brass and the non-image area is aluminum,
drying process. stainless steel, or chromium. NAPIM
agglomerate, n—a cluster of pigment aggregates that can be binder, n—the components in an ink film which hold the
pigment to the printed surface. NAPIM
broken down by appropriate dispersion and milling opera-
tions during ink manufacture.
blanc fixe, n—precipitated barium sulphate used as a semi-
transparent extender in printing inks. NAPIM
aggregate, n—a cluster of primary pigment particles that
cannot be broken down by dispersion and milling operations
blanket, n—(1)in offset lithography, a fabric coated with
during ink manufacture.
natural or synthetic rubber which is clamped around the
blanket cylinder and which transfers the ink from the press
alkyd, n—a group of synthetic resins formed by condensations
plate to the paper. NAPIM
of polybasic acids with polyhydric alcohols, and modified
(2) the sheet of elastomer-coated fabric or equivalent placed
with drying oils for printing ink use. NAPIM
on the blanket cylinder to receive ink from the plate and offset
aluminum ink, n—see silver ink.
it to the sheet or web on the impression cylinder.
aniline ink, n—early name for rubber plate printing fluid blanket cylinder, n—a rigid roller to which a rubber coating
(flexographic) ink. NAPIM fabric is attached.
D7188 − 05 (2019)
color itself. The origin of the selective specular reflectance observed is
blanket wash, n—the solvent used to clean the blanket.
generally considered to be reflectance from very small particle size
bleach, n—the method of measuring the tinctorial strength of
pigment partially separated from surrounding vehicle at or near the ink
film surface.
an ink or toner, usually accomplished by mixing a small
portion of the ink (or toner) with a large amount of white
calender, n—a set or stack of horizontal rollers at the end of a
base and evaluating the tinctorial strength of the ink versus
paper machine. NAPIM
a control standard. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—The paper is passed between the rollers to increase the
smoothness and gloss of its surface.
blind, n—an image area on a plate that will not take ink (not to
be used where no image is present.
caliper, n—the thickness of a sheet or material, usually
expressed in thousandths of an inch (mils). NAPIM
blinding of lithographic plate, n—loss of ink-receptivity in
the image areas of the plate.
cast-coated paper, n—apaperorboardhavingacoatingwhich
is allowed to harden or set while in contact with a finished
bloom, (see also blushing), n—(1) material migrating to the
casting surface (usually a steam heated drum). NAPIM
surface of a film. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—Cast-coated papers have a high-gloss finish.
(2) coating that forms on rubber blankets when they are left
catalytic coating, n—coatings formulated as two-part systems,
standing.
available in both water and solvent reducible formulas,
(3)v—migration over time of an incompatible component of
which use reactive resins that cure to form a thermoset film.
a dried printing ink to the surface (for example, wax), often
NAPIM
resulting in a reduction in surface gloss.
DISCUSSION—These coatings have good heat and abrasion resistance,
blown oil, n—a product obtained by forcing air through heated
high gloss, solvent resistance, and adhere to a wide variety of
drying or semi drying oils, which changes the oil by
substrates.
oxidizing the double bonds.
cell, n—a small etched or engraved depression in a gravure
cylinder or flexo anilox roller that carries the ink.
bodied oil, n—a drying or semi-drying oil whose viscosity has
been increased (usually by heating). NAPIM
cellophane, n—transparent flexible film consisting of regener-
ated cellulose and plasticizers. NAPIM
body, n—(1) a general term referring to viscosity, consistency
and flow of a vehicle or an ink.
centipoise, n—a unit measure of viscosity. NAPIM
(2) used to describe the increase in viscosity by polymer-
DISCUSSION—One hundred centipoises equal one poise. At room
ization of drying oils at high temperatures. NAPIM
temperature, water has a viscosity of approximately one centipoise,
gravure inks of approximately 100 centipoise, and offset inks of
body gum, n—linseed oil that has been heat polymerized to a
approximately 50,000 centipoise.
heavy, gummy state, commonly used as a bodying agent.
chalking,n—aconditionofaprintinginkinwhichthepigment
NAPIM
is not properly bound to the substrate by the vehicle and can
bodying agent, n—a material added to an ink to increase its
be easily rubbed off as a powder. NAPIM
viscosity. NAPIM
channel black, n—carbon black produced by impinging a
boiled oil, n—a linseed oil which has been heated to a high
natural gas flame against a metal surface. NAPIM
temperature for a short time, which increases the viscosity
DISCUSSION—Because of air pollution control requirements, this type
and drying rate. NAPIM of black has been almost completely replaced by Furnace Black in the
U.S.
DISCUSSION—Boiled oil usually contains a small amount of drier.
china clay, n—natural, white, inorganic mineral pigment used
brightness, n—the intensity of whiteness perceived by a
in paper coatings and as an ink extender, also known as
viewer. NAPIM
kaolin or Pigment White 19. NAPIM
brilliance, n—the combined effect of brightness and apparent
chroma, n—(1) one of the attributes of color, characterized by
color strength. NAPIM
its purity or saturation (strength). NAPIM
bronze, n—metallic appearance of a color caused by a change
(2) the attribute of color used to indicate the degree of
in the angles of viewing and illumination. NAPIM
departure of the color from a neutral color of the same
lightness. D1535
bronze powder, n—a metallic pigment for printing ink, con-
sisting mainly of copper alloys in fine flakes. NAPIM
cleaner sheet,n—asheetofblotter-likestockthatissometimes
used as an aid in washing up the inked rollers.
bronzing, v—(bronze busting) applying finely powdered metal
particlesorflakestogivetheappearanceofmetallicprinting.
coating, n—a liquid, liquefiable or mastic composition that is
NAPIM
converted to a solid protective, decorative, or functional
n—the metal-like reflectance which sometimes appears at
adherent film after application as a thin layer. D16
the surface of nonmetallic colored materials.
cobalt drier, n—a material containing chemically combined
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.