ASTM D7188-05(2019)

Standard Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink makers, paper makers, and printers.  
3.2 Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced sources are indicated by giving the acronym of the organization or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers terms used in the description of printing inks, printing materials, and printing processes.  
1.2 This terminology standard does not include definitions related to Print Problems (see Terminology D6488).  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2018
• ICS: 01.040.87 - Paint and colour industries (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 87.080 - Inks. Printing inks
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.56 - Printing Inks

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D7188-05(2010) - Standard Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2019
• Refers: ASTM D16-24 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM D6687-07(2020) - Standard Guide for Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Components Thereof
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2020
• Refers: ASTM D2066-07(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Relative Tinting Strength of Paste-Type Printing Ink Dispersions
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Refers: ASTM D1316-20 - Standard Test Method for Fineness of Grind of Printing Inks By the NPIRI Grindometer
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Refers: ASTM D5909-20 - Standard Test Method for Drying Time of Oxidative-Drying Printing Inks by Squalene Resistance
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Refers: ASTM D6488-08(2020) - Standard Terminology Relating to Print Problems
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2020
• Refers: ASTM D4040-10(2019) - Standard Test Method for Rheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2019
• Refers: ASTM D5181-09(2017) - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Printed Matter by the GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2017
• Refers: ASTM D16-16 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Refers: ASTM D16-14 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2014
• Refers: ASTM D1535-14 - Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Refers: ASTM D6488-08(2013) - Standard Terminology Relating to Print Problems
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM D6687-07(2013) - Standard Guide for Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Components Thereof
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM D1535-13 - Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2013

Overview

ASTM D7188-05(2019) – Standard Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes provides universally recognized definitions for terms related to printing inks, printing materials, and printing processes. Developed by ASTM International, this standard enhances understanding and communication among ink makers, paper manufacturers, printers, and other stakeholders in the printing industry. A standardized vocabulary is essential to eliminate ambiguities, clarify technical requirements, and facilitate effective collaboration throughout the supply chain.

Key Topics

ASTM D7188-05(2019) covers the following key areas:

• Printing Inks: Terms relating to types, properties, components (such as pigments, binders, and solvents), and ink behavior (e.g., absorbency, viscosity, drying mechanisms).
• Printing Materials: Definitions for paper, substrates, additives, coatings, and related materials that influence print quality and production stability.
• Printing Processes: Terminology associated with major printing processes, such as lithography, gravure, flexography, and digital printing, including relevant equipment and process parameters.
• Test Methods and Measurement: References to measurement standards and industry benchmarks for characteristics like gloss, abrasion resistance, grind fineness, and color strength.
• Terminological Clarity: Definitions sourced directly from authoritative organizations (such as NAPIM, Kipphan), indicated within the standard.

Excluded from this standard are terms specifically related to print problems, which are covered under ASTM D6488.

Applications

The ASTM D7188-05(2019) standard is widely applied across the global printing and packaging sectors, delivering significant benefits:

• Improved Communication: Ensures that printers, ink formulators, paper manufacturers, and other industry professionals share a common language, minimizing the risk of misinterpretation and errors.
• Product Development: Facilitates clear specification, formulation, and testing of new inks and materials by defining properties and performance characteristics.
• Quality Control: Supports accurate assessment, comparison, and reporting of ink and material performance using standardized terminology.
• Training and Documentation: Provides a reliable reference for technical documents, training programs, and manuals, ensuring consistency and clarity.
• Regulatory Compliance: Adheres to internationally recognized standardization principles, supporting global trade and consistent application across borders.

By standardizing printing ink terminology, this document contributes to efficient production, quality assurance, and the alignment of manufacturing practices with regulatory or customer requirements.

Related Standards

ASTM D7188-05(2019) references and complements several key ASTM and industry standards, including:

• ASTM D16 – Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• ASTM D6488 – Terminology Relating to Print Problems
• ASTM D1316 – Test Method for Fineness of Grind of Printing Inks
• ASTM D4361 – Test Method for Apparent Tack of Printing Inks and Vehicles
• ASTM D1535 – Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
• ASTM D5383 – Practice for Visual Determination of Lightfastness
• NAPIM (National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers) publications
• Kipphan, Handbook of Print Media Technologies and Production Methods

For providers and users of printing inks and materials, referencing ASTM D7188 ensures that communications and quality assessments are in line with universally accepted definitions. By integrating these terms into daily practices, the printing industry benefits from improved process control, product quality, and customer satisfaction.

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Keywords: ASTM D7188, printing ink terminology, printing materials, printing processes, ink properties, standard definitions, industry communication, packaging, test methods, quality control, ASTM standards, NAPIM, Kipphan, printing industry standards.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7188 − 05 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Terminology for
Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4361 Test Method for Apparent Tack of Printing Inks and
Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter
1.1 This terminology standard covers terms used in the
D4449 Test Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differ-
description of printing inks, printing materials, and printing
ences Between Surfaces of Similar Appearance
processes.
D5010 GuideforTestingPrintingInksandRelatedMaterials
1.2 This terminology standard does not include definitions
(Withdrawn 2017)
related to Print Problems (see Terminology D6488).
D5181 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Printed
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Matter by the GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D5383 Practice for Visual Determination of the Lightfast-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- ness of Art Materials by Artists and Art Technologists
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D5403 Test Methods for Volatile Content of Radiation Cur-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. able Materials
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
D5909 Test Method for Drying Time of Oxidative-Drying
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- Printing Inks by Squalene Resistance
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D6488 Terminology Relating to Print Problems
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- D6493 Test Methods for Softening Point of Hydrocarbon
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Resins and Rosin Based Resins by Automated Ring-and-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Ball Apparatus
D6687 Guide for Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Compo-
2. Referenced Documents
nents Thereof
E430 TestMethodsforMeasurementofGlossofHigh-Gloss
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry
D16 TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
2.2 Other Documents:
Applications
NAPIM: National Association of Printing Ink
D1316 Test Method for Fineness of Grind of Printing Inks
th 4
Manufacturers, 5 ed. 1988
By the NPIRI Grindometer
Kipphan: Handbook of Print Media Technologies and Pro-
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
duction Methods, Kipphan, Helmut: Springer 2001
D2066 Test Methods for Relative Tinting Strength of Paste-
Type Printing Ink Dispersions
3. Significance and Use
D3732 Practice for Reporting Cure Times of Ultraviolet-
Cured Coatings 3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve
communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink
D4040 Test Method for Rheological Properties of Paste
Printing and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer makers, paper makers, and printers.
D4302 Specification for Artists’ Oil, Resin-Oil, and Alkyd
3.2 Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced
Paints
sourcesareindicatedbygivingtheacronymoftheorganization
or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint 4. Terminology
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
4.1 Definitions:
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2019. Published January 2019. Originally
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7188 – 05 (2010).
DOI: 10.1520/D7188-05R19. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or www.astm.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers, 581 Main
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on St., 5th Fl., Woodbridge, NJ 07095, http://www.napim.org.
the ASTM website. Available from Springer Nature, http://www.springer.com.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7188 − 05 (2019)
abrasion resistance, n—(1) the ability of a coating to resist aniline point, n—the minimum temperature at which a hydro-
being worn away and to maintain its original appearance and carbon solvent is completely soluble in an equal volume of
structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or wear. D16 freshly distilled aniline. NAPIM
(2) resistance against the act of scraping, smudging, or DISCUSSION—Below this point, the mixture is cloudy and separates
intotwolayers.Itisusedasameasureofsolventpowerofhydrocarbon
rubbing off. D5181
solvents.
(3) ability to withstand the effects of repeated rubbing and
scuffing. NAPIM
aniline printing, n—an earlier name for flexography, based on
the use of the aniline inks that were initially used. Kipphan
abrasiveness, n—(1) the degree to which a product tends to
cause abrasion by the act of rubbing or scraping. D5181
anilox roller, n—an engraved metering cylinder used in flexo
(2) the tendency of a substance to wear or scratch other
presses to transfer a controlled film of ink to the printing
surfaces with which it is in contact. NAPIM
plate.
absorbency, n—the tendency of a porous material, such as
antiskinning agents, n—chemical substances that retard the
paper, to take up liquids or vapors. NAPIM
skin formation on the surface of an oxidizable oil or ink
(frequently antioxidants). NAPIM
absorption, n—soaking in or penetration of liquid components
of the ink into the pores of an absorbent substrate (a type of apparent tack, n—a measure of the force required to split an
physical drying, like evaporation). Kipphan ink film at the out-running nip of a pair of rollers under a
specific set of conditions.
‘across-machine’ direction, n—the perpendicular to ‘with-
machine’ direction, referring to a substrate and its passage ball mill, n—a dispersion device comprised of a rotating
cylinder containing balls which cascade; used to disperse a
through printing machinery.
pigment in a vehicle by impact and attrition as the cylinder
additive, n—a substance added in small quantities to another
revolves. NAPIM
substance, usually to improve properties; sometimes called a
barrier coating, n—the coating applied to a substrate to make
modifier (for example, a drier, mildewcide, etc.). D16
it resistant to the permeation of moisture vapor, gases, water,
additive primary colors, n—red, green, and blue. NAPIM
or other liquids including oils. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—Mixing lights of these colors together can produce a
large gamut of colors. When mixed in equal amounts, they produce the base, n—in ink manufacture, a dispersion of very high
sensation of white light.
pigment-to-binder ratio containing usually only one pigment
(or dye) dispersed in a vehicle and subsequently mixed with
adhesion, n—the tendency of a material to bond to another
polymers,solvents,andadditivestoproducethefinishedink.
material, as in the bonding of a printing ink to a substrate.
NAPIM
adhesion promoter, n—a material built into the binder or
basis weight, n—the weight in pounds of a ream (500 sheets)
addedtotheinktoformprimarybondstoeitherthesubstrate
of paper cut to a given standard size for that grade. NAPIM
or the previously applied coating, with the specific aim of
DISCUSSION—For example, 500 sheets 25 by 38 of 80-lb. coated for
improving the dry or wet adhesion, or both.
book papers will weigh eighty pounds.
adsorption, n—the adhesion of an extremely thin layer of
batch, n—a discrete quantity of manufactured ink or coating
material to the surface with which it is in contact. NAPIM
produced by following a formula to completion.
after-tack, n—the tendency of a printed surface to remain bimetal plate, n—in lithography, a plate in which the image
sticky to the touch even when the ink has completed its area is copper or brass and the non-image area is aluminum,
drying process. stainless steel, or chromium. NAPIM
agglomerate, n—a cluster of pigment aggregates that can be binder, n—the components in an ink film which hold the
pigment to the printed surface. NAPIM
broken down by appropriate dispersion and milling opera-
tions during ink manufacture.
blanc fixe, n—precipitated barium sulphate used as a semi-
transparent extender in printing inks. NAPIM
aggregate, n—a cluster of primary pigment particles that
cannot be broken down by dispersion and milling operations
blanket, n—(1)in offset lithography, a fabric coated with
during ink manufacture.
natural or synthetic rubber which is clamped around the
blanket cylinder and which transfers the ink from the press
alkyd, n—a group of synthetic resins formed by condensations
plate to the paper. NAPIM
of polybasic acids with polyhydric alcohols, and modified
(2) the sheet of elastomer-coated fabric or equivalent placed
with drying oils for printing ink use. NAPIM
on the blanket cylinder to receive ink from the plate and offset
aluminum ink, n—see silver ink.
it to the sheet or web on the impression cylinder.
aniline ink, n—early name for rubber plate printing fluid blanket cylinder, n—a rigid roller to which a rubber coating
(flexographic) ink. NAPIM fabric is attached.
D7188 − 05 (2019)
color itself. The origin of the selective specular reflectance observed is
blanket wash, n—the solvent used to clean the blanket.
generally considered to be reflectance from very small particle size
bleach, n—the method of measuring the tinctorial strength of
pigment partially separated from surrounding vehicle at or near the ink
film surface.
an ink or toner, usually accomplished by mixing a small
portion of the ink (or toner) with a large amount of white
calender, n—a set or stack of horizontal rollers at the end of a
base and evaluating the tinctorial strength of the ink versus
paper machine. NAPIM
a control standard. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—The paper is passed between the rollers to increase the
smoothness and gloss of its surface.
blind, n—an image area on a plate that will not take ink (not to
be used where no image is present.
caliper, n—the thickness of a sheet or material, usually
expressed in thousandths of an inch (mils). NAPIM
blinding of lithographic plate, n—loss of ink-receptivity in
the image areas of the plate.
cast-coated paper, n—apaperorboardhavingacoatingwhich
is allowed to harden or set while in contact with a finished
bloom, (see also blushing), n—(1) material migrating to the
casting surface (usually a steam heated drum). NAPIM
surface of a film. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—Cast-coated papers have a high-gloss finish.
(2) coating that forms on rubber blankets when they are left
catalytic coating, n—coatings formulated as two-part systems,
standing.
available in both water and solvent reducible formulas,
(3)v—migration over time of an incompatible component of
which use reactive resins that cure to form a thermoset film.
a dried printing ink to the surface (for example, wax), often
NAPIM
resulting in a reduction in surface gloss.
DISCUSSION—These coatings have good heat and abrasion resistance,
blown oil, n—a product obtained by forcing air through heated
high gloss, solvent resistance, and adhere to a wide variety of
drying or semi drying oils, which changes the oil by
substrates.
oxidizing the double bonds.
cell, n—a small etched or engraved depression in a gravure
cylinder or flexo anilox roller that carries the ink.
bodied oil, n—a drying or semi-drying oil whose viscosity has
been increased (usually by heating). NAPIM
cellophane, n—transparent flexible film consisting of regener-
ated cellulose and plasticizers. NAPIM
body, n—(1) a general term referring to viscosity, consistency
and flow of a vehicle or an ink.
centipoise, n—a unit measure of viscosity. NAPIM
(2) used to describe the increase in viscosity by polymer-
DISCUSSION—One hundred centipoises equal one poise. At room
ization of drying oils at high temperatures. NAPIM
temperature, water has a viscosity of approximately one centipoise,
gravure inks of approximately 100 centipoise, and offset inks of
body gum, n—linseed oil that has been heat polymerized to a
approximately 50,000 centipoise.
heavy, gummy state, commonly used as a bodying agent.
chalking,n—aconditionofaprintinginkinwhichthepigment
NAPIM
is not properly bound to the substrate by the vehicle and can
bodying agent, n—a material added to an ink to increase its
be easily rubbed off as a powder. NAPIM
viscosity. NAPIM
channel black, n—carbon black produced by impinging a
boiled oil, n—a linseed oil which has been heated to a high
natural gas flame against a metal surface. NAPIM
temperature for a short time, which increases the viscosity
DISCUSSION—Because of air pollution control requirements, this type
and drying rate. NAPIM of black has been almost completely replaced by Furnace Black in the
U.S.
DISCUSSION—Boiled oil usually contains a small amount of drier.
china clay, n—natural, white, inorganic mineral pigment used
brightness, n—the intensity of whiteness perceived by a
in paper coatings and as an ink extender, also known as
viewer. NAPIM
kaolin or Pigment White 19. NAPIM
brilliance, n—the combined effect of brightness and apparent
chroma, n—(1) one of the attributes of color, characterized by
color strength. NAPIM
its purity or saturation (strength). NAPIM
bronze, n—metallic appearance of a color caused by a change
(2) the attribute of color used to indicate the degree of
in the angles of viewing and illumination. NAPIM
departure of the color from a neutral color of the same
lightness. D1535
bronze powder, n—a metallic pigment for printing ink, con-
sisting mainly of copper alloys in fine flakes. NAPIM
cleaner sheet,n—asheetofblotter-likestockthatissometimes
used as an aid in washing up the inked rollers.
bronzing, v—(bronze busting) applying finely powdered metal
particlesorflakestogivetheappearanceofmetallicprinting.
coating, n—a liquid, liquefiable or mastic composition that is
NAPIM
converted to a solid protective, decorative, or functional
n—the metal-like reflectance which sometimes appears at
adherent film after application as a thin layer. D16
the surface of nonmetallic colored materials.
cobalt drier, n—a material containing chemically combined
DISCUSSION—Bronzing is perceived at the specular angle by observ-
cobalt used to accelerate oxidation and polymerization of a
ing the image of a white light source, for example, and is characterized
by a distinct hue of different dominant wavelengths than the hue of the lithographic ink film. NAPIM
D7188 − 05 (2019)
cohesion, n—the tendency of a material to bond to itself rather compatibility, n—the ability of two or more differing solutions
than another material. NAPIM orsubstancestobemixedtogetherwithoutresultantkick-out
or haziness. NAPIM
coldset ink, n—ink which dries and forms a printed image by
absorption into the substrate, without the use of heat or other
CONEG, n—regulations proposed by the Coalition of North-
energy.
eastern Governors, and enacted by many states, that limit
DISCUSSION—News inks are often referred to as coldset inks.
lead, mercury, cadmium and hexavalent chromium to 100
ppm total in packaging materials, including inks. NAPIM
colorant, n—the color-generating component of an ink, typi-
cally a pigment or a dye or combination of the two.
continuous tone, n—the form of an image in which changes of
density from element to element are smooth and without
color bar, n—a device printed in a trim area of a press sheet to
steps, as contrasted to halftone images in which density
monitor printing variables such as trapping, ink density, dot
changes are represented by steps in halftone dot size.
gain, and print contrast; usually consisting of single solid
NAPIM
colors, overprints, or two and three color solids and tints of
cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
copy, n—material, including art and text, submitted for repro-
DISCUSSION—Additional aids such as resolution targets and dot gain
duction; also used to refer to the final printed result. NAPIM
scales can be included.
corrugated board, n—a composite paper product made by
color burn-out, n—an objectionable change in the color of a
applying a liner to each side of a fluted or corrugated inner
printing ink which may occur either in bulk or on the printed
sheet or medium. NAPIM
sheet. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—The liner is often made from kraft board, and the
DISCUSSION—In the bulk case it is associated primarily with tints, and
corrugated medium is made from neutral sulfite or recycled board.
is caused by a chemical reaction between certain components in the ink
formulation. In the printed sheet case it is generally caused by heat
coverage, n—see mileage.
generated in a pile of printed material during drying of an ink.
covering power (see also opacity), n—the ability of an ink to
colorfastness, n—see lightfastness.
hide the material beneath, and to produce a uniform opaque
surface. NAPIM
color process, n—halftone color printing created by the color
separation process in which a piece of copy is broken down
cover ink, n—ink formulated to print covers, having excep-
totheprimarycolorstoproduceindividualhalftones,recom-
tional scuff resistance, good gloss and lightfastness. NAPIM
bined at the press to produce the complete range of colors of
the original. NAPIM
crocking, n—smudging or rubbing off of ink. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—In printing, the process colors are cyan, magenta,
cure, n—(1) the condition of a coating after conversion to the
yellow, and black.
final state of cure as measured by tests generally related to
color proof (see also progressive proof), n—a print, in color,
end-use performance and mutually agreeable to supplier and
either from the engraving or from the mounted plates.
purchaser. D3732
NAPIM
(2) chemical conversion of a wet coating or printing ink film
to a solid film. NAPIM
color separation, n—usingred,green,andbluefilterstodivide
thecolorsofamulticoloredoriginalintothreeprocesscolors
curl, n—in paper, distortion of an unrestrained sheet due to
and black. NAPIM
differences in structure or coatings from one side to the
DISCUSSION—The four resulting film intermediates are used to
other; the curl side is the concave side of the sheet. NAPIM
prepare the yellow, magenta, cyan, and black printing plates. Color
separation is most often accomplished with an electronic color scanner,
cut, v—to dilute an ink, lacquer or varnish with solvents or
but film contacting and process camera methods are also employed on
with clear base.) NAPIM
occasion.
cylinder rolling, n—the effective circumference of the plate,
color standard, n—a wet ink sample, or printed proof, to
blanket, or impression cylinder. Kipphan
which another similar material is compared. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—The rolling of the cylinders in contact with one another
color strength (relative tinting strength), n—measure of the must be balanced and ideally identical. Rolling errors can cause dot
deformation, doubling, differences in print length, register differences,
effective concentration of a colorant mixed into a standard
and increased printing plate wear.
base required to match the color of a specified concentration
of a standard colorant mixed into the same standard base.
cylinders, n—any of various rotating rollers in printing
presses; especially, one of three on a rotary offset press
Colour Index Name, n—consists of the category (type of dye
(plate, blanket, or impression).
or pigment), general hue, and an assigned number given to a
colorantintheColourIndexasaninternationalidentification
dampeners, n—rollers that carry the fountain solution from
system. D4302
water fountain to lithographic plate.
Colour Index Number, n—a five-digit number given in the
dampening mechanism, n—see dampening system.
Colour Index that describes the chemical constitution of a
colorant. D4302 dampening solution, n—see fountain solution.
D7188 − 05 (2019)
dampening system, n—any mechanism or system employed drawdown, n—a film of ink deposited on a substrate to allow
on an offset press to apply fountain solution, or its evaluation of the undertone and masstone of the ink.
equivalent, to a lithographic plate. NAPIM
drier, n—(1) a substance, usually an organometallic
deflocculation, n—the dispersion of pigment clusters, or
compound, that accelerates the rate of drying of an
“flocks,” into smaller units in an ink. NAPIM
oxidation-curable printing ink.
delamination, n—the separation of layers of a laminate.
(2) organic metal compounds which are soluble in oily
NAPIM
vehicles that serve to catalyze the transfer of oxygen from
the air to the vehicle of the ink, thereby accelerating ink
desensitize, n—treatingnon-imageareasofalithographicplate
drying through oxidation and polymerization. NAPIM
to make them water receptive and ink-repellent. NAPIM
v—chemical treatment of non-image lithographic plate areas
drier dissipation, n—a loss in catalytic power of a drier due to
to make the areas ink-repellent.
a physical absorption or a chemical reaction with certain
DISCUSSION—This is usually accomplished with a solution of gum,
pigments. NAPIM
such as gum Arabic.
drop on demand ink jet, n—a nonimpact printing method in
densitometer, n—an instrument that measures the intensity of
which ink droplets are emitted only when required for
light reflected from a surface. It is used as a control
imaging. NAPIM
instrument to check the uniformity and intensity of print
color. NAPIM dry color, n—a pigment in dry or powder form. NAPIM
dry offset, n—a process in which a metal plate is etched to a
developing ink, n—a non-drying, greasy ink composition
depth of approximately 0.006 in. making a “right-reading”
specifically formulated for use in initial fixing or subsequent
relief plate (see also letterset). NAPIM
renewal of the image on a lithographic plate. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—Ink from the plate is transferred to the offset blanket
die stamping (see also intaglio), n—an intaglio process
and then to the paper without the use of water.
specifically intended for the production of letterheads and
drying of ink, n—the conversion of an ink film to a solid state,
cards by printing from lettering or other designs engraved
accomplished by oxidation, evaporation, polymerization,
into copper or steel. NAPIM
penetration, gelation, precipitation, and combinations of
these processes. NAPIM
dilatancy (shear thickening), n—the increase in apparent
viscosity with increasing shear. NAPIM
drying oil, n—oil that possesses the property of hardening to a
tough film by oxidation and polymerization. NAPIM
diluent,n—aliquidwithlittlesolventpowerthatisusedtothin
or cut an ink or varnish. NAPIM
drying time, n—the time required for an ink to form a
tack-free surface after being applied to the substrate.
direct-image master, n—a lithographic plate that is imaged by
NAPIM
a mechanical marking device.
ductor roller, n—(1) the roller which is in intermittent contact
dispersing agent, n—see wetting agent.
with the fountain roller and transfers ink to the distribution
dispersion, n—a uniform distribution of solid particles in a
system of the press. NAPIM
vehicle, generally obtained by mixing or milling. NAPIM
(2) an ink or water roller that alternately contacts the
fountain roller and the distributing roller.
distributing roller, n—a roller which conveys ink from the
DISCUSSION—On a lithographic press it is also the roller which
fountain to the form roller of a press. NAPIM
transfers the fountain solution to the dampening rollers.
distributor rollers, n—rollers that break down and distribute
duotone,n—printingofimageswheretwocolors(forexample,
the ink.
with the inks black and gray) are printed from one original
where differing screen angles, tone values, and tonal grada-
doctor blade, n—a device that scrapes off the excess ink or
tions are selected. Kipphan
lacquer from the surface of an etched cylindrical roll just
DISCUSSION—Due to the better tonal gradation, a duotone print
prior to printing, leaving the “cells” filled with ink or
creates a better three-dimensional effect than a single-color print and is
lacquer.
near to photographic quality.
DISCUSSION—In gravure printing, the doctor blade scrapes excess ink
duplex printing, n—term for printing on both sides (face and
or lacquer off an engraved printing cylinder. In flexographic printing,
the doctor blade removes excess material from the anilox roll. back/front and reverse side printing) mostly used in connec-
tion with NIP processes (see also perfector). Kipphan
dot, n—the individual element of a halftone. NAPIM
dye, n—coloringmaterialthatissolubleinavehicleorsolvent.
doubletone ink, n—a type of printing ink which produces the
DISCUSSION—Pigments are insoluble.
effect of two-color printing with a single impression.
effluent, n—waste material, such as liquid industrial refuse, or
NAPIM
sewage, discharged into the environment (generally refers to
DISCUSSION—Also referred to as duotone. These inks contain a
soluble toner which bleeds out to produce a secondary color. water pollution). NAPIM
D7188 − 05 (2019)
efflux cup, n—a simple device used to measure viscosity in exudation, n—the migration of solid material(s) to the surface
terms of the number of seconds required for a cup of known of a film. NAPIM
volume to empty through an orifice of known size.
fade resistance, n—theabilityofaprintedinktoresistchanges
DISCUSSION—Examples include Zahn, Shell, and Ford cups.
in optical density on exposure to light, moisture, chemicals,
elastomer, n—any rubber-like substance or polymer. NAPIM
or other external condition.
electron beam (EB) curing, n—(1) conversion of a coating
fading, n—thechangeofstrengthorcoloronexposuretolight,
from its application state to its final use state by means of a
heat or other influences. NAPIM
mechanisminitiatedbyelectronbeamradiationgeneratedby
felt side (wire side), n—the top (smoother) side of the sheet in
equipment designed for that purpose. D5403
paper manufacturing, opposite the wire side; the usual side
(2) conversion of a wet coating or printing ink film to a
for printing. NAPIM
crosslinked solid film by the use of electron beam radiation.
filler, n—inert substance in a composition to increase the bulk,
electrostatic assist (ESA), n—a method of applying a high-
strength, or lower the cost, or both. NAPIM
voltage, low amperage, charge to the gravure impression
roll, significantly improving ink transfer during printing to
film, n—castorblownorganicpolymerasaflexiblematerialof
minimize print defects. NAPIM
a thickness not exceeding 0.010 in.
DISCUSSION—Inexcessof0.010in.thickness,suchmaterialisusually
electrostatic printing, n—non-impact printing based on elec-
called sheet or sheeting. NAPIM
trostatic principles, involving the use of a dielectric image,
stencil, or facsimile scanning ion source to form the image.
film former, n—a material which, when printed, provides a
NAPIM
continuous layer.
emulsification, n—in lithography, a condition resulting from
fineness of grind, n—(1) a measure of the size and prevalence
the distribution of fountain solution in the ink. NAPIM
of oversize particles in a printing ink dispersion. D1316
DISCUSSION—Improper emulsification will produce poor printing.
(2) the degree of dispersion of a pigment in a printing ink
vehicle usually measured on a grindometer or grind gauge.
emulsifying agent, n—a chemical used to facilitate the prepa-
NAPIM
ration of emulsions and to improve their stability. NAPIM
finish, n—the degree of gloss or flatness of a print or surface.
emulsion, n—a mixture of two mutually insoluble liquids in
NAPIM
which one liquid is finely distributed as droplets in the other.
NAPIM
first down color, n—in a multicolor printed material this is the
first color printed on the substrate. NAPIM
energy curing, n—see electron beam curing and ultraviloet
curing.
flexographic ink, n—a low-viscosity, pigmented coating suit-
able for printing from a raised resilient image area.
ester gum, n—the glycerol ester of rosin, used as an ingredient
in certain printing ink varnishes. NAPIM
flexography, n—a typographic form of printing using resilient
plates, anilox rollers, and low-viscosity inks.
etch, n—see fountain solution.
DISCUSSION—Thesolventsusedaremainlyalcoholsorwater,orboth,
and the coloring materials are pigments or soluble dyes. Flexography is
etching, n—in lithography, the use of acidic substances to
commonly used for packaging, printing on paper, carton, cardboard,
produce a surface in the non-printing areas of a metal plate
and polymer films. Flexography can also be used for newspaper
that is receptive to the fountain solution but not to the ink.
printing. Energy-curable inks can also be used in flexography.
NAPIM
flocculation, n—theaggregationofpigmentparticlesintheink
DISCUSSION—In engraving, a treatment with acid or by mechanical
means to make certain areas considerably lower than the surface of the to form clusters or “flocks,” which may result in a loss of
engraving.
color strength and a change in hue. NAPIM
evaporation, n—thechangingfromtheliquidtothegaseousor
flooding, n—(1) an excess of ink on the printing plate caused
vapor state, as when the solvent leaves the printed ink film.
by feeding too much ink from the fountain.
NAPIM
(2) the separation of one pigment from the others on the
surface of a printing ink.
exempt volatile compound, n—organic compound recognized
by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as
flow, n—the property of ink causing it to level out as would a
not participating significantly in atmospheric photochemical
true liquid. NAPIM
reactions.
DISCUSSION—Inksofpoorflowareclassedasshortorbutteryinbody,
DISCUSSION—Acetone is an example. while inks of good flow are said to be long in body.
extender, n—a transparent or semi-transparent white pigment, fluorescent ink, n—ink that exhibits a very brilliant effect
or a varnish that is used to alter the color strength of an ink through the use of substances designed to emit visible light
without affecting its hue. NAPIM under the influence of shorter wavelength light.
D7188 − 05 (2019)
fluorescent pigments, n—colorants consisting of a solid solu- Kipphan
tion of a fluorescent dye in resins; they have medium to poor (2) reflection of light from a surface. NAPIM
fastness properties.
gloss, distinctness-of-image, n—perceived sharpness of im-
ages reflected by an object surface. D4449
flushing, n—a method of transferring pigments from disper-
sions in water to dispersions in oil by displacement of the
gloss meter, n—an instrument used to measure the specular
water by the oil, with the resulting dispersion known as
(mirror) reflectance from a surface at a given angle. NAPIM
flushed color. NAPIM
gold ink, n—aprintinginkwhoseprincipalpigmentconsistsof
flying (misting), n—a condition where a fine mist or spray of
bronze powder. NAPIM
ink is thrown off rapidly moving ink rollers. NAPIM
grain, n—arrangement or direction of fibers in a material such
foil, n—very thin (less than 6 mil) metal such as aluminum.
as paper or wood. NAPIM
NAPIM
grain direction, n—see machine direction.
DISCUSSION—Above 6 mil, the thin metal is called a sheet.
graining, n—in lithography, abrading the surface of metal
form roller, n—(1) the roller in the ink distribution system of
plates to achieve greater water receptivity. NAPIM
a printing press which is in direct contact with the printing
plate and transfers the ink to the plate. NAPIM
gravure(rotogravure), n—oneofthemethodsofprintingusing
(2) ink or water rollers that contact the lithographic plate on
the intaglio process, where the ink is placed in cells below
an offset press.
the plate surface.
DISCUSSION—The size and depth of the cells are varied in accordance
fountain, n—(1) a reservoir for ink or water. (2) the ink
with the image. The engraved cells are filled with ink in the printing
reservoir on a printing press (in lithography it is also the
process and the ink is then transferred to the substrate.
reservoir for the dampening solution). NAPIM
gravure impression roller (presseur), n—gravure impression
fountain roller, n—the roller that revolves in the ink fountain
cylinder used for gravure printing, consisting of a steel core
(in lithography it is also the roller that revolves in the
covered with an elastomer coating. Kipphan
dampening solution). NAPIM
DISCUSSION—It presses the substrate against the plate. An electro-
static charge on the impression roller fosters the transfer of the ink out
fountain solution (dampening solution, etch), n—(1)in
of the cells on the gravure cylinder and onto the substrate.
lithography, usually a mixture of water, acid, buffer and a
gravure ink, n—a low-viscosity pigmented coating suitable
gum to prevent the non-printing areas of the plate from
accepting ink. NAPIM for printing from an engraved, recessed image area.
(2) the chemical solution carried in the water fountain of the
gray scale, n—a strip of standard gray tones ranging from
offset press and used to keep non-image areas of the litho-
white to black, placed at the side of the original copy during
graphic plate free of ink.
photography to measure the tonal range obtained. NAPIM
fugitive color, n—(1) colorant that changes color in a few days
grind gauge or grindometer, n—metal block in which two
or weeks, or that bleaches white in less than 18 months,
wedge-liketroughsareaccuratelymachinedandnumerically
when exposed behind glass to sunlight. D5383
graduated from the maximum depth to zero depth. NAPIM
(2)pigmentsordyeswhicharenotpermanent,andchangeor
DISCUSSION—Inks are placed in the troughs and drawn toward the
lose color rapidly when exposed to light, heat, moisture or
zero mark with a finely machined scraper blade. The point at which
other conditions. NAPIM
scratches or interruption of the smooth ink film appears is the
designation of the fineness-of-grind.
furnace black, n—a form of carbon black obtained by decom-
grit, n—the coarse foreign particles in printing inks and
posingnaturalgasorpetroleumoil,orboth,undercontrolled
coatings,oftenofirregularshape,thatarehard,abrasive,and
conditions in a furnace and precipitating the pigment in
resistant to disintegration.
special chambers. NAPIM
guide rollers, n—those rollers whose function is to control and
galley, n—a shallow metal tray used for holding type. NAPIM
transport the paper or substrate through the press.
galley proof, n—a proof taken of type standing in a galley
gumming up, n—applying a solution of gum arabic, or its
before it is made up into pages. NAPIM
equivalent, to the metal lithographic plate to prevent oxida-
gel, n—a state or condition in which an ink or vehicle has a
tion and to protect it from damage during washout, make-
jelly-like consistency. NAPIM
ready operations, or plate storage.
Gilsonite, n—a black, asphaltic, resinous material found in
halftone, n—an image in which various density levels are
UtahandColoradousedinmanufacturingblackprintingink.
represented by corresponding sizes of dots printed in a
NAPIM
uniform pattern. NAPIM
gloss, n—(1) perception based on the physical, optical property halftone dot, n—picture element of a screen, for instance,
of a surface to reflect projected light more or less specularly. circular, elliptical, diamond or square-shaped. Kipphan
D7188 − 05 (2019)
DISCUSSION—Below the middletone, the halftone dots are isolated in
hydrophilic, n—(1) in lithography, the property of a substance
the image areas. Above approximately 50 % area coverage the dots
that makes it more receptive to water and fountain solutions
connect with each other.
than to oils and inks. NAPIM
(2) water-receptive (in offset printing, the non-image areas
halftone inks, n—inks formulated for good reproduction of
on the printing plate that are repellent to ink (oleophobic)).
fine detail such as halftone dots on coated stock, generally
Kipphan
having high tinctorial strength and finely dispersed. NAPIM
hydrophobic (lipophilic), n—(1) water-repellent (in offset
halo effect, n—(1) piling up of ink at the edges of letters and
printing the image areas on the printing plate that are
dots. (2) the colored or sometimes uncolored areas adjacent
receptive to ink (oleophilic)). Kipphan
to them, caused by the spread of colored or uncolored
(2)in lithography, the property of a substance that makes it
vehicles. NAPIM
more receptive to oils and inks than to water and fountain
hand, n—the tactile property of a fabric. NAPIM
solution. NAPIM
head margin, n—the space between the edge of the image and idler rollers, n—rollers in the inking device of a lithographic
the gripper edge of the press sheet. duplicator that are rotated by frictional contact with gear-
driven rollers.
heat seal, n—a method of uniting two or more surfaces by
image carrier, n—appliance whose surface is prepared in such
fusion under controlled conditions of temperature, pressure
a way that the selected areas transfer ink to the substrate
and dwell time. NAPIM
(directly or indirectly via an intermediate carrier).
heat set ink (heatset ink), n—letterpress and lithographic ink
Handbook of Print Media Technologies and Production
which dries under the action of heat by the evaporation of
Methods, Helmut Kipphan, Springer 2001
their high boiling solvent. NAPIM
imitation gold ink, n—a simulated gold ink that uses alumi-
heat transfer printing (thermal printing), n—transfer of a
num powder to produce the metallic luster and a transparent
printed image from a carrier to a receiving substrate by the
yellow colorant to produce the color. NAPIM
use of heat. NAPIM
impression, n—theprintingpressurenecessaryforinktransfer.
DISCUSSION—In the typical process, ink is made up of sublimable
Also refers to a single print. NAPIM
dyes in conventional ink vehicles, the carrier is paper, and the receiving
substrate is a synthetic fabric.
impression cylinder, n—the cylinder on a printing press that
holds the material being printed against the printing plate or
heavy bodied inks, n—inks of a high viscosity or stiff
blanket. NAPIM
consistency. NAPIM
indelible ink, n—an ink used on cloth to withstand laundering.
helio-klischograph, n—a method of engraving gravure cylin-
NAPIM
ders using an electronic scanning system. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—Thissystemtransmitsasignalmodulatedbythedensity
infrared drying (IR drying), n—drying of printing inks by the
of a positive copy to a diamond cutting head doing the engraving
use of infrared radiation. NAPIM
mechanically rather than by chemical etching.
inhibitor, n—a compound that retards or stops a chemical
hiding power, n—see opacity or covering power.
reaction, such as corrosion, oxidation, or polymerization.
NAPIM
highlight, n—(1) the light or open areas of a halftone print.
NAPIM
ink, n—a solid, liquid, or paste material which generates
(2) the bright tones of a positive image and the correspond-
visually perceivable information when applied to a surface
ing areas of the negative (film). Kipphan
by a printing process.
hot melt ink jet, n—a form of ink jet printing using hot melt
ink-form roller, n—the roll in an offset press that delivers ink
inks that solidify very quickly on paper and exhibit excellent
to the lithographic plate in the lithographic copy process.
dot shape, contrast, edge definition, and holdout
ink fountain, n—the reservoir on a printing press which
characteristics. NAPIM
supplies ink to the inking rollers. NAPIM
hue, n—one of the attributes of color which is determined by
ink jet printing, n—a printing process where ink droplets are
its dominant wave length (more commonly referred to as
emitted from a nozzle onto a substrate. NAPIM
shade). NAPIM
ink receptivity, n—that property of a substrate which causes it
hybrid technology/process, n—the linking of various, nor-
to accept or absorb ink, or both. NAPIM
mally separate technologies within one functioning unit, for
example, the combination of analog and digital technology
ink splitting, n—during the transport of printing ink over the
or, in the case of print media production, the combination of
rollers of an inking unit, it is divided or split between two
various print technologies in a single production system (for
rotating rollers. NAPIM
example, offset and flexographic printing or offset and NIP
DISCUSSION—This ink splitting is influenced by the pressure and the
technology). Kipphan ink film thickness between the rollers, the consistency and tack of the
D7188 − 05 (2019)
ink, rotational speed of the rollers, etc.Wetting properties and adhesion
lampblack, n—acarbonblackpigmentpreparedbytheincom-
forces also influence the ink splitting.
plete combustion of vegetable oils, petroleum, or asphalt
materials, used to achieve a dull, black ink. NAPIM
Inkometer, n—see tack meter.
leading, n—[pronounced leeding]—front or top edge as lead-
inorganic pigment, n—a colorant that is not carbon-based,
ing edge of lithographic plate or blanket.
except for carbon black.
DISCUSSION—Examples include titanium dioxide, iron oxide, and
leafing, n—a phenomenon where metallic pigments form a
aluminum flake.
layer parallel to the surface of the print producing a high
metallic luster. NAPIM
insert ink, n—a heatset ink used to print on lightweight coated
paper, typically for magazine printing.
length, n—the characteristic of an ink to be stretched out into
a long thread without breaking.
intaglio, n—a printing process, such as gravure and engraving,
DISCUSSION—Long lithographic inks have good flow in the fountain
in which the image or design is recessed below the non-
and distribute easily on the ink rollers. NAPIM
image areas of the engraving, plate or cylinder. NAPIM
letterpress (typography), n—a process of typographic (raised
integrated-fountain system, n—a system that delivers both
type) printing, generally using oil-based inks. NAPIM
the ink and fountain solution to the offset lithographic plate
by the same form roller.
letterset, n—a printing process using a metal relief plate from
which the image is transferred to the substrate via a blanket
iodine number, n—(1) a number that indicates the relative
cylinder. (See also dry offset.) Kipphan
drying potential of vegetable oils (the higher the number, the
faster the drying and oxidation). NAPIM
leveling, n—the process whereby a film of liquid coating flows
(2) in the carbon black industry, a measure of the surface
out after application so as to minimize any surface irregu-
area, and thus the particle size, of carbon black pigment.
larities such as brush marks, orange peel, peaks, or craters,
DISCUSSION—Higher carbon black iodine numbers indicate greater
that have been produced by the mechanical process of
surface area and smaller particle size.
application
iron oxides, n—a series of compounds of oxygen and iron
lightfastness (colorfastness), n—the resistance of printed or
occurring naturally or manufactured, used as printing ink
colored material to the action of sunlight or artificial light.
pigments. NAPIM
NAPIM
DISCUSSION—They vary in hue from yellow to brown, to red, to
black. Some iron oxides have special properties that make them useful
lipophilic, n—see hydrophobic.
in magnetic printing inks.
lithographic inks, n—relativelyhighviscosityinksformulated
jet, n—term used to describe the blackness or intensity of the
with aliphatic solvents or vegetable oils, or both, which will
masstone of black or near black inks. NAPIM
not attack rubber blankets and rollers, based on chemistry
that provides controlled emulsification with aqueous foun-
kaolin, n—see China Clay.
tain solutions.
KB Value (Kauri Butanol Value), n—a measure of the solvent
DISCUSSION—Lithographic varnishes for use in quickset sheetfed and
power of hydrocarbon solvents and oils using a kauri
heatset applications must have very limited solubility between the resin
gum-butanol reagent. NAPIM
and weak oil/solvent phases. Traditional lithographic inks are emulsi-
fied with aqueous fountain solutions, but in some instances can be
DISCUSSION—The values range from 20, which is a poor solvent, to
emulsified with tap water. In other instances, the litho
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