ASTM F2084-01(2007)e1
(Guide)Standard Guide for Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in Controlled Environments
Standard Guide for Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in Controlled Environments
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide defines a series of test methods to determine the oil containment effectiveness of containment booms when they are subjected to a variety of towing and wave conditions. The test methods measure the tow speed at which the boom first loses oil (both in calm water and in various wave conditions), the tow speed at which the boom reaches a gross oil loss condition (both in calm water and in various wave conditions), boom conformance to the surface wave conditions for various wave heights, wavelengths and frequencies, (qualitatively), resulting tow forces when encountering various speeds and wave conditions, identifies towing ability at high speeds in calm water and waves, boom sea-worthiness relative to its hardware (i.e., connectors, ballast members), and general durability.
User’of this guide are cautioned that the ratio of boom draft to tank depth can affect test results, in particular the tow loads (see Appendix X1 discussion).
Other variables such as ease of repair and deployment, required operator training, operator fatigue, and transportability also affect performance in an actual spill but are not measured in this guide. These variables should be considered along with the test data when making comparisons or evaluations of containment booms.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the effectiveness of full-scale oil spill containment booms in a controlled test facility.
1.2 This guide involves the use of specific test oils that may be considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to procure and abide by the necessary permits for disposal of the used test oil.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation:F2084–01 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Guide for
Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in
Controlled Environments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2084; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Referenced ASTM Standard D 4092 was editorially corrected to be Test Method D4052 in May 2007.
1. Scope D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the effectiveness of
F631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data in
full-scale oil spill containment booms in a controlled test
Controlled Environments
facility.
F818 Terminology Relating to Spill Response Barriers
1.2 This guide involves the use of specific test oils that may
be considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibility of
3. Terminology
the user of this guide to procure and abide by the necessary
3.1 Boom Performance Data Terminology—Terms associ-
permits for disposal of the used test oil.
ated with boom performance tests conducted in controlled
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
environments:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 boom submergence (aka submarining)—containment
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
failure due to loss of freeboard.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2 first-loss tow/current velocity—minimum tow/current
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
velocity normal to the membrane at which oil continually
2. Referenced Documents escapes past a boom This applies to the boom in the catenary
position.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.3 gross loss tow/current velocity—the minimum speed
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
at which massive continual oil loss is observed escaping past
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
the boom.
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
3.1.4 harbor chop—a condition of the water surface pro-
ity)
duced by an irregular pattern of waves.
D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil Against
3.1.5 preload—during testing, the quantity of test fluid
Water by the Ring Method
distributed in front of and contained by the boom prior to the
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
onset of a test.
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
3.1.6 tow speed—the relative speed difference between a
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
boom and the water in which the boom is floating. In this
D1796 Test Method forWater and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
standard guide relative current speed is equivalent.
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
3.1.7 wave height—(significant wave height) the average
D2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of
height, measured crest to trough, of the one-third highest
Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer
waves, considering only short-period waves (i.e., period less
D4007 TestMethodforWaterandSedimentinCrudeOilby
than 10 s).
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
3.1.8 wave period—(significant wave period) the average
period of the one-third highest waves, measured as the elapsed
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous
time between crests of succeeding waves.
Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F20.11 on Control.
4. Significance and Use
Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originally
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F2084 – 01. DOI: 4.1 This guide defines a series of test methods to determine
10.1520/F2084-01R07E01.
the oil containment effectiveness of containment booms when
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
they are subjected to a variety of towing and wave conditions.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
The test methods measure the tow speed at which the boom
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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F2084–01 (2007)
first loses oil (both in calm water and in various wave length ratio of 1:3. Towing bridles are generally provided by
conditions), the tow speed at which the boom reaches a gross the manufacturer for both ends of the boom which provide
oil loss condition (both in calm water and in various wave attachmentpointsfortowing(Fig.1).Ateachendoftheboom,
conditions), boom conformance to the surface wave conditions the towing apparatus shall be joined to the tow bridle or tow
for various wave heights, wavelengths and frequencies, (quali- lead by a single point only. Boom towing force should be
tatively), resulting tow forces when encountering various measured with in-line load cells positioned between the boom
speeds and wave conditions, identifies towing ability at high towing bridles and tow points.
speeds in calm water and waves, boom sea-worthiness relative 7.2 Preload oil should be pumped directly into the boom
to its hardware (i.e., connectors, ballast members), and general apex.
durability. 7.3 Data obtained during each test should include electroni-
4.2 User’s of this guide are cautioned that the ratio of boom cally collected data and manually collected data. Oil and water
draft to tank depth can affect test results, in particular the tow propertydatashouldbebasedonfluidsamplesobtainedduring
loads (see Appendix X1 discussion). the test period. Recommended data to be collected during
4.3 Other variables such as ease of repair and deployment, testing, along with the method of collection, is listed in Table
required operator training, operator fatigue, and transportabil- 1.
ity also affect performance in an actual spill but are not
8. Test Fluids
measured in this guide. These variables should be considered
along with the test data when making comparisons or evalua-
8.1 Test fluids may be crude, refined, or simulated, but
tions of containment booms.
should be stable and have properties that do not vary during a
test run. Test oils for use with this guide should be selected to
5. Summary of Guide
fall within the range of typical oil properties as defined in
5.1 This guide provides standardized procedures for evalu- Appendix X2 of this guide.
8.2 Test fluids should be discharged at ambient water
ating any boom system and provides an evaluation of a
particular boom’s attributes in different environmental condi- temperatures to reduce variation in fluid properties through a
test run.
tionsandtheabilitytocomparetestresultsofaparticularboom
type with others having undergone these standard tests.
9. Safety Precautions
5.2 The maximum wave and tow speeds at which any boom
can effectively gather and contain oil are known as boundary
9.1 Test operation shall conform to established safety (and
conditions. Booms that cannot maintain their design draft,
regulatory) requirements for both test facility operations and
freeboard, profile, and buoyancy at these conditions may be
less effective. The boundary conditions depend on the charac-
teristics of oil viscosity, oil/water interfacial tension and
oil/water density gradient.
6. Test Facilities
6.1 Severaltypesoftestfacilitiescanbeusedtoconductthe
tests outlined in this guide:
6.1.1 Wave/Tow Tank—A wave/tow tank has a movable
bridge or other mechanism for towing the test device through
water for the length of the facility. A wave generator may be
installed on one end, or on the side of the facility, or both.
6.1.2 Current Tank—A current tank is a water-filled tank
equipped with a pump or other propulsion system for moving
the water through a test section where the test device is
mounted.Awavegeneratormaybeinstalledonthistypeoftest
facility.
6.1.3 Other facilities, such as private ponds or flumes, may
also be used, provided the test parameters can be suitably
controlled.
6.2 Ancillary systems for facilities include, but are not
limited to a distribution system for accurately delivering test
fluids to the water surface, skimming systems to assist in
cleaning the facility between tests, and adequate tankage for
storing the test fluids.
7. Test Configuration and Instrumentation
7.1 The boom should be rigged in a catenary configuration,
with the gap equal to 33 % of the length; or boom gap-to- FIG. 1 Typical Boom Test Setup in Tank
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F2084–01 (2007)
TABLE 1 Typical Data Collected During Tests
10.3 Varying surface conditions should be employed during
Typical Collection testing. Conditions should be measurable and repeatable.
Data
Instrumentation Method
Examples of achievable surface conditions in controlled test
Wind Speed, Wind Monitor Computer/Data Logger,
environments are:
Direction Manual Readings
10.3.1 Calm—No waves generated.
Air and Water Resistance Temperature Computer/Data Logger,
10.3.2 Wave #1—sinusoidal wave with an H ⁄3 of .30 metres
Temperature Detector (RTD), Manual Readings
Themocouples,
(12.0 inches), wavelength of 4.27 metres (14.0 feet), and an
Mercury Thermometer
averageperiodoft=1.7seconds.(Wavedampeningbeachesare
Tow Pulse Counter and Computer, Control
employed during the generation of this wave condition).
Speed/Relative Digital Input Console, Local Display
Current Tachometer, Current
10.3.3 Wave #2—Sinusoidal wave with an H ⁄3 of .42 metres
Meter
(16.5 inches), wavelength of 12.8 metres (42.0 feet), and an
Wave Data Distance Sensor, Computer/Data logger
Capacitance probe, averageperiodoft=2.9seconds.(Wavedampeningbeachesare
Pressure Sensor
employed during the generation of this wave condition).
Tow Force, Load Cell Computer/Data logger
10.3.4 Wave #3—A harbor chop condition with an average
Average
(Maximum H ⁄3 of .38 metres (15.0 inches). This is also defined as a
during Wave
confused sea condition where reflective waves are allowed to
Conditions)
develop. No wavelength is calculated for this condition.
Test Fluid Storage Tank Level Computer/Data Logger,
(Volume Soundings, or Distance Manual Readings
Distributed) Sensor and capacity vs. where:
Volume Conversions 1
H ⁄3 = significantwaveheight = theaverageofthehighest ⁄3
Distribution Rate Positive Displacement Pump Control Panel,
of measured waves,
Pump with Speed Computer/Data Logger,
L = wavelength = the distance on a sine wave from trough
Indicator, Volume Manual Readings
Distributed Divided by
to trough (or peak to peak), and
Time
T = wave period = the time it takes to travel one wave-
length.
11. Procedures
oil handling. Particular caution must be exercised when han-
11.1 Prior to the test, select the operating parameters, then
dling flammable or toxic test fluids.
prepare the facility and containment boom for the test run.
Measure the experimental conditions.
10. Test Variables
11.1.1 The conventional boom under test should be a
full-scale representative section. The boom section’s basic
10.1 At the onset of the test the independent or controlled
physical properties should be measured in accordance with
test parameters should be selected. The test evaluator should
ASTM definitions. Table 3 contains a list of typical measure-
include a discussion of the procedures that were used to
ments and additional specification data.
establish calibration and standardization. These procedures
11.2 Measure or note immediately prior to each test the
typically include initial calibrations, pre-test and post-test
following parameters:
checks, sampling requirements and documentation of signifi-
11.2.1 Wind speed, direction.
cant occurrences/variations, and data precision and accuracy.
11.2.2 Air and water temperature.
10.2 Data should be expressed with an indication of vari-
11.2.3 General weather conditions, for example, rain, over-
ability.Table2containsalistoftypicalmeasurementsshowing
cast, sunny, etc.
attainable precision and accuracy values.
TABLE 3 Typical Basic Physical Properties
Specification Data
TABLE 2 Measurement Precision and Accuracy As reported by As measured by
Measurement
Manufacturer Tester
Measurement Accuracy (6) Precision (6)
Boom Type Fence, curtain, fire containment, other
Bottom solids and To be determined To be determined
Length m (ft) Standard section length, total rigged section
Water (ASTM) (ASTM)
Height mm (in) Standard section height
3 3
Oil Distribution 0.3 m /HR 0.05 m /HR
Freeboard mm (in) Distance above water line
0 0
Salinity .01 ⁄00 .01 ⁄00
Draft mm (in) Distance below water line
3 3
Specific Gravity, .001 g/cm 0.0001 g/cm
Weight of Section kg/m Boom Fabric Type (freeboard and skirt material)
Density
(lb/ft) and Tensile Strength Characteristics
Surface Tension 0.1 Dyne/cm 0.04 Dyne/cm
Ballast Bottom Tension Member Type/Break
Temperature 0.2°C 0.2°C Ballast Length m (ft)
A
Strength and Length
Tow, Current 0.051 m/se. (.1 kt)/ 0.0255 m/sec (.05kt)/
Ballast Weight kg/m (lb/ft) Chain, cable or weights
Speeds (Tank/Open 0.255 m/sec (.5 kt) 0.102 m/sec (.2 kt)
Gross Buoyancy Flotation/Buoyancy Type (Air inflatable/foam)
water)
Buoyancy to Weight Ratio Calculated/Measured (Method shall be documented)
Tow Force 0.25 % of full scale 2.5 lbs/1000 lbs
Accessories Anchor points, lights, tow lines, bridles, etc.
Viscosity 2.0 % 1.0 %
End Connector Type ASTM Standard, other
Wave Meter, 6 mm/10 mm 1.44 mm/10 mm
Number of tension
(Tank/Open Water)
Top, bottom, middle, other
members and Location
Wind Direction 3° 3°
A
Wind Speed 0.3 m/s (0.6 mph) 0.3 m/s (0.6 mph)
All measurements should be taken when member is tensioned to the load
expected at a 1 knot tow speed.
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F2084–01 (2007)
11.2.4 Thetestfluidusedfortestingshouldbecharacterized entrainment speed). This test is performed in calm water
from samples taken each time the storage tank is filled. As a conditions and establishes a baseline preload fluid volume.
minimum, the test fluid should be analyzed for viscosity, Thisbaselinecontainmentperformanceservesasadatumfrom
surface and interfacial tension, specific gravity and bottom which improved or diminished containment performance can
solids and water. The results of each analysis as presented in be measured when encountering other test conditions.
Table 2 will be reported. 11.3.2.1 The preload volume is determined by performing a
11.2.5 Periodic samples of the test basin water should be
series of first loss tests. Beginning with a nominal preload
taken to monitor the water
...
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