ASTM E2016-22

Standard Specification for Industrial Woven Wire Cloth

ABSTRACT
This specification covers industrial woven wire cloth (also known as, wire mesh), for general use including the separation of particles. Wire cloth can be produced in many thousands of combinations of size and shape of opening, wire diameter, and made of any primary metal or metal alloy wire that is suitable for weaving. E2016 presents standard terms and definitions, notes the normal range of specifications woven, and establishes technical requirements that include wire tolerances, mesh tolerance for double-crimp square mesh, width opening tolerances for space cloth, and delivery requirements. Developed based on obsolete Federal RR-W-360A, it is the only Standard that covers wire cloth as specified and manufactured according to mesh count.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers industrial woven wire fabric, referred to as wire cloth, for general use including the separation of particles. Wire cloth can be made of any primary metal or metal alloy wire that is suitable for weaving. This specification does not apply to the following special types of wire cloth: filter cloth or dutch weave (see Appendix X1), fourdrinier and cylinder cloth, galvanized hardware cloth, insect wire screening, spiral weave wire cloth, testing sieve cloth, or welded wire cloth.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2022
• ICS: 59.060.30 - Mineral and metal fibres
• Technical Committee: E29 - Particle and Spray Characterization
• Drafting Committee: E29.01 - Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media

Relations

• Refers: ASTM A555/A555M-16 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2016
• Refers: ASTM A555/A555M-05(2014) - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2014
• Refers: ASTM E11-13 - Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM E1638-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM A510/A510M-13 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Wire Rods and Coarse Round Wire, Carbon Steel, and Alloy Steel
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2013
• Refers: ASTM E1638-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 15-May-2012
• Refers: ASTM A510/A510M-11 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Wire Rods and Coarse Round Wire, Carbon Steel
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2011
• Refers: ASTM E1638-11a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2011
• Refers: ASTM E1638-11 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 01-May-2011
• Refers: ASTM E2814-11 - Standard Guide for Industrial Woven Wire Filter Cloth
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2011
• Refers: ASTM E1638-10 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Refers: ASTM A555/A555M-05(2009) - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009
• Refers: ASTM E11-09e1 - Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009
• Refers: ASTM E1638-09 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2009
• Refers: ASTM E1638-07a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods and Screening Media
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2007

Overview

ASTM E2016-22 is the internationally recognized standard specification for industrial woven wire cloth, often referred to as wire mesh. Developed and maintained by ASTM, this standard provides comprehensive requirements and guidance for the manufacturing, specification, and commercial supply of woven wire cloth products used in various industrial applications. The specification is designed to ensure quality and consistency across a diverse range of mesh counts, wire diameters, materials, and weaving types suitable for general industrial use, including particle separation.

ASTM E2016-22 establishes key terms, definitions, and technical requirements concerning wire and mesh tolerances, types of weaves and crimps, opening tolerances, delivery, labeling, and certification. This standard does not apply to certain specialty wire cloths, such as filter cloth (Dutch weave), hardware cloth, insect screening, and testing sieve cloth, which are covered by other standards.

Key Topics

• Material Coverage: Applicable to wire cloth woven from any primary metal or metal alloy wire suitable for weaving, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum, brass, copper, bronze, Monel, and nickel alloys.
• General Use: Specifies wire cloth primarily for particle separation but covers a wide array of industrial uses.
• Mesh Definitions: Clarifies standard mesh terminology, including mesh count (number of wires per linear inch), aperture (opening), square mesh, rectangular mesh, and space cloth.
• Weave and Crimp Types: Recognizes various crimp and weave styles, such as double crimp, lock crimp, plain weave, and twill weave, ensuring proper selection for each application.
• Tolerances: Establishes permissible tolerances for wire diameter, mesh count, width of openings, roll width, and major blemishes to ensure consistency and performance.
• Delivery & Packaging: Specifies requirements for roll size, flatness, squareness, surface finish, and appropriate labeling for traceability and quality assurance.
• Testing & Certification: Describes testing methods for mesh and aperture measurement, sampling procedures, and customer-requested certification or chemical analysis.

Applications

Industrial woven wire cloth conforming to ASTM E2016-22 is critical in sectors that demand reliable particle separation, screening, and filtration. Its versatility and precision enable its use in:

• Mining and Aggregates: Grading, sizing, and separation of ores, minerals, and aggregates.
• Chemical Processing: Filtering solids from liquids and gases in chemical production and processing plants.
• Food and Beverage: Separation and filtration tasks, such as sifting flour, sugar, and other bulk materials.
• Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Screening and separating particulate for purity and consistency.
• Pulp and Paper: Used in non-specialty screening processes.
• General Manufacturing: Machine guarding, safety screens, and support for filtration media.
• Architectural and Design: Decorative and functional mesh for facades, partitions, and infill panels.

By following ASTM E2016-22 requirements, manufacturers and end users ensure that wire cloth meets the necessary dimensional accuracy, quality, and material specification for safe and effective operation in demanding environments.

Related Standards

For specialized applications or further requirements, the following ASTM standards are commonly referenced alongside ASTM E2016-22:

• ASTM E11: Specification for woven wire test sieve cloth and test sieves (applicable to testing and precise particle size analysis).
• ASTM E2814: Specification for industrial woven wire filter cloth (for Dutch weaves and fine filtration).
• ASTM A510/A510M: General requirements for wire rods and round wire of carbon steel and alloy steel.
• ASTM A555/A555M: General requirements for stainless steel wire and wire rods.
• ASTM E3278: Test method for bubble point pressure of woven wire filter cloth (used for determining pore size in filter cloth).
• ASTM E3315: Specification for certification of metallic materials.
• ASTM E1638: Terminology relating to sieves, sieving methods, and screening media.

Adhering to ASTM E2016-22 for industrial woven wire cloth ensures compliance with industry expectations for product performance, traceability, and safety, supporting end users in selecting and applying the correct mesh for their operational needs.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:E2016 −22
Standard Specification for
Industrial Woven Wire Cloth
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2016; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Industrial wire cloth can be produced in many thousands of combinations of size and shape of
opening, wire diameter, type of weave, and metal. This specification covers woven wire cloth for
industrial use, including the separation of particles. Its purpose is to introduce standard terms and
definitions, to note the normal range of specifications woven, and to establish tolerances and
requirements. This specification excludes sieve cloth from its scope, since this is covered under
Specification E11. If a user has a specific application for industrial wire cloth that is not within the
scope of this specification, it is recommended that the wire cloth supplier be consulted.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This specification covers industrial woven wire fabric,
A510/A510M Specification for General Requirements for
referred to as wire cloth, for general use including the
Wire Rods and Coarse Round Wire, Carbon Steel, and
separation of particles. Wire cloth can be made of any primary
Alloy Steel
metal or metal alloy wire that is suitable for weaving. This
A555/A555M Specification for General Requirements for
specification does not apply to the following special types of
Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods
wire cloth: filter cloth or dutch weave (see Appendix X1),
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
fourdrinier and cylinder cloth, galvanized hardware cloth,
Sieves
insect wire screening, spiral weave wire cloth, testing sieve
E1638 Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods,
cloth, or welded wire cloth.
and Screening Media
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
E2814 Specification for Industrial Woven Wire Filter Cloth
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
E3278 Test Method for Bubble Point Pressure of Woven
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
Wire Filter Cloth
and are not considered standard.
E3315 Specification for Certification of Metallic Materials
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of related terms, refer to
Terminology E1638.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.1 aperture, n—the opening in a screening or sieving
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
medium.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.2 aperture size, n—thedimensiondefininganopeningin
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
a screening or sieving medium (see also width opening).
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.2.3 bolting cloth, n—wire cloth meeting a group of speci-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
fications that are typical for higher sifting capacities and which
can speed the bolting action of vibratory screening machines,
ThisspecificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE29onParticle
and Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of E29.01 on Sieves,
Sieving Methods, and Screening Media. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as E2016 – 20. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E2016-22. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2016−22
manufactured based on using a limited number of wire 3.2.13 sieve cloth, n—woven wire cloth conforming to
diameters for a large group of mesh designations. Specification E11.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—“Bolting Grade” designations are often
3.2.13.1 Discussion—Sieve cloth is generally used for the
misused; and should not be specified without a wire diameter, determination of particle size as opposed to the separation of
as the designations have become non-standard.
particles.
3.2.4 firmness, n—a subjective term referring to the planar
3.2.14 sleaziness, n—wire cloth that does not exhibit firm-
rigidity of wire cloth (as a roll good, not mounted in a frame).
ness.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Firmness is established by the tensile
3.2.15 space cloth, n—wire cloth that is designated by the
strength of the material, the relationship of the mesh to wire
width of the open spaces between the inside faces of adjacent
diameters,thetypeofweave,andamountofcrimpinthewires.
parallel wires, expressed in inches or the metric equivalent (see
The absence of firmness in wire cloth is termed sleaziness.
4.2 for the normal range of space cloth specifications).
3.2.5 market grade wire cloth, n—wire cloth meeting a
3.2.16 square mesh, n—wire cloth having the same number
group of specifications that are typical for use in the general
of wires in both the warp and shute.
industrialmarket,manufacturedbasedonusingadifferentwire
3.2.17 Types of Crimps:
diameter for each of the common mesh designations.
3.2.17.1 crimp, n—the corrugation in the warp or shute
3.2.5.1 Discussion—“Market Grade” designations are often
wire, or both.
misused; and should not be specified without a wire diameter,
as the designations have become non-standard.
3.2.17.2 Discussion—The crimp in the wires is formed
3.2.6 mesh, n—the number of wires or openings per linear
either during the weaving process, or with a crimping machine
inch (25.4 mm), counted from the center of any wire to a point
prior to weaving. If formed during the weaving process, the
exactly 1 in. (25.4 mm) distant, including the fractional
tension existing between the warp and shute wires fundamen-
distance between either thereof.
tally determines the respective amount or depth of crimp,
which locks the wires in place and in part establishes the
3.2.7 mill grade wire cloth, n—wire cloth meeting a group
firmness of the wire cloth.
of specifications that are typical for milling grain and other
3.2.17.3 double crimp wire cloth, n—wire cloth woven with
light screening, manufactured based on using a different wire
approximately equal corrugations in both the warp and shute
diameter for each of the common mesh designations.
wires to lock the wires in position (see Fig. 5).
3.2.7.1 Discussion—“Mill Grade” designations are often
misused; and should not be specified without a wire diameter,
3.2.17.4 flat top wire cloth, n—wire cloth with deep crimps,
as the designations have become non-standard.
as in lock crimp, except that all crimps are on the underside of
the cloth, leaving the top surface all in one plane.
3.2.8 percent open area, n—the ratio of the area of the
openings to the total area expressed as a percentage, that
3.2.17.5 Discussion—Sometimes designated smooth top
theoretically can be calculated as follows:
(see Fig. 6).
OA 5 ~1 2 M D !~1 2 M D !~100! (1)
w w s s 3.2.17.6 intermediate crimp wire cloth, n—precrimped wire
cloth with extra crimps or corrugations between the points or
where:
intersection.
OA = the percent open area,
M = the mesh warp,
w 3.2.17.7 Discussion—Sometimes designated intercrimp or
M = the mesh shute,
s
multiple crimp (see Fig. 7).
D = the diameter warp wire, and
w
3.2.17.8 lock crimp wire cloth, n—precrimped wire cloth
D = the diameter shute wire.
s
with deep crimps at points of intersection to lock the wires
3.2.9 rectangular (off-count) mesh, n—either precrimp or
securely in place (see Fig. 8).
double crimp wire cloth having a different number of wires in
3.2.17.9 precrimp wire cloth, n—wire cloth woven with
the warp and shute, producing rectangular openings; the
both the warp and shute wires crimped before weaving.
diameter of the warp and shute wires may be the same or
3.2.17.10 triple shute wire cloth, n—wire cloth woven with
different.
three shute wires inserted adjacent to each other, often con-
3.2.10 screen, n—(1) a surface provided with apertures of
structed in conformance with precrimp rectangular.
uniform size and shape; (2) another term used interchangeably
3.2.18 Types of Weaves:
for woven wire cloth; and (3) a machine provided with one or
3.2.18.1 herringbone twill, n—wire cloth in which the
more screen surfaces.
direction of a twilled weave is reversed at regular intervals to
3.2.11 selvage, n—the edge or border of wire cloth finished
produce a striped or herringbone effect.
off so as to prevent unraveling; examples of finished edges
3.2.18.2 plain, n—wire cloth in which the warp wires and
include looped selvage (see Fig. 1), folded selvage (see Fig. 2),
shutewirespassoveroneandunderonewireinbothdirections
cut and tucked (see Fig. 3), welded, plastic bonded, and
(see Fig. 9).
bent-back picket, as opposed to a raw or cut edge (see Fig. 4).
3.2.12 shute wires, n—thewiresrunningtheshortwayof,or 3.2.18.3 twill, n—wire cloth in which the warp wires and
across the cloth as woven (also referred to as the shoot, fill, or shute wires pass over two and under two wires in both
weft wires). directions (see Fig. 10).
E2016−22
FIG. 1Looped Edge
E2016−22
FIG. 2Folded Edge
3.2.19 warp wires, n—the wires running the long way of the 3.2.20.1 Discussion—See Table 1 for a listing of conversion
cloth as woven. factorsfromplainsteelforvariousothermetalsandalloys.The
theoretical mass/unit area can be similarly calculated with SI
3.2.20 weight per unit area, n—the weight per square foot
units or an approximate multiplier factor of 4.8824 can be used
for wire cloth can be approximated (without consideration for
to obtain kg/m .
crimp) by the following equation:
2 2
3.2.21 width opening, n—distance between two parallel
Wt/SqFt 5 ~12 M ~12 π ~D ⁄4!ρ!! 5 ~12 M ~12 π ~D ⁄4!ρ!!
w w s s
adjacent warp or shute wires, measured in the projected plane.
(2)
3.2.21.1 Discussion—Thetheoreticalwidthofanopeningin
where:
the direction of interest can be calculated by subtracting the
Wt/ft = the weight (lb) per square foot,
nominal wire diameter from the reciprocal of the mesh in that
M = the mesh warp (number of wires per inch),
w
direction as follows:
M = the mesh shute (number of wires per inch),
s
Opn 5 ~1/M! 2D (3)
D = the diameter warp wire (decimal parts of an inch),
w
D = the diameter shute wire (decimal parts of an inch),
s
where:
ρ = the density of material (lb/in. ) (0.2836 for plain or
Opn = the width opening (in decimal parts of an inch),
carbon steel), and
M = the mesh, and
π = the constant 3.1416,
D = the diameter wire (in decimal parts of an inch).
which for square mesh wire cloth with the same
The theoretical width of an opening can be calculated
wire diameter in both the warp and shute reduces
similarly with SI units converting the pitch (1/M) to milli-
to:
metres by the multiplier factor 25.4 and subtracting the wire
Wt/SqFt 5 72πρMD
diameter in millimetres.
where:
4. Wire Cloth Specifications
Wt/SqFt = the weight (lb) per square foot,
M = the mesh (number of wires per inch), and
4.1 Normal Range of Double-Crimp, Square Mesh Wire
D = the diameter wire (decimal parts of an inch).
Cloth (Expressed By Mesh):
E2016−22
FIG. 3Cut and Tucked Edge
FIG. 4Raw or Cut Edge
4.1.1 Carbon Steel—For the normal range of woven wire 5. Technical Requirements
cloth specifications for double-crimp, square mesh carbon
5.1 Wire Tolerances—The wire diameter shall be expressed
steel, see Table 2.
in decimal parts of an inch or the metric equivalent, and the
4.1.2 Stainless Steel—For the normal range of woven wire
tolerance for wire before weaving shall be in accordance with
cloth specifications for double-crimp, square mesh stainless
Table 6. It is recognized that mechanical deformation of the
steel, see Table 3.
wire occurs during weaving, and therefore, the diameter
measured after weaving only can be used as a guide of the
4.2 Normal Range of Space Cloth (Expressed By Width
original nominal diameter.
Opening):
4.2.1 Carbon Steel—For the normal range of space cloth
5.2 Wire Cloth Tolerances:
specifications for carbon steel, see Table 4.
5.2.1 Industrialwireclothcanbewovenfromagreatvariety
4.2.2 Stainless Steel—For the normal range of space cloth of metals and alloys. For the purposes of tolerances as woven,
specifications for stainless steel, see Table 5. the following metals are applicable:
E2016−22
FIG. 5Double Crimp
5.2.1.1 Aluminum (5000 series), 5.2.1.8 Stainless steel (300 and 400 series).
5.2.1.2 Brass,
5.2.2 Wire cloth tolerances for other metals may or may not
5.2.1.3 Carbon steel,
be applicable depending on the particular specification and
5.2.1.4 Copper,
should be discussed with the supplier.
5.2.1.5 Monel metal,
5.2.3 Tolerances on Mesh—Tolerances in mesh count shall
5.2.1.6 Nickel;
be applied separately for warp and shute and in accordance
5.2.1.7 Phosphor bronze, and
with Table 7.
5.2.4 TolerancesonopeningforspaceclothThetolerancein
Monel metal is a trademark of Special Metals Corporation. opening of space cloth shall be in accordance with Table 8.
E2016−22
FIG. 6Smooth Top
5.3 Wire Cloth Blemishes: 5.3.3 Variation in Mesh—An area of wire cloth with mesh
5.3.1 Wire cloth shall be woven with first-class count out of the tolerances shown in 5.2.3 shall be considered
workmanship, although some blemishes or defects are inherent a defective area.
in the weaving process. 5.3.4 Defective Opening—An irregular opening in an area
5.3.2 Permissible Number of Major Blemishes—Unless oth- of wire cloth shall be considered a defect if the measured
erwise agreed upon, the permissible number of major blem- opening is out of tolerance as shown in Table 10 or Table 8 for
ishes or defects as defined in Annex A1 shall be as shown in space cloth. For heavy double crimp meshes (less than 50 %
Table 9. The shute count shall determine the mesh category. open area), a negative tolerance is not applicable as (1) the
E2016−22
FIG. 7Intermediate Crimp
physical possibility of severe undersize openings is less likely 5.4.1 Roll—Astandard roll shall be 100 linear feet (30.5 m)
during weaving, and (2) minor undersize openings do not 6 10 linear feet (3 m), and may consist of up to three pieces,
typically affect screening processes.
no piece less than 10 linear feet (3 m).
5.4.2 Width—Permissible tolerance in the width of standard
5.4 Delivery Requirements—Except when specifically
wireclothrolls,exceptwhencuttospecificdimension,shallbe
agreed to otherwise, the total quantity of wire cloth furnished
in accordance with Table 11. Unless otherwise specified, rolls
shall be within 6 10 % of the quantity ordered. The invoice
shall be based on the actual quantity furnished. Any finishing of wire cloth may be delivered with or without selvage edges.
The width tolerance of selvage edge cloth should be defined
or fabrication specified to wire cloth may or may not affect its
delivered quality and should be discussed with the supplier. explicitly.
E2016−22
FIG. 8Lock Crimp
5.4.3 Flatness—Wovenwireclothmaybecurledineitheror manufacturing process. The wire may show traces of products
both the warp or shute direction, unless specifically agreed to used in the drawing process. Depending on the material, there
otherwise. may be traces of surface rust and corrosion, which should not
5.4.4 Firmness—Woven wire cloth should normally exhibit affect functionality.The surface may show markings caused by
firmness. the drawing or weaving processes. The depth of crimp gener-
5.4.5 Squareness—The warp and shute wires of woven wire ally differs between the warp and shute wires.
cloth normally should be aligned such that they are perpen- 5.4.7 Cut-to-Size Pieces—Thetolerancesthatcanbeheldon
dicular; however, ultralight or lighter grades may not always cut pieces of wire cloth can be dependent on the piece size, the
exhibit squareness due to their sleaziness. mesh and wire diameters, and the type of weave. These factors
5.4.6 Surface Condition—Wovenwireclothmaybecovered should be considered in the discussion of tolerances with the
with a film of oil or other lubricant as a result of the supplier.
E2016−22
FIG. 9Plain Square Weave
5.4.8 Slit Widths—Slitting tolerances should be discussed this specification. Depending on the specifications, the unifor-
with the supplier in accordance with 5.4.7, and it should be mity of coatings applied before weaving can be affected by the
further noted that wires may or may not be jumped or crossed. weaving process. Coatings applied after weaving may fill or
5.4.9 Coatings—The wire used for weaving wire cloth can partially fill some number of the openings of the wire cloth.
be coated, plated, or in some other way finished prior to Coatings also can significantly affect the firmness of the cloth.
weaving, or wire cloth can be specified coated after weaving. Additionally, tolerances on the width of opening cannot be
Coatings applied to wire before weaving or coatings applied to applied since, after woven, coatings will effectively increase
wire cloth after weaving can impact the delivered condition of the wire diameter and decrease the opening. Examples of
the wire cloth. Consult with a supplier as to the applicability of possible coatings include, but are not limited to, metallic
E2016−22
FIG. 10Twilled Square Weave
E2016−22
TABLE 1 Approximate Weight/ft —Multiplier Conversion Factors
6.3.2 Defective Openings—Thewidthofanopeningshallbe
Multiplier Multiplier measured for conformance upon the visual location of an
Conversion Conversion
irregular opening in the wire cloth.
Metal or Alloy Factor Metal or Alloy Factor
A
Aluminum (EC) and 1100 0.346 Nichrome 1.052
A
Aluminum (5056) 0.335 Nichrome I 1.017 7. Packaging, Labeling, and Certification
A
Brass, cartridge (70/30) 1.087 Nichrome V 1.073
7.1 Packaging:
Brass, low (80/20) 1.105 Nickel 200 1.133
Bronze, comm. (90/10) 1.122 Platinum 2.736
7.1.1 Depending on the exact specification, woven wire
Bronze, phosphor (A) 1.130 Silver 1.338
cloth with wire diameters of about 0.011 in. (0.28 mm) or less,
Copper 1.137 Stainless steel 1.024
shallberolledonawoodenorcardboardrollhavingadiameter
Gold 2.464 (302,304,316,347)
B
Haynes 25 (L605) 1.165 Stainless steel (410,430) 0.988
of about 2 in. (50 mm). Woven wire cloth with a wire diameter
B
Hastelloy B 1.179 Steel (1008) 1.004
greater than about 0.011 in. (0.28 mm) may be rolled up
B
Hastelloy C 1.140 Steel (1042) 1.000
without a center roll. The heavier the wire diameter, the larger
Hoskins 502 1.013 Tantalum 2.114
C
Inconel 600 1.073 Titanium 0.572
the inside diameter or the roll should be.
Molybdenum 1.303 Tungsten 2.450
7.1.2 The method of packaging shall take into account the
C
Monel metal 400 1.126
likelihood of the wire cloth corro
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2016 − 20 E2016 − 22
Standard Specification for
Industrial Woven Wire Cloth
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2016; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Industrial wire cloth can be produced in many thousands of combinations of size and shape of
opening, wire diameter, type of weave, and metal. This specification covers woven wire cloth for
industrial use, including the separation of particles. Its purpose is to introduce standard terms and
definitions, to note the normal range of specifications woven, and to establish tolerances and
requirements. This specification excludes sieve cloth from its scope, since this is covered under
Specification E11. If a user has a specific application for industrial wire cloth that is not within the
scope of this specification, it is recommended that the wire cloth supplier be consulted.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers industrial woven wire fabric, referred to as wire cloth, for general use including the separation of
particles. Wire cloth can be made of any primary metal or metal alloy wire that is suitable for weaving. This specification does
not apply to the following special types of wire cloth: filter cloth or dutch weave (see Appendix X1), fourdrinier and cylinder cloth,
galvanized hardware cloth, insect wire screening, spiral weave wire cloth, testing sieve cloth, or welded wire cloth.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A510/A510M Specification for General Requirements for Wire Rods and Coarse Round Wire, Carbon Steel, and Alloy Steel
A555/A555M Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
E1638 Terminology Relating to Sieves, Sieving Methods, and Screening Media
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E29 on Particle and Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of E29.01 on Sieves, Sieving
Methods, and Screening Media.
Current edition approved April 1, 2020Feb. 1, 2022. Published April 2020April 2022. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20152020 as
E2016 – 15.E2016 – 20. DOI: 10.1520/E2016-20.10.1520/E2016-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2016 − 22
E2814 Specification for Industrial Woven Wire Filter Cloth
E3278 Test Method for Bubble Point Pressure of Woven Wire Filter Cloth
E3315 Specification for Certification of Metallic Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of related terms, refer to Terminology E1638.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 aperture, n—the opening in a screening or sieving medium.
3.2.2 aperture size, n—the dimension defining an opening in a screening or sieving medium (see also width opening).
3.2.3 bolting cloth, n—wire cloth meeting a group of specifications that are typical for higher sifting capacities and which can
speed the bolting action of vibratory screening machines, manufactured based on using a limited number of wire diameters for a
large group of mesh designations.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—
“Bolting Grade” designations are often misused; and should not be specified without a wire diameter, as the designations have
become non-standard.
3.2.4 firmness, n—a subjective term referring to the planar rigidity of wire cloth (as a roll good, not mounted in a frame).
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
Firmness is established by the tensile strength of the material, the relationship of the mesh to wire diameters, the type of weave,
and amount of crimp in the wires. The absence of firmness in wire cloth is termed sleaziness.
3.2.5 market grade wire cloth, n—wire cloth meeting a group of specifications that are typical for use in the general industrial
market, manufactured based on using a different wire diameter for each of the common mesh designations.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—
“Market Grade” designations are often misused; and should not be specified without a wire diameter, as the designations have
become non-standard.
3.2.6 mesh, n—the number of wires or openings per linear inch (25.4 mm), counted from the center of any wire to a point exactly
1 in. (25.4 mm) distant, including the fractional distance between either thereof.
3.2.7 mill grade wire cloth, n—wire cloth meeting a group of specifications that are typical for milling grain and other light
screening, manufactured based on using a different wire diameter for each of the common mesh designations.
3.2.7.1 Discussion—
“Mill Grade” designations are often misused; and should not be specified without a wire diameter, as the designations have become
non-standard.
3.2.8 percent open area, n—the ratio of the area of the openings to the total area expressed as a percentage, that theoretically can
be calculated as follows:
OA 5 ~12 M D !~12 M D !~100! (1)
w w s s
where:
OA = the percent open area,
M = the mesh warp,
w
M = the mesh shute,
s
D = the diameter warp wire, and
w
D = the diameter shute wire.
s
3.2.9 rectangular (off-count) mesh, n—either precrimp or double crimp wire cloth having a different number of wires in the warp
and shute, producing rectangular openings; the diameter of the warp and shute wires may be the same or different.
E2016 − 22
3.2.10 screen, n—(1) a surface provided with apertures of uniform size and shape; (2) another term used interchangeably for
woven wire cloth; and (3) a machine provided with one or more screen surfaces.
3.2.11 selvage, n—the edge or border of wire cloth finished off so as to prevent unraveling; examples of finished edges include
looped selvage (see Fig. 1), folded selvage (see Fig. 2), cut and tucked (see Fig. 3), welded, plastic bonded, and bent-back picket,
as opposed to a raw or cut edge (see Fig. 4).
3.2.12 shute wires, n—the wires running the short way of, or across the cloth as woven (also referred to as the shoot, fill, or weft
wires).
3.2.13 sieve cloth, n—woven wire cloth conforming to Specification E11.
3.2.13.1 Discussion—
Sieve cloth is generally used for the determination of particle size as opposed to the separation of particles.
3.2.14 sleaziness, n—wire cloth that does not exhibit firmness.
3.2.15 space cloth, n—wire cloth that is designated by the width of the open spaces between the inside faces of adjacent parallel
wires, expressed in inches or the metric equivalent (see 4.2 for the normal range of space cloth specifications).
3.2.16 square mesh, n—wire cloth having the same number of wires in both the warp and shute.
3.2.17 Types of Crimps:
3.2.17.1 crimp, n—the corrugation in the warp or shute wire, or both.
3.2.17.2 Discussion—
The crimp in the wires is formed either during the weaving process, or with a crimping machine prior to weaving. If formed during
the weaving process, the tension existing between the warp and shute wires fundamentally determines the respective amount or
depth of crimp, which locks the wires in place and in part establishes the firmness of the wire cloth.
3.2.17.3 double crimp wire cloth, n—wire cloth woven with approximately equal corrugations in both the warp and shute wires
to lock the wires in position (see Fig. 5).
3.2.17.4 flat top wire cloth, n—wire cloth with deep crimps, as in lock crimp, except that all crimps are on the underside of the
cloth, leaving the top surface all in one plane.
3.2.17.5 Discussion—
Sometimes designated smooth top (see Fig. 6).
3.2.17.6 intermediate crimp wire cloth, n—precrimped wire cloth with extra crimps or corrugations between the points or
intersection.
3.2.17.7 Discussion—
Sometimes designated intercrimp or multiple crimp (see Fig. 7).
3.2.17.8 lock crimp wire cloth, n—precrimped wire cloth with deep crimps at points of intersection to lock the wires securely
in place (see Fig. 8).
3.2.17.9 precrimp wire cloth, n—wire cloth woven with both the warp and shute wires crimped before weaving.
3.2.17.10 triple shute wire cloth, n—wire cloth woven with three shute wires inserted adjacent to each other, often constructed
in conformance with precrimp rectangular.
3.2.18 Types of Weaves:
3.2.18.1 herringbone twill, n—wire cloth in which the direction of a twilled weave is reversed at regular intervals to produce
a striped or herringbone effect.
3.2.18.2 plain, n—wire cloth in which the warp wires and shute wires pass over one and under one wire in both directions (see
Fig. 9).
3.2.18.3 twill, n—wire cloth in which the warp wires and shute wires pass over two and under two wires in both directions (see
Fig. 10).
3.2.19 warp wires, n—the wires running the long way of the cloth as woven.
E2016 − 22
FIG. 1 Looped Edge
E2016 − 22
FIG. 2 Folded Edge
3.2.20 weight per unit area, n—the weight per square foot for wire cloth can be approximated (without consideration for crimp)
by the following equation:
2 2
Wt/SqFt 5 12 M 12 π D ⁄ 4 ρ 5 12 M 12 π D ⁄ 4 ρ (2)
~ ~ ~ ! !! ~ ~ ~ ! !!
w w s s
where:
Wt/ft = the weight (lb) per square foot,
M = the mesh warp (number of wires per inch),
w
M = the mesh shute (number of wires per inch),
s
D = the diameter warp wire (decimal parts of an inch),
w
D = the diameter shute wire (decimal parts of an inch),
s
ρ = the density of material (lb/in. ) (0.2836 for plain or carbon steel), and
π = the constant 3.1416,
which for square mesh wire cloth with the same wire diameter in both the warp and shute reduces to:
Wt/SqFt 5 72πρMD
where:
Wt/SqFt = the weight (lb) per square foot,
M = the mesh (number of wires per inch), and
D = the diameter wire (decimal parts of an inch).
3.2.20.1 Discussion—
See Table 1 for a listing of conversion factors from plain steel for various other metals and alloys. The theoretical mass/unit area
can be similarly calculated with SI units or an approximate multiplier factor of 4.8824 can be used to obtain kg/m .
3.2.21 width opening, n—distance between two parallel adjacent warp or shute wires, measured in the projected plane.
E2016 − 22
FIG. 3 Cut and Tucked Edge
FIG. 4 Raw or Cut Edge
3.2.21.1 Discussion—
The theoretical width of an opening in the direction of interest can be calculated by subtracting the nominal wire diameter from
the reciprocal of the mesh in that direction as follows:
Opn 5 1/M 2 D (3)
~ !
where:
Opn = the width opening (in decimal parts of an inch),
M = the mesh, and
D = the diameter wire (in decimal parts of an inch).
The theoretical width of an opening can be calculated similarly with SI units converting the pitch (1/M) to millimetres by the
multiplier factor 25.4 and subtracting the wire diameter in millimetres.
E2016 − 22
FIG. 5 Double Crimp
4. Wire Cloth Specifications
4.1 Normal Range of Double-Crimp, Square Mesh Wire Cloth (Expressed By Mesh):
4.1.1 Carbon Steel—For the normal range of woven wire cloth specifications for double-crimp, square mesh carbon steel, see
Table 2.
4.1.2 Stainless Steel—For the normal range of woven wire cloth specifications for double-crimp, square mesh stainless steel, see
Table 3.
4.2 Normal Range of Space Cloth (Expressed By Width Opening):
E2016 − 22
FIG. 6 Smooth Top
4.2.1 Carbon Steel—For the normal range of space cloth specifications for carbon steel, see Table 4.
4.2.2 Stainless Steel—For the normal range of space cloth specifications for stainless steel, see Table 5.
5. Technical Requirements
5.1 Wire Tolerances—The wire diameter shall be expressed in decimal parts of an inch or the metric equivalent, and the tolerance
for wire before weaving shall be in accordance with Table 6. It is recognized that mechanical deformation of the wire occurs during
weaving, and therefore, the diameter measured after weaving only can be used as a guide of the original nominal diameter.
5.2 Wire Cloth Tolerances:
E2016 − 22
FIG. 7 Intermediate Crimp
5.2.1 Industrial wire cloth can be woven from a great variety of metals and alloys. For the purposes of tolerances as woven, the
following metals are applicable:
5.2.1.1 Aluminum (5000 series),
5.2.1.2 Brass,
5.2.1.3 Carbon steel,
5.2.1.4 Copper,
E2016 − 22
FIG. 8 Lock Crimp
5.2.1.5 Monel metal (trademarkmetal, ),
5.2.1.6 Nickel;
5.2.1.7 Phosphor bronze, and
5.2.1.8 Stainless steel (300 and 400 series).
Monel metal is a trademark of Special Metals Corporation.
E2016 − 22
FIG. 9 Plain Square Weave
5.2.2 Wire cloth tolerances for other metals may or may not be applicable depending on the particular specification and should
be discussed with the supplier.
5.2.3 Tolerances on Mesh—Tolerances in mesh count shall be applied separately for warp and shute and in accordance with Table
7.
5.2.4 Tolerances on opening for space cloth The tolerance in opening of space cloth shall be in accordance with Table 8.
5.3 Wire Cloth Blemishes:
E2016 − 22
FIG. 10 Twilled Square Weave
E2016 − 22
TABLE 1 Approximate Weight/ft —Multiplier Conversion Factors
Multiplier Multiplier
Conversion Conversion
Metal or Alloy Factor Metal or Alloy Factor
A
Aluminum (EC) and 1100 0.346 Nichrome (trademark ) 1.052
A
Aluminum (EC) and 1100 0.346 Nichrome 1.052
A
Aluminum (5056) 0.335 Nichrome (trademark ) I 1.017
A
Aluminum (5056) 0.335 Nichrome I 1.017
A
Brass, cartridge (70/30) 1.087 Nichrome (trademark ) V 1.073
A
Brass, cartridge (70/30) 1.087 Nichrome V 1.073
Brass, low (80/20) 1.105 Nickel 200 1.133
Bronze, comm. (90/10) 1.122 Platinum 2.736
Bronze, phosphor (A) 1.130 Silver 1.338
Copper 1.137 Stainless steel 1.024
Gold 2.464 (302,304,316,347)
B
Haynes (trademark ) 25 1.165 Stainless steel (410,430) 0.988
(L605)
B
Haynes 25 (L605) 1.165 Stainless steel (410,430) 0.988
B
Hastelloy (trademark ) B 1.179 Steel (1008) 1.004
B
Hastelloy B 1.179 Steel (1008) 1.004
B
Hastelloy (trademark ) C 1.140 Steel (1042) 1.000
B
Hastelloy C 1.140 Steel (1042) 1.000
Hoskins 502 1.013 Tantalum 2.114
C
Inconel (trademark ) 600 1.073 Titanium 0.572
C
Inconel 600 1.073 Titanium 0.572
Molybdenum 1.303 Tungsten 2.450
C
Monel metal (trademark ) 1.126
C
Monel metal 400 1.126
A
Nichrome is a trademark of Driver-Harris Company.
B
Haynes and Hastelloy are trademarks of Haynes International Inc.
C
Inconel and Monel metal are trademarks of Special Metals Corporation.
5.3.1 Wire cloth shall be woven with first-class workmanship, although some blemishes or defects are inherent in the weaving
process.
5.3.2 Permissible Number of Major Blemishes—Unless otherwise agreed upon, the permissible number of major blemishes or
defects as defined in Annex A1 shall be as shown in Table 9. The shute count shall determine the mesh category.
5.3.3 Variation in Mesh—An area of wire cloth with mesh count out of the tolerances shown in 5.2.3 shall be considered a
defective area.
5.3.4 Defective Opening—An irregular opening in an area of wire cloth shall be considered a defect if the measured opening is
out of tolerance as shown in Table 10 or Table 8 for space cloth. For heavy double crimp meshes (less than 50 % open area), a
negative tolerance is not applicable as (1) the physical possibility of severe undersize openings is less likely during weaving, and
(2) minor undersize openings do not typically affect screening processes.
5.4 Delivery Requirements—Except when specifically agreed to otherwise, the total quantity of wire cloth furnished shall be within
6 10 % of the quantity ordered. The invoice shall be based on the actual quantity furnished. Any finishing or fabrication specified
to wire cloth may or may not affect its delivered quality and should be discussed with the supplier.
5.4.1 Roll—A standard roll shall be 100 linear feet (30.5 m) 6 10 linear feet (3 m), and may consist of up to three pieces, no piece
less than 10 linear feet (3 m).
5.4.2 Width—Permissible tolerance in the width of standard wire cloth rolls, except when cut to specific dimension, shall be in
accordance with Table 11. Unless otherwise specified, rolls of wire cloth may be delivered with or without selvage edges. The
width tolerance of selvage edge cloth should be defined explicitly.
5.4.3 Flatness—Woven wire cloth may be curled in either or both the warp or shute direction, unless specifically agreed to
otherwise.
5.4.4 Firmness—Woven wire cloth should normally exhibit firmness.
E2016 − 22
TABLE 2 Normal Range of Woven Wire Cloth Specifications for Carbon Steel—Double-Crimp, Square-Mesh
NOTE 1—Specifications other than those listed and off-count mesh may be woven. Check with your weaver.
Carbon Steel–Light Carbon Steel–Heavy
Wire Diameter Width Opening Percent of Wire Diameter Width Opening Percent of
Mesh Open Area, Mesh Open Area,
in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
(%) (%)
1 × 1 0.041 1.04 0.959 24.36 92 1 × 1 0.375 9.53 0.625 15.88 39
2 × 2 0.039 0.99 0.461 11.71 85 2 × 2 0.250 6.35 0.250 6.35 25
2.5 × 2.5 0.035 0.89 0.365 9.27 83 2.5 × 2.5 0.207 5.26 0.193 4.90 23
3 × 3 0.030 0.76 0.303 7.70 83 3 × 3 0.162 4.11 0.171 4.35 26
4 × 4 0.018 0.46 0.232 5.89 86 4 × 4 0.135 3.43 0.115 2.92 21
5 × 5 0.018 0.46 0.182 4.62 83 5 × 5 0.105 2.67 0.095 2.41 23
6 × 6 0.016 0.41 0.151 3.83 82 6 × 6 0.092 2.34 0.075 1.90 20
8 × 8 0.011 0.28 0.114 2.90 83 8 × 8 0.072 1.83 0.053 1.35 18
10 × 10 0.010 0.25 0.090 2.29 81 10 × 10 0.063 1.60 0.037 0.94 14
12 × 12 0.0090 0.229 0.074 1.89 80 12 × 12 0.047 1.19 0.036 0.92 19
14 × 14 0.0080 0.203 0.063 1.61 79 14 × 14 0.047 1.19 0.024 0.62 12
16 × 16 0.0070 0.178 0.056 1.41 79 16 × 16 0.035 0.89 0.028 0.70 19
18 × 18 0.0060 0.152 0.050 1.26 80 18 × 18 0.032 0.81 0.024 0.60 18
20 × 20 0.0050 0.127 0.045 1.14 81 20 × 20 0.028 0.71 0.022 0.56 19
24 × 24 0.0050 0.127 0.037 0.93 77 24 × 24 0.025 0.64 0.017 0.42 16
30 × 30 0.0050 0.127 0.028 0.72 72 30 × 30 0.017 0.43 0.016 0.41 24
35 × 35 0.0050 0.127 0.024 0.60 68 35 × 35 0.015 0.38 0.014 0.34 23
40 × 40 0.0050 0.127 0.020 0.51 64 40 × 40 0.013 0.33 0.012 0.30 23
50 × 50 0.0050 0.127 0.015 0.38 56 50 × 50 0.011 0.28 0.0090 0.229 20
60 × 60 0.0050 0.127 0.012 0.30 49 60 × 60 0.011 0.28 0.0057 0.144 12
80 × 80 0.0045 0.114 0.0080 0.203 41 80 × 80 0.0070 0.178 0.0055 0.140 19
100 × 100 0.0035 0.089 0.0065 0.165 42 100 × 100 0.0050 0.127 0.0050 0.127 25
TABLE 3 Normal Range of Woven Wire Cloth Specifications for Stainless Steel—Double-Crimp, Square-Mesh
NOTE 1—Specifications other than those listed and off-count mesh may be woven. Check with your weaver.
Stainless Steel–Light Stainless Steel–Heavy
Wire Diameter Width Opening Percent of Wire Diameter Width Opening Percent of
Mesh in. mm in. mm Open Area, Mesh in. mm in. mm Open Area,
(%) (%)
1 × 1 0.041 1.04 0.959 24.36 92 1 × 1 0.375 9.53 0.625 15.88 39
2 × 2 0.039 0.99 0.461 11.71 85 2 × 2 0.250 6.35 0.250 6.35 25
2.5 × 2.5 0.035 0.89 0.365 9.27 83 2.5 × 2.5 0.207 5.26 0.193 4.90 23
3 × 3 0.018 0.46 0.315 8.01 89 3 × 3 0.162 4.11 0.171 4.35 26
4 × 4 0.018 0.46 0.232 5.89 86 4 × 4 0.120
...