ASTM E2907/E2907M-13(2019)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic Emission from Crack Face Rubbing
Standard Practice for Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic Emission from Crack Face Rubbing
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Paper machine rolls can range in size from 2.4 to 9 m [8 to 30 ft] long, with a shell thickness of from 12.5 to 75 mm [0.5 to 3 in.,] and 300 to 1200 mm [12 to 48 in.] diameter. Depending on purpose, paper machine rolls can weigh as little as 60 000 kg [13 000 lb] to as much as 27 500 kg [60 000 lb].
5.2 If indications are found during this procedure it can be repeated, with additional sensors to refine source location accuracy.
5.3 Removal of rolls for traditional NDT examination may be impractical and may not be sensitive enough to locate small defects.
5.4 Traditional AE examination, whereby the roll is subjected to load greater than service load to detect crack extension, risks damage to the roll and is best employed as a follow-up NDT examination.
5.5 Manual rotation through a full revolution subjects existing cracks to tensile and compressive forces which can open and close existing cracks, and cause friction at the crack surfaces.
5.6 Excess background noise (overhead cranes, nearby maintenance activities) may distort AE data or render it useless. Users must be aware of the following common sources of background noise: bearing noise (lack of lubrication, spalling, and so forth), mechanical contact with the roll by other objects, electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) from nearby broadcasting facilities and from other sources. This practice should not be used if background noise cannot be eliminated or controlled.
5.7 Other Non-destructive test methods may be used to evaluate the significance of AE indications. Traditional AE has been used to confirm the existence of the AE indication and fine tune the location. Magnetic particle, ultrasonic and radiographic examinations have been used to establish the position, depth and dimensions of the indication. Procedures for using other NDT methods are beyond the scope of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examinations of non-pressure, paper machine rolls.
1.2 This practice utilizes a slow rotation of the roll to produce a full load cycle where load is provided by the weight of the roll suspended from its bearings or other journal support mechanism(s).
1.3 This practice is used for detection of cracks and other discontinuities in rolls that produce frictional acoustic emission during rotation.
1.4 The AE measurements are used to detect or locate emission sources, or both. Other nondestructive test (NDT) methods must be used to evaluate the significance of AE sources. Procedures for other NDT techniques are beyond the scope of this practice. See Note 1.
Note 1: Traditional AE examination, magnetic particle examination, shear wave ultrasonic examination, and radiography are commonly used to establish the exact position and dimensions of flaws that produce AE.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2907/E2907M − 13 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Practice for
Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic
Emission from Crack Face Rubbing
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2907/E2907M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission
(AE) examinations of non-pressure, paper machine rolls.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This practice utilizes a slow rotation of the roll to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
produce a full load cycle where load is provided by the weight
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
of the roll suspended from its bearings or other journal support
Testing
mechanism(s).
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
1.3 This practice is used for detection of cracks and other
Sensors
discontinuitiesinrollsthatproducefrictionalacousticemission
E976 GuideforDeterminingtheReproducibilityofAcoustic
during rotation.
Emission Sensor Response
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.4 The AE measurements are used to detect or locate
E2075 Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor
emission sources, or both. Other nondestructive test (NDT)
Response Using an Acrylic Rod
methods must be used to evaluate the significance of AE
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance
sources. Procedures for other NDT techniques are beyond the
Verification
scope of this practice. See Note 1.
E2598 Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Cast
NOTE 1—Traditional AE examination, magnetic particle examination,
Iron Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers
shear wave ultrasonic examination, and radiography are commonly used
to establish the exact position and dimensions of flaws that produce AE. 2.2 ASNT Standards:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance 2.3 AIA Document
with the standard. NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
Testing Personnel
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- 3.1 Definitions—See Terminology E1316 for general termi-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
nology applicable to this practice.
Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.1 crack face rubbing—physical displacement of existing
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
crack surfaces as load is changed.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on the ASTM website.
Acoustic Emission Method. AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
Current edition approved May 1, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2907/E2907M – 13. Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
DOI: 10.1520/E2907_E2907M-13R19. WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2907/E2907M − 13 (2019)
3.2.2 crack face rubbing emission—acoustic emission pro- 5.4 Traditional AE examination, whereby the roll is sub-
duced by (frictional mechanisms) within existing cracks that jected to load greater than service load to detect crack
are subjected to a change in load.
extension, risks damage to the roll and is best employed as a
follow-up NDT examination.
3.2.3 crack-face-rubbing emission—is one form of tribo-
acoustic emission.
5.5 Manual rotation through a full revolution subjects ex-
3.2.4 tribo-acoustic emission—stress waves produced by isting cracks to tensile and compressive forces which can open
rubbing of surfaces. and close existing cracks, and cause friction at the crack
surfaces.
4. Summary of Practice
5.6 Excess background noise (overhead cranes, nearby
4.1 The type of paper machine roll that has been most
maintenance activities) may distort AE data or render it
commonly examined using this technique is known as a “felt”
useless.Usersmustbeawareofthefollowingcommonsources
roll.
of background noise: bearing noise (lack of lubrication,
spalling, and so forth), mechanical contact with the roll by
4.2 The felt must be removed or loosened such that a felt
other objects, electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio
roll can be rotated without causing background noise. Electro-
frequency interference (RFI) from nearby broadcasting facili-
magnetically“jogging”therollmaybeapossibility,depending
ties and from other sources. This practice should not be used if
on the availability of electricity in the mill.
background noise cannot be eliminated or controlled.
4.3 The roll is slowly rotated through 360 degrees, then
rotated back to the original 0 degrees orientation. (Test time is 5.7 Other Non-destructive test methods may be used to
approximately 60 seconds.)
evaluate the significance ofAE indications. TraditionalAE has
been used to confirm the existence of the AE indication and
4.4 This examination procedure describes a technique
fine tune the location. Magnetic particle, ultrasonic and radio-
whereby AE is detected from the rubbing of existing crack
graphic examinations have been used to establish the position,
surfaces. Excessive loading to induce crack propagation is not
depth and dimensions of the indication. Procedures for using
required.
other NDT methods are beyond the scope of this practice.
4.5 The AE sensors are mounted on each end of the roll
(bearing journal or shell, or both).
6. Basis of Application
4.6 Sensors are connected to an acoustic emission signal
6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-
processor. The signal processor uses single channel data for
ment between the parties using or referencing this practice.
zone location and measured times of arrival to determine linear
location of emissions sources.
6.2 Personnel Qualification—If specified in the contractual
agreement, personnel performing examinations to this standard
4.7 If measured emission exceeds a prescribed level (that is,
shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or interna-
specificareasproduceenoughAEactivity),thensuchlocations
tionally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or
are considered NDT indications and should receive secondary
standardsuchasANSI/ASNT-CP-189,SNT-TC-1A,NAS-410,
NDT examination to determine the severity of the indication.
or a similar document and certified by the employer or
4.8 Secondary examination confirms presence of flaws and
certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used
measures flaw dimensions.
and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual
agreement between the using parties.
4.9 If one dimension of the flaw aspect ratio exceeds a
prescribed limit (that is, a conservative limit that is based on
6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies—If specified
construction material, wall thickness, fatigue crack growth
in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified
estimates, and fracture critical flaw depth calculations), then
and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The appli-
the roll must be removed from service.
cable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the
contractual agreement.
5. Significance and Use
6.4 Extent of Examination—The extent of examination in-
5.1 Paper machine rolls can range in size from 2.4 to9m[8
cludes the entire roll unless otherwise specified.
to30ft]long,withashellthicknessoffrom12.5to75mm[0.5
to 3 in.,] and 300 to 1200 mm [12 to 48 in.] diameter.
6.5 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Criteria—Reporting cri-
Depending on purpose, paper machine rolls can weigh as little
teria for the examination results shall be in accordance with
as 60 000 kg [13 000 lb] to as much as 27 500 kg [60 000 lb].
Section 11unlessotherwisespecified.Sinceacceptancecriteria
(for example, reference radiographs) are not specified in this
5.2 If indications are found during this procedure it can be
practice, they shall be specified in the contractual agreement.
repeated, with additional sensors to refine source location
accuracy.
6.6 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items—
5.3 Removal of rolls for traditional NDT examination may Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in
this practice and, if required, shall be specified in the contrac-
be impractical and may not be sensitive enough to locate small
defects. tual agreement.
E2907/E2907M − 13 (2019)
7. Apparatus 7.7.1 A video monitor should display processed examina-
tiondatainvariousformats.Displayformatmaybeselectedby
7.1 Essential features of the apparatus required for this
the equipment operator.
practice are provided in Fig. 1. Full specifications are in Annex
7.7.2 A data storage device, such as a hard drive, may be
A1.
used to provide data for replay or for archives.
7.2 Couplant must be used to acoustically connect sensors
7.7.3 Hard copy capability should be available from a
to the (bare metal) vessel surface.Adhesives that have accept-
printer or equivalent device.
able acoustic properties, and adhesives used in combination
with traditional couplants, are acceptable.
8. Safety Precautions
7.3 Sensors may be held in place with magnets, elastic
8.1 If the roll has been allowed to cool to a very low level,
strips, adhesive tape, or other mechanical means.
the operator should be aware of the ductile-brittle transition
7.4 The AE sensors are used to detect frictionally induced
temperature of the roll’s construction material.
stress waves emanating from the crack surface. Sensors must
be held in contact with the roll to ensure adequate acoustic
9. Calibration and Verification
coupling.
9.1 Annual calibration and verification of signal processor
7.5 Apreamplifier may be enclosed in the sensor housing or
(particularly the signal processor time reference), and AE
in a separate enclosure. If a separate preamplifier is used, cable
electronic waveform generator should be performed. Equip-
length,betweensensorandpreamp,mustnotexceed2m[6ft].
ment should be adjusted so that it conforms to the equipment
7.6 Power/signal cable length (that is, cable between pre- manufacturer’s specifications. Instruments used for calibra-
tions must have current accuracy certification that is traceable
amp and signal processor) shall not exceed 150 m [500 ft]. See
A1.5. to the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST)
or equivalent.
7.7 Signal processors are computerized instruments with
independent channels that filter, measure, and convert analog 9.2 Routine electronic evaluation of the signal processor
information into digital form for display and permanent stor- should be performed monthly and any time there is concern
age.Asignal processor must have sufficient speed and capacity about signal processor performance. An AE electronic wave-
to independently process data from all sensors simultaneously. form generator should be used in making evaluations. Each
The signal processor should provide capability to filter data for signal processor channel must respond with peak amplitude
replay. A printer should be used to provide hard copies of reading within 62 dBV of the electronic waveform generator
examination results. output.
FIG. 1 Essential Features of the Apparatus
E2907/E2907M − 13 (2019)
NOTE 3—If desired location accuracy cannot be attained with sensors at
9.3 Routine evaluation of the sensors should be performed
two axial locations, then more sensors should be added to reduce sensor
monthly. An accepted procedure for this purpose is found in
spacing.
Practice E2075 and Guide E976.
10.9 Monitor and record background noise for ten minutes.
9.4 Pre-examination and post-examination system perfor-
If background noise is excessive, the source must be deter-
mance verification must be conducted immediately before and
mined and eliminated.
aftereachexamination.Systemperformanceverificationusesa
10.10 Begin manual rotation of the roll. Halt rotation at 360
mechanical (or electro-mechanical) device to induce stress
degrees, then rotate the roll back to the original position. The
waves into the roll at a specified distance from each sensor.
rotation and return to the original position should take approxi-
Induced stress waves stimulate a sensor in the same way as
mately one minute and data should be collected during the
emission from a flaw. System performance verification con-
entire process.
firms performance of the entire system (including sensors,
cables, and couplant). Procedures for system performance
10.11 Monitor the examination by observing displays that
verification are found in Guide E2374.
show plots of AE activity versus time and axial location. If an
9.4.1 The preferred technique for conducting a system
unusual response (in the operator’s judgment) is observed,
performance verification is a pencil lead break (PLB). Lead
interrupt the examination and conduct an investigation. If data
should be broken on the roll surface no less than 10 cm [4 in.]
has been contaminated, th
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