ASTM E2884-22
(Guide)Standard Guide for Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Conducting Materials Using Conformable Sensor Arrays
Standard Guide for Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Conducting Materials Using Conformable Sensor Arrays
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Eddy current methods are used for nondestructively locating and characterizing discontinuities and geometric property variations in magnetic or nonmagnetic electrically conducting materials. Conformable eddy current sensor arrays permit examination of planar and non-planar materials but usually require suitable fixtures to hold the sensor array near the surface of the material of interest, such as a layer of foam behind the sensor array along with a rigid support structure.
5.2 In operation, the sensor arrays are standardized with measurements in air or a reference part, or both. Responses measured from the sensor array may be converted into physical property values, such as lift-off, electrical conductivity, or magnetic permeability, or a combination thereof. Proper instrument operation is verified by ensuring that these measurement responses or property values are within a prescribed range. Performance verification is performed periodically. Performance verification on a discontinuity-free reference standard or regions of the material being examined that do not contain discontinuities ensures that the electrical and geometric properties, such as electrical conductivity, layer thickness, or lift-off, or a combination thereof, are appropriate for the sensor array. Performance verification on a discontinuity-containing reference standard ensures that the sensor array response to the discontinuity is appropriate.
5.3 The sensor array dimensions, including the size and number of sense elements, and the operating frequency are selected based on the type of examination being performed. The depth of penetration of eddy currents into the material under examination depends upon the frequency of the signal, the electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability of the material, and some dimensions of the sensor array. The depth of penetration is equal to the conventional skin depth at high frequencies but is also related to the sensor array dimensions at low frequen...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of conformable eddy current sensor arrays for nondestructive examination of electrically conducting materials for discontinuities and material quality. The discontinuities include surface breaking and subsurface cracks and pitting as well as near-surface and hidden-surface material loss. The material quality includes coating or layer thickness, electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, surface roughness, and other properties that vary with the electrical conductivity or magnetic permeability.
1.2 This guide is intended for use on nonmagnetic and magnetic metals as well as composite materials with an electrically conducting component, such as reinforced carbon-carbon composite or polymer matrix composites with carbon fibers.
1.3 This guide applies to planar as well as non-planar materials with and without insulating coating layers.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2884 − 22
Standard Guide for
Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Conducting Materials
1
Using Conformable Sensor Arrays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This guide covers the use of conformable eddy current
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
sensor arrays for nondestructive examination of electrically
Testing
conducting materials for discontinuities and material quality.
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
The discontinuities include surface breaking and subsurface
cracks and pitting as well as near-surface and hidden-surface
3. Terminology
material loss. The material quality includes coating or layer
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms relating to this
thickness, electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, sur-
guide, refer to Terminology E1316, including Section C on
face roughness, and other properties that vary with the electri-
Electromagnetic Testing.
cal conductivity or magnetic permeability.
3.1.1 B-Scan, n—a method of data presentation utilizing a
horizontal base line that indicates distance along the surface of
1.2 This guide is intended for use on nonmagnetic and
a material and a vertical deflection that represents a measure-
magnetic metals as well as composite materials with an
ment response for the material being examined.
electrically conducting component, such as reinforced carbon-
carbon composite or polymer matrix composites with carbon
3.1.2 C-Scan, n—a method of data presentation which
fibers.
provides measurement responses for the material being exam-
ined in two-dimensions over the surface of the material.
1.3 This guide applies to planar as well as non-planar
3.1.3 discontinuity-containing reference standard, n—a re-
materials with and without insulating coating layers.
gion of the material under examination or a material having
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
electromagnetic properties similar to the material under exami-
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
nation for which a discontinuity having known characteristics
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
is present.
tion only and are not considered standard.
3.1.4 discontinuity-free reference standard, n—a region of
the material under examination or a material having electro-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
magnetic properties similar to the material under examination
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
for which no discontinuities are present.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.5 sensing element, n—a means for measuring the mag-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
netic field intensity or rate of change of magnetic field
intensity, such as an inductive coil or a solid-state device.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.5.1 Discussion—The sensing elements can be arranged
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
in one or two-dimensional arrays. They can provide either an
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
absolute signal related to the magnetic field in the vicinity of
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
the sense element or a differential signal.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 The examination is performed by scanning a conform-
able eddy current sensor array over the surface of the material
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on Electro-
2
magnetic Method. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2022. Published June 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E2884 – 17. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E2884-22. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Ba
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2884 − 17 E2884 − 22
Standard Guide for
Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Conducting Materials
1
Using Conformable Sensor Arrays
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide covers the use of conformable eddy current sensor arrays for nondestructive examination of electrically conducting
materials for discontinuities and material quality. The discontinuities include surface breaking and subsurface cracks and pitting
as well as near-surface and hidden-surface material loss. The material quality includes coating or layer thickness, electrical
conductivity, magnetic permeability, surface roughness, and other properties that vary with the electrical conductivity or magnetic
permeability.
1.2 This guide is intended for use on nonmagnetic and magnetic metals as well as composite materials with an electrically
conducting component, such as reinforced carbon-carbon composite or polymer matrix composites with carbon fibers.
1.3 This guide applies to planar as well as non-planar materials with and without insulating coating layers.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3
2.2 ASNT Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on Electromagnetic
Method.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017June 1, 2022. Published December 2017June 2022. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 20132017 as
ɛ1
E2884E2884 – 17.–13 . DOI: 10.1520/E2884-17.10.1520/E2884-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E2884 − 22
4
2.3 AIA Standard:
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.4 Department of Defense Handbook:
MIL-HDBK–1823A Nondestructive Evaluation System Reliability Assessment
5
2.5 ISO Standards:
ISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing—Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to this guide refer to Terminology E1316.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Definitions: For definitions of terms relating to this guide, refer to
Terminology E1316, including Section C on Electromagnetic Testing.
3.1.1 B-Scan—B-Scan, n—a method of data presentation utilizing a horizontal base line that indicates distance along the surface
of a material and a vertical deflection that represents a measurement response for the material being examined.
3.1.2 C-Scan—C-Scan, n—a method of data presentation which provides measurement responses for the material being examined
in two-dimensions over the surface of the material.
3.2.3 conformable—refers to an ability of sensors or
...
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