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ASTM D5012-89(1994)e1

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for the Collection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposition

Standard Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for the Collection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposition

SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents recommendations for the cleaning of plastic or glass materials used for collection of atmospheric wet deposition (AWD). This guide also presents recommendations for the preservation of samples collected for chemical analysis.
1.2 The materials used to collect AWD for the analysis of its inorganic constituents and trace elements should be plastic. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is most widely used and is acceptable for most samples including samples for the determination of the anions of acetic, citric, and formic acids. Borosilicate glass is a collection alternative for the determination of the anions from acetic, citric, and formic acid; it is recommended for samples for the determination of other organic compounds.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-2001
ICS
07.060 - Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D5012-01 - Standard Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for the Collection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposition
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6328-18 - Standard Guide for Quality Assurance Protocols for Chemical Analysis of Atmospheric Wet Deposition
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5086-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, and Sodium in Atmospheric Wet Deposition by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6363-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide and Combined Organic Peroxides in Atmospheric Water Samples by Peroxidase Enzyme Fluorescence Method
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5111-12(2020) - Standard Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5085-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Chloride, Nitrate, and Sulfate in Atmospheric Wet Deposition by Suppressed Ion Chromatography
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5015-15(2022) - Standard Test Method for pH of Atmospheric Wet Deposition Samples by Electrometric Determination
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001

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ASTM D5012-89(1994)e1 - Standard Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for the Collection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet DepositionASTM D5012-89(1994)e1 - Standard Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for the Collection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposition
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ASTM D5012-89(1994)e1 - Standard Guide for Preparation of Materials Used for the Collection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposition
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
Designation: D 5012 – 89 (Reapproved 1994) An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Preparation of Materials Used for the Collection and
Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposition
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5012; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Section 9 was editorially added in April 1994.
1. Scope D 1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Deriva-
tives
1.1 This guide presents recommendations for the cleaning
D 2914 Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the
of plastic or glass materials used for collection of atmospheric
Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)
wet deposition (AWD). This guide also presents recommenda-
D 4453 Practice for Handling of Ultra-Pure Water Samples
tions for the preservation of samples collected for chemical
analysis.
3. Terminology
1.2 The materials used to collect AWD for the analysis of its
3.1 Definitions:
inorganic constituents and trace elements should be plastic.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to
High density polyethylene (HDPE) is most widely used and is
Terminology D 1129.
acceptable for all samples including samples for the determi-
3.1.2 For definition of plastic refer to Terminology D 1695
nation of the anions of acetic, citric, and formic acids.
and Terminology D 883.
Borosilicate glass is a collection alternative for the determina-
3.1.3 For definition of AWD (precipitation, meteorologi-
tion of the anions from acetic, citric, and formic acid; it is
cal) refer to Terminology D 1356.
recommended for samples for the determination of other
organic compounds.
4. Significance and Use
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Some chemical constituents of AWD are not stable and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
must be preserved before chemical analysis. Without sample
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
preservation, it is possible that analytes can be lost through
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
decomposition or sorption to the storage bottles.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2 Contamination of AWD samples can occur during both
sample preservation and sample storage. Proper selection and
2. Referenced Documents
cleaning of sampling containers are required to reduce the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 possibility of contamination of AWD samples.
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
4.3 The natural sponge and talc-free plastic gloves used in
D 1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Re-
3 the following procedures should be recognized as potential
sistivity of Water
3 sources of contamination. Individual experience should be
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
3 used to select products that minimize contamination.
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
5. Apparatus
Atmospheres
5.1 Instruments shall be selected in accordance with an
applicable test method given in Test Methods D 1125.
5.2 The conductivity cell shall be pipet or dip type with a
cell constant (K) of 0.1 .
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-22 on Sampling and
Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.06
6. Reagents and Materials
on Atmospheric Deposition.
6.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade acids and other
Current edition approved Nov. 24, 1989. Published March 1990.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
4 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.03.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5012
TABLE 1 Preservation of AWD Samples Collected for Inorganic Cation and Anion Determinations
Preservation Technique Species Determined Remarks Reference
No preservation All inorganic cations and Rapid analysis is required after collection because ion concentrations may (10-14)
anions change in samples. Ammonium, nitrate, and ortho-phosphate concentrations
may be reduced in samples that are biologically active. Cation and trace metal
concentrations may be reduced by sorption onto container surfaces.
Refrigerate 4°C All inorganic cations and Chilling may reduce the loss of ammonium, nitrate, and ortho-phosphate in (15-17)
anions samples that are biologically active. Samples must be allowed to come to
ambient temperature (23–27°C) before performing pH and specific
conductance determinations. Specific conductance and pH determinations
should be performed on-site as soon as possible after sample collection.
2+ 2+ + +
HNO pH #2Ca ,Mg ,Na ,K Samples must first be filtered, or acid addition may dissolve particles in the (11,12)
AWD samples (see 7.4.1). Acid addition will interfere with anion determination,
so a separate aliquot will be needed for other ion determinations.
HgCl or Ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, Mercury (II) is a known biocide and will preserve samples for 9 to 16 days and (1,17)
tetrachloromercu- phosphate possibly longer periods of time. Dissolved mercury may interfere with other ion
A
rate (Na HgCl ) determinations, and this will require an additional aliquot. Final dissolved
2 4
mercury (II) concentration in the AWD sample must be at least 30 mg/L.
Filtration All inorganic cations and pH and specific conductance determinations may be affected by filtration. Care (18)
anions must be taken to minimize the possibility of sample contamination during
filtration.
A
Several of the suggested preservatives, such as tetrachloromercurate and mercuric chloride, are environmental and human health hazards and the use and disposal
of these preservatives should be carefully controlled (Test Method D 2914, Section A4).
chemicals shall be used to reduce the risk of contaminating the when the preservation is shown not to interfere with the
AWD samples. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that analysis being performed.
all reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee on 7.2 Samples Collected for Inorganic Cation and Anion
Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where Determinations:
such specifications are available. 7.2.1 Samples collected for pH, specific conductance, cal-
6.2 Nitric acid, ultra pure. cium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, fluoride, and
6.3 Nitric acid (1+9)—Dilute 1 volume concentrated nitric sulfate analysis are often only placed in pre-cleaned plastic
acid with 9 volumes of water. containers (see Section 8) before analysis. If there is a delay
6.4 Chloroform, high performance liquid chromatography between time of collection and time of analysis, a preservation
reagent. technique may eliminate or moderate chemical and biological
6.5 Sodium tetrachloromercurate (II), 40 g/L Hg—Dissolve changes in the AWD samples. Table 1 summarizes the recom-
54.4 g of mercuric chloride (HgCl ) and 23.4 g sodium mended sample preservation techniques for AWD samples.
chloride (NaCl) in distilled water and adjust volume to 1000 7.3 Samples Collected for Organic Acids:
mL. 7.3.1 Samples collected for the analysis of acetate, citrate,
6.6 Mercuric chloride. formate and other low molecular weight organic acid anions
6.7 Sodium chloride. (C -C ) should be preserved within minutes after collection.
1 12
6.8 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references Organic acids have been determined in AWD samples collected
to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined from locations around the world (1-7). These compounds (in
by Type I of Specification D 1193. AWD samples collected for particular formic and acetic acids) can constitute from a small
organic analysis may require Type II (distilled) reagent water. fraction to mostly all of the free acidity in AWD samples.
Because these acids are unstable in AWD samples, samples
7. Sample Preservation
must be analyzed within hours after collection or else a
preservation technique is required. Table 2 summarizes the
7.1 Interaction between the sample and the atmosphere must
recommended sample preservation techniques for AWD
be minimized. The sample container should be sealed as soon
samples.
as possible after collection or sub-sampling. AWD samples can
7.4 Samples Collected for Trace Dissolved Metals:
be easily contaminated because of the low concentration levels
7.4.1 Samples collected for trace metals should be filtered to
of their analytes. Trace metals, and possibly other ions in AWD
samples, can be lost through sorption with the bottle or remove insoluble particulate matter often found in AWD
samples unless an AWD particulate trace element analysis is
container in which they are stored. AWD samples may contain
biologically active microorganisms which could affect the desired. Filter pore size should be #0.45 μm. Filter materials
may contain trace elements, and the filters should be precon-
concentration of many analytes. Immediate analysis of AWD
samples is best and chemical preservation should be used only ditioned before use by filtering 300 mL of water in order to
leach soluble impurities on the filter and from the filtration
apparatus itself (8). Any filters used for AWD samples should
be tested to determine if the filter causes losses or gains of trace
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
elements to the AWD sample. Test the preconditioned filters by
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
MD. this standard.
D 5012
TABLE 2 Preservation of AWD Samples Collected for Organic Acid Determinations
Preservation Technique Species Determined Remarks Reference
HgCl or tetrachloromercu- Low molecular weight acids AWD samples preserved with Hg (II) can be analyzed by capillary GC-MS or (1,2)
rate (Na HgCl ) +4°C for low molecular weight organic anions by ion-exclusion chromatography.
2 4
A
storage Sample disposal may be a problem because mercury and its compounds are a
toxic waste. The preservative is usually coupled with sample storage at 4°C.
See Table 1 for dissolved mercury (II) concentration in AWD samples.
Chloroform Acetate, citrate formate, Analysis is usually by ion-exclusion chromatography because chloroform may (3,4)
C –C interfere with capillary GC-MS analysis. This preservative is often coupled with
1 5
sample storage at 4°C. When chloroform treatment is combined with storage in
the dark at 4°C, samples are reportedly stable for 60 days. Final chloroform
concentration in the AWD sample must be 0.2 % by weight.
Freeze at − 20°C Short-chain dicarboxylic acids Analysis is by capillary gas chromatography or GC-MS. Sample must be (6)
C –C completely in the liquid state before sample is prepared for analysis. Maximum
2 12
storage time has not been reported.
Chill at 4°C Low molecular weight acids This is a minimum procedure for organic acid preservation. This preservation (7)
technique will not preserve acetate and formate longer than 3 days.
Degradation may occur in less than 3 days.
A
Several of the suggested preservatives, such as tetrachloromercurate and mercuric chloride, are environmental and human health hazards and the use and disposal
of these preservatives should be carefully controlled (Test Method D 2914, Section A4).
filtering 50 mL of water and determine the analyte concentra- 8.2.4 Rinse the interior of the bucket two or more times with
tions of interest in the filtrate. water using 100 mL for each rinse.
7.4.2 Acidify the AWD sample with nitric acid to pH #2to 8.2.5 Place at least 1000 mL of water in the bucket.
minimize container adsorption of trace metals. The highest 8.2.6 Scrub all the inner surfaces of the bucket with the
purity acid available should be used. Most AWD samples are sponge and then swirl the water in the bucket to rinse the inner
poorly buffered and only small quantities of acid (about 1 surfaces. Discard all remaining water.
mL/L) are required to reduce the AWD sample to a pH #2.
8.2.7 Rinse the interior of the bucket two or more times with
Samples acidified with an acid may not be used for the water using 100 mL for each rinse.
determination of pH and certain other analytes.
8.2.8 Fill the bucket to about 7.5 cm depth with water, cover
with a clean lid (see 8.2.11 and 8.2.12) and store overnight.
8. Sample Containers
8.2.9 Measure the specific conductance of the water in the
8.1 Many AWD sampling networks use samplers that utilize
bucket. Transfer a portion of the rinse water to a clean
either a bucket or bottle that is an integral component of the
measuring vessel and determine the specific conductance. If
AWD samplers. These collection techniques allow “wet-only”
the specific conductance is greater than 2 μS/cm (Test Method
samples to be obtained, meaning the bucket or bottle is only D 1125), repeat 8.2.4-8.2.8.
exposed to the atmosphere during the precipitation event. The
8.2.10 Shake the inverted bucket to remove any excess
preparation or cleaning procedures described in Section 8
water and place the bucket in a clean plastic bag, making sure
apply to the automated AWD samplers that use buckets, and the
that only the interior of the bag contacts the interior of the
sample storage bottles to which the AWD sample is transferred
bucket. Seal the bag with rubber bands or twist ties.
from the collection bucket. The procedure described in 8.3
8.2.11 Scrub the inner surface of the lid with the sponge.
could also be used as a cleaning procedure for AWD sampling
Rinse the lid with water.
that uses a bottle as the principal collection container.
8.2.12 Soak the lids for at least 24 h in water.
8.2.13 Rinse lids with water, shake free the excess water,
NOTE 1—Any materials used for the collection and preservation of
and place lid in a plastic bag. Seal the bag with a rubber band
AWD should be dedicated to the use intended.
or twist tie.
8.2 Inorganic Ions—Buckets and Lids:
NOTE 3—All cleaning and packaging steps should be performed while
8.2.1 Sample containers shall be made of materials that will
wearing talc-free plastic gloves. Both hands should be gloved. Gloves
not contaminate the sample and shall be cleaned thoroughly
should be worn for al
...

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0.09–8.0  
0.15–6.52  
1.3 The method detection limit (MDL) is based on single operator precision (1)2 and may be higher or lower for other operators and laboratories. The precision and bias data presented are insufficient to justify use at this low level; however, it has been reported that this test method is reliable at lower levels than those that were tested. The MDLs listed above were determined following the guidance in 40 CFR Part 136 Appendix B. Other approaches to the determination of MDLs may yield different MDLs.  
1.4 Method Detection Limits will vary depending on the type and length of column(s) used, the composition and strength of eluent used, the bore size of the instrumentation (that is, microbore or standard bore), eluent flow rate and other variables between instruments. The method detection limits listed above are those used in determining the Precision and Bias of this method as given in Table 1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 9.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5111-12(2020)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Methods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at Non-Urban Locations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The guide consolidates into one document, siting criteria and sampling strategies used routinely in various North American atmospheric deposition monitoring programs.  
4.2 The guide leads the user through the steps of site selection, sampling frequency and sampling equipment selection, and presents quality assurance techniques and other considerations necessary to obtain a representative deposition sample for subsequent chemical analysis.  
4.3 The guide extends Practice D1357 to include specific guidelines for sampling atmospheric deposition including acidic deposition.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide assists individuals or agencies in identifying suitable locations and choosing appropriate sampling strategies for monitoring atmospheric deposition at non-urban locations. It does not purport to discuss all aspects of designing atmospheric deposition monitoring networks.  
1.2 The guide is suitable for use in obtaining estimates of the dominant inorganic constituents and trace metals found in acidic deposition. It addresses both wet and dry deposition and includes cloud water, fog and snow.  
1.3 The guide is best used to determine estimates of atmospheric deposition in non-urban areas although many of the sampling methods presented can be applied to urban environments.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5012-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation of Materials Used for the Collection and Preservation of Atmospheric Wet Deposition

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Some chemical constituents of AWD are not stable and must be preserved before chemical analysis. Without sample preservation, it is possible that analytes can be lost through decomposition or sorption to the storage bottles.  
4.2 Contamination of AWD samples can occur during both sample preservation and sample storage. Proper selection and cleaning of sampling containers are required to reduce the possibility of contamination of AWD samples.  
4.3 The natural sponge and talc-free plastic gloves used in the following procedures should be recognized as potential sources of contamination. Individual experience should be used to select products that minimize contamination.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice presents recommendations for the cleaning of plastic or glass materials used for collection of atmospheric wet deposition (AWD). This practice also presents recommendations for the preservation of samples collected for chemical analysis.  
1.2 The materials used to collect AWD for the analysis of its inorganic constituents and trace elements should be plastic. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is most widely used and is acceptable for most samples including samples for the determination of the anions of acetic, citric, and formic acids. Borosilicate glass is a collection alternative for the determination of the anions from acetic, citric, and formic acid; it is recommended for samples for the determination of other organic compounds.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5086-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, and Sodium in Atmospheric Wet Deposition by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for the determination of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium in atmospheric wet deposition samples.  
5.2 Emphasis is placed on the easily contaminated quality of atmospheric wet deposition samples due to the low concentration levels of dissolved metals commonly present.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium in atmospheric wet deposition (rain, snow, sleet, and hail) by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS)  (1).2  
1.2 The concentration ranges are listed below. The range tested was confirmed using the interlaboratory collaborative test (see Table 1 for a statistical summary of the collaborative test).    
MDL
(mg/L) (2)  
Range of Method
(mg/L)  
Range Tested
(mg/L)  
Calcium  
0.009  
0.03–3.00  
0.168–2.939  
Magnesium  
0.003  
0.01–1.00  
0.039–0.682  
Potassium  
0.003  
0.01–1.00  
0.029–0.499  
Sodium  
0.003  
0.01–2.00  
0.105–1.84  
1.3 The method detection limit (MDL) as given in 1.2 is based on single operator precision. Detection limits vary by instrumentation. Laboratories may be able to achieve lower detection limits. The method detection limit for this method as described in 1.2 was determined in 1987 (2) .  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 8.3, 8.7, 12.1.8, and Section 9.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4230-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Humidity with Cooled-Surface Condensation (Dew-Point) Hygrometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Humidity information is important for the understanding of atmospheric phenomena and industrial processes. Measurements of the dew-point and calculations of related vapor pressures are important to quantify the humidity information.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermodynamic dew- or frost-point temperature of ambient air by the condensation of water vapor on a cooled surface. For brevity, this is referred to in this test method as the condensation temperature.  
1.2 This test method is applicable for the range of condensation temperatures from 60°C to −70°C.  
1.3 This test method includes a general description of the instrumentation and operational procedures, including site selection, to be used for obtaining the measurements and a description of the procedures to be used for calculating the results.  
1.4 This test method is applicable for the continuous measurement of ambient humidity in the natural atmosphere on a stationary platform.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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