ASTM D2559-12a(2018)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Adhesives for Bonded Structural Wood Products for Use Under Exterior Exposure Conditions
Standard Specification for Adhesives for Bonded Structural Wood Products for Use Under Exterior Exposure Conditions
ABSTRACT
This specification covers adhesives suitable for the bonding of wood, including treated wood, into structural laminated wood products for general construction, for marine use, or for other uses where a high-strength, waterproof adhesive bond is required. The requirements of the adhesive are based on the performance of the adhesive in laminated wood as measured by the following test methods: resistance to shear by compression loading; resistance to delamination during accelerated exposure to wetting and drying; and resistance to deformation under static load. The wood shall be prepared by ambient curing and hot press curing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers adhesives suitable for the bonding of wood, including treated wood, into structural wood products for general construction or other uses where a high-strength, durable adhesive bond is required.
1.2 This specification includes test methods that may be referenced by specific product standards for the evaluation and approval of structural wood adhesives. Methods are included to evaluate adhesives intended for use in exterior exposure.
Note 1: Consult the Commentary in Appendix X1 regarding the intent and limitations of each test method contained in this specification.
1.3 Description of Bondline Performance—It is recognized that structural wood adhesives are used in various applications and levels of severity in terms of moisture content, loading, cyclic and seasonal weather conditions, heat exposure and other use conditions. It is the intent of this standard to determine the suitability of an adhesive for use under various levels of severity and conditions with specific and appropriate test methods and requirements.
Note 2: This specification does not contain specific tests outlined for different chemical types of adhesives.
1.4 Strength and durability requirements of the adhesive are based on the performance of the adhesive in laminated wood as measured by:
1.4.1 Resistance to shear by compression loading after conditioning to the target moisture content indicated in 14.2.3 and meeting requirements in 14.4.
1.4.2 Resistance to delamination during exposure to three cycles of vacuum pressure wetting followed by drying at elevated temperature as indicated in 15.3 and meeting requirements in 15.4.
1.4.3 Resistance to creep under static load by subjecting test specimens to a specified shear stress and exposing one set of test specimens to an environment of elevated temperature and ambient humidity and another set to an environment of high humidity and meeting requirements set forth in 16.3.
1.4.4 For applications involving chemical treatment, the adhesive shall be evaluated using representative samples of treated wood.
Note 3: When using chemically treated wood, compatibility between the treatment, adhesive, and wood is to be considered and agreed upon between the chemical manufacture and the user.
Note 4: Additional durability testing may also be required as specified by individual product standards. Consult the Commentary in Appendix X1 for additional information and guidance as to the type of durability testing that may be appropriate to supplement this specification when characterizing the adhesive for suitability with specific wood products.
1.5 The evaluation of adhesives for use in ground contact and marine exposures are beyond the scope of this specification.
1.6 The evaluation of binder adhesives is beyond the scope of this specification.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 The text of this specification references notes, footnotes and a commentary which provide explanatory material. These notes, footnotes and commentary (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated ...
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D2559 −12a (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Specification for
Adhesives for Bonded Structural Wood Products for Use
Under Exterior Exposure Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2559; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This specification, which was initially approved in 1966, was developed to ensure that adhesives
developed and used in structural glued laminated timber (glulam) are considered suitable for the
intended application. This would include, as a maximum level of severity in the case of moisture
effects, full and continuous exposure to the weather.
TheuseofadhesivesforstructuralwoodproductshasexpandedbeyondGlulamtoincludeproducts
suchasStructuralCompositeLumber,woodI-Joistsandvariouscompositesadhesivelybondedusing
a variety of materials. Although most structural glued wood products have traditionally specified an
adhesive suitable for exterior exposure, the actual exposure of glued wood products to exterior
conditions may range from exposure to the weather for brief periods of time, to continuous exposure
to a marine environment.
Adistinction between adhesive certification and product performance requirements is necessary to
ensure the broadest possible acceptance of adhesive systems.
NOTE 2—This specification does not contain specific tests outlined for
1. Scope
different chemical types of adhesives.
1.1 This specification covers adhesives suitable for the
1.4 Strengthanddurabilityrequirementsoftheadhesiveare
bonding of wood, including treated wood, into structural wood
basedontheperformanceoftheadhesiveinlaminatedwoodas
products for general construction or other uses where a
measured by:
high-strength, durable adhesive bond is required.
1.4.1 Resistance to shear by compression loading after
1.2 This specification includes test methods that may be
conditioning to the target moisture content indicated in 14.2.3
referenced by specific product standards for the evaluation and
and meeting requirements in 14.4.
approvalofstructuralwoodadhesives.Methodsareincludedto
1.4.2 Resistance to delamination during exposure to three
evaluate adhesives intended for use in exterior exposure.
cycles of vacuum pressure wetting followed by drying at
elevated temperature as indicated in 15.3 and meeting require-
NOTE1—ConsulttheCommentaryinAppendixX1regardingtheintent
and limitations of each test method contained in this specification.
ments in 15.4.
1.4.3 Resistancetocreepunderstaticloadbysubjectingtest
1.3 Description of Bondline Performance—It is recognized
specimens to a specified shear stress and exposing one set of
that structural wood adhesives are used in various applications
test specimens to an environment of elevated temperature and
and levels of severity in terms of moisture content, loading,
ambient humidity and another set to an environment of high
cyclic and seasonal weather conditions, heat exposure and
humidity and meeting requirements set forth in 16.3.
other use conditions. It is the intent of this standard to
1.4.4 For applications involving chemical treatment, the
determine the suitability of an adhesive for use under various
adhesive shall be evaluated using representative samples of
levels of severity and conditions with specific and appropriate
treated wood.
test methods and requirements.
NOTE 3—When using chemically treated wood, compatibility between
the treatment, adhesive, and wood is to be considered and agreed upon
1 between the chemical manufacture and the user.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on
NOTE4—Additionaldurabilitytestingmayalsoberequiredasspecified
Adhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.30 on Wood
byindividualproductstandards.ConsulttheCommentaryinAppendixX1
Adhesives.
foradditionalinformationandguidanceastothetypeofdurabilitytesting
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originally
ɛ1
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D2559–12a . DOI: that may be appropriate to supplement this specification when character-
10.1520/D2559-12AR18. izing the adhesive for suitability with specific wood products.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2559−12a (2018)
1.5 The evaluation of adhesives for use in ground contact E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
and marine exposures are beyond the scope of this specifica- Determine the Precision of a Test Method
tion.
3. Terminology
1.6 The evaluation of binder adhesives is beyond the scope
3.1 Definitions—Many terms in this specification are de-
of this specification.
fined in Terminologies D9 and D907.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
3.2.1 delamination, n—theseparationoflayersinalaminate
1.8 The text of this specification references notes, footnotes
because of failure of the adhesive, either in the adhesive itself
and a commentary which provide explanatory material. These
or at the interface between the adhesive and the adherend.
notes, footnotes and commentary (excluding those in tables
3.2.2 engineered wood product, n—aproductconsistingofa
and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the
combination of smaller wood-based components bonded to-
specification.
getherusingastructuraladhesiveanddesignedusingengineer-
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ing methods; an alternative to traditional sawn lumber.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
NOTE 5—The following ASTM standards may be referred to for other
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
terms used in this specification: Nomenclature D1165, and Terminologies
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D9, E6, and E41.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.3 exterior exposure, n—service environment that cause
1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
physical and chemical changes similar to that observed from
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
weathering in which a wood product, including any adhesive
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
bondlines,issubjectedtoweathering,includingbutnotlimited
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
to: rain, snow, heat, cold and ultraviolet radiation and their
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
cyclic or seasonal effects.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.4 glulam, n—synonym for structural-glued-laminated
2. Referenced Documents
timber.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.2.5 structural-glued-laminated timber, n—an engineered
D9Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-
stress-rated product of a timber laminating plant comprising
ucts assemblies of specially selected and prepared wood lamina-
D143Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber tions securely bonded together with adhesives, with the fol-
D905Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive lowing characteristics: (1) the grain of all laminations is
Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading approximately parallel longitudinally; and (2) the laminations
D907Terminology of Adhesives may be comprised of pieces end-joined to form any length, of
D1165Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Soft- pieces placed or glued edge-to-edge to make wider ones or of
woods pieces bent to curved form during gluing. (Synonym: glulam)
D1583Test Method for Hydrogen Ion Concentration of Dry ANSI/AITC A190.1. American National Standard for Wood
Adhesive Films Products–Structural Glued Laminated Timber (edited to con-
D2555PracticeforEstablishingClearWoodStrengthValues form with ASTM format).
D3535Test Method for Resistance to Creep Under Static
3.2.6 weathering, n—a complex series of physical and
Loading for Structural Wood LaminatingAdhesives Used
chemical changes occurring in wood products, including but
Under Exterior Exposure Conditions
not limited to, checking, dimension stability and chemical
D4442Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
decomposition as well as a change in adhesive bondline
ment of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
integrity related to the natural swelling and shrinking stresses
D4300Test Methods for Ability of Adhesive Films to
when exposing to the natural elements such as air, water, light
Support or Resist the Growth of Fungi
and man-made pollutants.
D5055Specification for Establishing and Monitoring Struc-
tural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-Joists
4. Significance and Use
D5266Practice for Estimating the Percentage of Wood
4.1 Structural design based on strength of material prin-
Failure in Adhesive Bonded Joints
ciplesofthestructuralcomponents,includingtheadhesiveand
D5456Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite
the adhesive’s potential durability, requires that the suitability
Lumber Products
for structural exterior exposure be predicted.
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of MechanicalTesting
4.2 Performance of the adhesive for resistance to shear by
E41Terminology Relating to Conditioning
compression loading, resistance to delamination during accel-
erated aging, exposure to wetting and drying, and resistance to
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on American Forest and PaperAssociation,American Wood Council, Engineered
the ASTM website. Wood Products – At a Glance, http://www.woodaware.info/guideewp.html.
D2559−12a (2018)
creepunderloaddatadevelopedbythistestaidindetermining manufacturer’s bulletin. The information furnished by the
if the adhesive is suitable for use in structural wood products manufacturer should include each of the following for each
under conditions of exterior exposure. species of wood included in his recommendations:
9.2.1 Limits of working life,
4.3 Test methods specified in the scope of this specification
9.2.2 Minimum and maximum open and closed assembly
are intended to provide the minimum basis for determining the
timesasdictatedbytemperature,moisturecontentofthewood,
suitability of an adhesive for use in exterior exposure condi-
mix age, etc.,
tions.
9.2.3 Minimum spread rates for assembly times and use
NOTE 6—Product-specific standards should be consulted for test meth-
conditions as indicated in 9.2.2,
ods applicable to desired service conditions, and appropriate criteria in
context with anticipated in-service product performance requirements.
9.2.4 Minimum cure time and temperature of bondline for
complete cure,
4.4 Test methods indicated for approval and certification of
9.2.5 Minimum pressure, and
adhesives can be useful to adhesive manufacturers, testing
9.2.6 Maximum and minimum allowable moisture content
laboratories, quality control agencies, architects, specifiers,
of the wood.
other professionals and the general public.
4.5 The suitability of adhesive systems for use in the
10. Selection and Preparation of Wood for Testing of
manufacture of engineered wood products for exterior appli-
Adhesives
cations is dependent on both the adhesive certification test
10.1 Test the adhesive on the species of wood to be bonded
requirements specified in this specification, and performance
or for which it is recommended including chemically treated
requirements provided in specific product standards.
wood (see Note 7). The wood shall have a maximum slope of
4.6 This specification does not purport to address all test
grain of 1 in 15 on any face or any edge. The wood shall
criteria required to fully identify the suitability of the adhesive 1
containnoknotslargerthan3mm( ⁄8in.)indiameterandshall
in a structural wood product.
be free from decay, machining defects (such as chipped grain,
dubbedends,feedrollpolish,coarseknifemarks,andfeedroll
5. Classification
compression), and any drying defects such as case hardening,
5.1 The manufacturer shall classify the adhesive as to
collapse, splits, or checks. Use only flat-grained wood.
generaltype.Typicalclassificationsinclude,butarenotlimited
NOTE 7—Grouping of species is not permitted.
to: resorcinol, phenol-resorcinol, phenol, melamine, structural
10.2 Wood Moisture Content:
polyurethane, emulsion polymer isocyanate, etc.
10.2.1 Ambient Curing Adhesives—Condition the wood at
5.2 The manufacturer may be considered to be the testing
23 62°C(73.4 63.6°F)andarelativehumidityof50to70%
facility certifying the adhesive.
(preferably 65%) until a moisture content of 8 to 14% or,
preferably 9 to 12%, has been attained.
6. Ordering Information
10.2.2 Hot Press Curing Adhesives—Condition the wood at
6.1 The manufacturer will furnish the adhesive in any
23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and a relative humidity of less than
suitable form agreeable to the purchaser.
50% until a moisture content of 3 to 8% has been attained.
7. Fillers and Extenders
10.3 Freshly surface each lamination before bonding with
the adhesive to be tested. Remove at least 0.4 mm ( ⁄64 in.)
7.1 If amylaceous or protein fillers and extenders are used,
from each face within 24 h of bonding. The machining
the adhesive must not only pass requirements of this
tolerances for each lamination used in preparing the test
specification, but in addition, possess sufficient antifungal
samples shall be no greater than 60.25 mm (0.01 in.) between
propertiestoinhibitthegrowthofselectedfungalspecieswhen
laminations and 60.20 mm (0.008 in.) within laminations.
tested in accordance with Test Methods D4300. The adhesive
manufacturer shall state in his bulletin whether such materials
11. Preparation of Laminated Wood Test Members
are present.
11.1 Ambient-Curing Adhesives:
8. Chemical Requirements
11.1.1 Prepare six pieces of wood of the same species for
eachlaminatedwoodmember.Eachofthesixpiecesshallhave
8.1 The cured adhesive film shall develop a pH value of not
a specific gravity equal to or exceeding the minimum require-
less than 2.5 when tested in accordance with Test Method
mentofTable1.Eachpieceofwoodshallbe19-mm(0.75-in.)
D1583.
thick lu
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