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ASTM E1349-06(2013)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or spectrocolorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by spectrophotometry using a bidirectional (0:45 or 45:0) optical measuring system. The method for color and color difference measurement using filter colorimeters is contained in Test Method E1347.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (see also Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 Object-color specimens of any gloss level for color assessment.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens with physically flat, smooth surfaces from which to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.3 Retroreflective specimens.Note 1—To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement of specimens with intermediate gloss, for formulation, or of retroreflective specimens, significantly tighter tolerances than those given in Practice E1164, Influx and Efflux Conditions, 45°:Normal (45:0) and Normal:45° (0:45) Reflectance Factor section, may be required for the instrument angles of illumination and viewing. Information on the required tolerances is being developed.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment, for which the use of hemispherical measurement geometry, as with an integrating-sphere type instrument, is preferable (see Guide E179).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry.  
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, flat object-color specimen. It is especially recommended for measuring retroreflective specimens and specimens of intermediate gloss.  
1.3 Procedures required for the measurement of fluorescent object color are given in Practice E991 and Practice E2153.  
1.4 Procedures required for the measurement of color using filter colorimeters are contained in Test Method E1347 and this standard does not address those instruments.  
1.5 . This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2012
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.02 - Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1349-06 - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) Geometry
Effective Date
01-Jan-2013
Referred By
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Effective Date
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Effective Date
01-Jan-2013
Referred By
ASTM E805-22 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2013
Referred By
ASTM E313-20 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
Effective Date
01-Jan-2013
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ASTM D4587-23 - Standard Practice for Fluorescent UV-Condensation Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
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Referred By
ASTM D4303-10(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Lightfastness of Colorants Used in Artists' Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2013
Referred By
ASTM D4960-20 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Color for Thermoplastic Pavement Marking Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2013
Referred By
ASTM E1247-12(2017) - Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
01-Jan-2013
Referred By
ASTM D6441-05(2016) - Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Hiding Power of Powder Coatings
Effective Date
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ASTM D5382-02(2017) - Standard Guide to Evaluation of Optical Properties of Powder Coatings
Effective Date
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ASTM D6290-19 - Standard Test Method for Color Determination of Plastic Pellets
Effective Date
01-Jan-2013
Referred By
ASTM D6131-17(2023) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Relative Tint Undertone of Titanium Dioxide Pigments
Effective Date
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ASTM E1349-06(2013) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) GeometryASTM E1349-06(2013) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry
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ASTM E1349-06(2013) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1349 −06 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1349; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E694 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Appa-
ratus
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a
E991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-
bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular,
mens Using the One-Monochromator Method
circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry.
E1164 PracticeforObtainingSpectrometricDataforObject-
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any non-
Color Evaluation
fluorescent, flat object-color specimen. It is especially recom-
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
mendedformeasuringretroreflectivespecimensandspecimens
Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
of intermediate gloss.
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
1.3 Procedures required for the measurement of fluorescent
object color are given in Practice E991 and Practice E2153. E1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-
tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of
1.4 Procedures required for the measurement of color using
Materials
filter colorimeters are contained inTest Method E1347 and this
E2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Data
standard does not address those instruments.
for Evaluation of Fluorescent Color
1.5 . This standard does not purport to address all of the
E2214 Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Perfor-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mance of Color-Measuring Instruments
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 ThedefinitionscontainedinGuideE179,Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
E284, Practice E1164, Practice E1767, and Practice E2214 are
2.1 ASTM Standards:
applicable to this test method.
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
4. Summary of Test Method
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
Coordinates 4.1 Thistestmethodprovidesaprocedureformeasuringthe
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
reflectance factors of reflecting object-color specimens by
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties usingaspectrophotometerorspectrocolorimeterequippedwith
of Materials a bidirectional optical measuring system.
E284 Terminology of Appearance
4.2 When the specimens exhibit directionality, and an in-
E308 PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
strument with uniplanar geometry is used, information on
the CIE System
directionality may be obtained by measuring the specimens at
more than one rotation angle, typically at two angles 90° apart
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
as described in Practice E1345. When such information is not
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
required, these measurements may be averaged, or an instru-
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
ment with annular or circumferential geometry may be used.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published January 2013. Originally
However, even with annular or circumferential influx or efflux
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E1349 – 06. DOI:
10.1520/E1349-06R13.
optics, some of the variability induced by specimen — optical
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
system interactions may remain and the application of the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
methods in Practice E1345 may help to further reduce those
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. measurement errors.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1349−06 (2013)
4.3 This test method includes procedures for standardizing 6.2.3 Verification Standards (recommended)—(See Practice
the instrument or verifying its standardization, and for select- E1164, Standardization and Material Standards, System Veri-
ing specimens suitable for precision measurement. fication section.)
4.4 Most modern spectrometers have the capacity to com- NOTE 2—If retroreflective specimens are to be measured, the set of
verification standards should include appropriate retroreflective product
pute the color coordinates of the specimen immediately fol-
standards.
lowing the measurement. When this is the case, the user must
preselect the color system, observer, and illuminant (see
7. Test Specimen
Practice E308, Procedure section).
7.1 For highest precision and accuracy, select specimens
with the following properties:
5. Significance and Use
7.1.1 High material uniformity and freedom from blemishes
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining in the area to be measured.
7.1.2 Opaquespecimensthathaveatleastoneplanesurface;
the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental
measurement using spectrophotometers or spectrocolorimeters translucent specimens that have two essentially plane and
parallel surfaces and that have a standard thickness, when one
with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring
is specified (see Practice E1164, Test Specimens section).
systems. This test method provides procedures for such mea-
surement by spectrophotometry using a bidirectional (0:45 or
7.2 If specimens exhibit directionality, use appropriate pro-
45:0) optical measuring system. The method for color and
cedures (see 9.7) and calculations (see 10.1.1, Practice E1164,
color difference measurement using filter colorimeters is con-
Test Specimens section, and Practice E1345).
tained in Test Method E1347.
8. Standardization and Verification
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement
8.1 Standardize or verify the calibration of the following:
of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (see
(See Practice E1164, Standardization and Material Standards
also Guide E179 and Practice E805):
section.)
5.2.1 Object-color specimens of any gloss level for color
8.1.1 Zero setting of the reflectance scale (mandatory),
assessment.
8.1.2 Wavelength scale (recommended), and
5.2.2 Object-color specimens with physically flat, smooth
8.1.3 Stray-light level (optional).
surfacesfromwhichtoobtaindataforuseincomputercolorant
8.2 Standardize the full-scale value of the reflectance scale
formulation.
of the instrument by use of the white reflectance standard
5.2.3 Retroreflective specimens.
(mandatory). Follow the instrument manufacturer’s instruc-
NOTE 1—To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement of
tions.
specimens with intermediate gloss, for formulation, or of retroreflective
8.3 Verifytheaccuracyoftheinstrumentaldatabymeasure-
specimens, significantly tighter tolerances than those given in Practice
E1164, Influx and Efflux Conditions, 45°:Normal (45:0) and Normal:45° ment of a series of verification standards (recommended). (See
(0:45) Reflectance Factor section, may be required for the instrument
Practice E1164, Standardization and Material Standards sec-
anglesofilluminationandviewing.Informationontherequiredtolerances
tion.)
is being developed.
9. Procedure
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement
ofspecimenswithbaremetalsurfacesforcolorassessment,for
9.1 When required, select the color scales, observer, and
whichtheuseofhemisphericalmeasurementgeometry,aswith
illuminant for the computation of color coordinates (see
an integrating-sphere type instrument, is preferable (see Guide
Practice E308, Procedure section).
E179).
9.2 Select other options, such as wavelength range and
interval, when required. Follow instrument manufacturer’s
6. Apparatus
instructions or specified procedures.
6.1 Spectrophotometer or Spectrocolorimeter, designed for
9.3 If the specimen is translucent, select specified black or
the measurement of color coordinates of reflecting specimens
white backing material. (See Practice E1164, Test Specimens
by use of 45:0 or 0:45 geometry with annular, circumferential,
section,forfurtherinstructionsonmeasuringtranslucentspeci-
or uniplanar illumination
...

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Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the associated tolerances should be compared only when they are obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance units in another system for all colors of specimens.  
5.2 Color differences calculated in ΔE00 units (6) are highly recommended for use with color-differences in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 ΔE*ab units. This color-difference equation is appropriate for and widely used in industrial and commercial applications including, but not limited to, automobiles, coatings, cosmetics, inks, packaging, paints, plastics, printing, security, and textiles.  
5.3 Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in each system, summation of three, vector color-difference components into a single scalar value is very useful for determining whether a specimen color is within a specified tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in production, it may be necessary to know not only the magnitude of the departure from standard but also the direction of this departure. It is possible to include information on the direction of a small color difference by listing the three instrumentally determined components of the color difference.  
5.4 Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of the acceptability of differences in hue, lig...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation, from instrumentally measured color coordinates based on daylight illumination, of color tolerances and small color differences between opaque specimens such as painted panels, plastic plaques, or textile swatches. Where it is suspected that the specimens may be metameric, that is, possess different spectral curves though visually alike in color, Practice D4086 should be used to verify instrumental results. The tolerances and differences determined by these procedures are expressed in terms of approximately uniform visual color perception in CIE 1976 CIELAB opponent-color space (1),2 CMC tolerance units (2), CIE94 tolerance units (3), the DIN99o color difference formula given in DIN 6176  (4), or the CIEDE2000 color difference units (5).  
1.2 For product specification, the purchaser and the seller shall agree upon the permissible color tolerance between test specimen and reference and the procedure for calculating the color tolerance. Each material and condition of use may require specific color tolerances because other appearance factors, (for example, specimen proximity, gloss, and texture), may affect the correlation between the magnitude of a measured color difference and its commercial acceptability.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1535-14(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is used by artists, designers, scientists, engineers, and government regulators, to specify an existing or desired color. It is used in the natural sciences to record the colors of specimens, or identify specimens, such as human complexion, flowers, foliage, soils, and minerals. It is used to specify colors for commerce and for control of color-production processes, when instrumental color measurement is not economical. The Munsell system is widely used for color tolerancing, even when instrumentation is employed (see Practice D3134). It is common practice to have color chips made to illustrate an aim color and the just tolerable deviations from that color in hue, value, and chroma, such a set of chips being called a Color Tolerance Set. A color tolerance set exhibits the aim color and color tolerances so that everyone involved in the selection, production, and acceptance of the color can directly perceive the intent of the specification, before bidding to supply the color or starting production. A color tolerance set may be measured to establish instrumental tolerances. Without extensive experience, it may be impossible to visualize the meaning of numbers resulting from color measurement, but by this practice, the numbers can be translated to the Munsell color-order system, which is exemplified by colored chips for visual examination. This color-order system is the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a Dictionary of Color Names, as well as the Universal Color Language, which associates color names, in the English language, with Munsell notations (3).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system based on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. This practice provides a simple visual method as an alternative to the more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164). Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1477-98a(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Luminous Reflectance Factor of Acoustical Materials by Use of Integrating-Sphere Reflectometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acoustical materials are often used as the entire ceiling of rooms and are therefore an important component of the lighting system. The luminous reflectance of all important components must be known in order to predict the level of illumination that will be obtained.  
5.2 The reflecting properties of a surface are measured relative to those of a standard reflector, the perfect reflecting diffuser, to provide a reflectance factor. The luminous reflectance factor is calculated for a standard illuminant, and a standard observer, for the standard hemispherical (integrating-sphere) geometry of illumination and viewing, in which all reflected radiation from an area of the surface is collected. In this way the reflecting properties of an acoustical material can be represented by a single number measured and calculated under standard conditions.  
5.3 Acoustical materials generally have a non-glossy white or near-white finish. The types of surface cover a wide range from smooth to deeply fissured. Measurement with integrating-sphere reflectometers has been satisfactory although multiple measurements may be required to sample the surface adequately. Instruments with other types of optical measuring systems may be used if it can be demonstrated that they provide equivalent results.  
5.4 The use of this test method for determining the luminous reflectance factor is required by Classification E1264.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the luminous reflectance factor of acoustical materials for use in predicting the levels of room illumination.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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