ASTM B177/B177M-11
(Guide)Standard Guide for Engineering Chromium Electroplating
Standard Guide for Engineering Chromium Electroplating
ABSTRACT
This guide provides information on the deposition of engineering chromium by electroplating. This is sometimes called "functional" or "hard" chromium and is usually applied directly to the basis metal and is usually thicker than decorative deposits. This guide is not intended as a standardized procedure, but as a guide for obtaining smooth, adherent coatings of a desired thickness while retaining the required physical and mechanical properties of the base metals. Engineering chromium may be plated directly to the surface of a commonly used engineering metals such as aluminum, nickel alloys, cast iron, steels, copper, copper alloys, and titanium. Substrate requirements including smoothness, fatigue, high-strength steel stress relief, and oxidation are specified. The procedure and requirements for the following are detailed: (1) racking, including rack and anode designs, (2) cleaning, (3) deoxidizing and etching such as anodic etching in chromic acid solution, in plating solution, and in sulfuric acid solution, and slight etching by acid immersion, (4) chromium electroplating process, (5) treatment of chromium coatings such as baking to avoid hydrogen embrittlement, and mechanical finishing by grinding, grinding and honing, or lapping, (6) repair of chromium electrodeposits on steel substrates, and (7) test methods such as thickness determination, hardness test, and adhesion test.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information about the deposition of chromium on steel for engineering uses. This is sometimes called “functional” or “hard” chromium and is usually applied directly to the basis metal and is usually thicker than decorative deposits.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This guide is not intended as a standardized procedure, but as a guide for obtaining smooth, adherent coatings of chromium of a desired thickness while retaining the required physical and mechanical properties of the base metals. Specified chromium electrodeposits on ferrous surfaces are defined in Specification B650.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: B177/B177M − 11 Endorsed by American
Electroplaters’ Society
Endorsed by National
Association of Metal Finishers
Standard Guide for
1
Engineering Chromium Electroplating
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B177/B177M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope B244 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness ofAnodic
Coatings on Aluminum and of Other Nonconductive
1.1 This guide provides information about the deposition of
Coatings on Nonmagnetic Basis Metals with Eddy-
chromium on steel for engineering uses. This is sometimes
Current Instruments
called “functional” or “hard” chromium and is usually applied
B253 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Elec-
directlytothebasismetalandisusuallythickerthandecorative
troplating
deposits.
B254 Practice for Preparation of and Electroplating on
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Stainless Steel
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
B281 Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
B320 Practice for Preparation of Iron Castings for Electro-
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
plating
with the standard.
B322 Guide for Cleaning Metals Prior to Electroplating
B481 Practice for Preparation of Titanium and Titanium
1.3 This guide is not intended as a standardized procedure,
but as a guide for obtaining smooth, adherent coatings of Alloys for Electroplating
B487 Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide
chromium of a desired thickness while retaining the required
physical and mechanical properties of the base metals. Speci- Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of
Cross Section
fied chromium electrodeposits on ferrous surfaces are defined
in Specification B650. B499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknesses
by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Magnetic Basis Metals
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
B504 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Metal-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
lic Coatings by the Coulometric Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
B507 Practice for Design of Articles to Be Electroplated on
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Racks
B558 Practice for Preparation of Nickel Alloys for Electro-
2. Referenced Documents
2 plating
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness
B183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel for
by X-Ray Spectrometry
Electroplating
B571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic
B242 Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for Elec-
Coatings
troplating
B578 Test Method for Microhardness of Electroplated Coat-
ings
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic and
B602 Test Method for Attribute Sampling of Metallic and
Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.03 on
Inorganic Coatings
Engineering Coatings.
B630 Practice for Preparation of Chromium for Electroplat-
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally
ɛ1
ing with Chromium
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as B177 – 01(2006) .
DOI: 10.1520/B0177_B0177M-11.
B650 Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chro-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
mium Coatings on Ferrous Substrates
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
B697 Guide for Selection of Sampling Plans for Inspection
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. of Electrodeposited Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B177/B177M − 11
B762 Test Method of Variables Sampling of Metallic and at which the whole of each part attains the specified tempera-
Inorganic Coatings ture. This stress relief is essential if hydrogen embrittlement
B849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel for from subsequent operations is to be avoided.
Reducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
3.4.2 Parts having surface-hardened a
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Endorsed by American
´1
Designation:B177–01 (Reapproved 2006) Designation: B177/B177M – 11 Electroplaters’ Society
Endorsed by National
Association of Metal Finishers
Standard Guide for
1
Engineering Chromium Electroplating
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B177/B177M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Warning notes in 7.2.1, 7.2.2, and 7.2.3 were editorially updated in April 2006.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides information about the deposition of chromium on steel for engineering uses. This is sometimes called
“functional” or “hard” chromium and is usually applied directly to the basis metal and is usually thicker than decorative deposits.
1.2This guide is not intended as a standardized procedure, but as a guide for obtaining smooth, adherent coatings of chromium
of a desired thickness while retaining the required physical and mechanical properties of the base metals. Specified chromium
electrodeposits on ferrous surfaces are defined in Specification
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This guide is not intended as a standardized procedure, but as a guide for obtaining smooth, adherent coatings of chromium
of a desired thickness while retaining the required physical and mechanical properties of the base metals. Specified chromium
electrodeposits on ferrous surfaces are defined in Specification B650.
1.3
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel for Electroplating
B242 Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for Electroplating
B244 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness ofAnodic Coatings onAluminum and of Other Nonconductive Coatings on
Nonmagnetic Basis Metals with Eddy-Current Instruments
B253 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Electroplating
B254 Practice for Preparation of and Electroplating on Stainless Steel
B281 Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
B320 Practice for Preparation of Iron Castings for Electroplating
B322 Guide for Cleaning Metals Prior to Electroplating
B481 Practice for Preparation of Titanium and Titanium Alloys for Electroplating
B487 Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of Cross Section
B499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknesses by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on Magnetic
Basis Metals
B504 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Metallic Coatings by the Coulometric Method
B507 Practice for Design of Articles to Be Electroplated on Racks
B558 Practice for Preparation of Nickel Alloys for Electroplating
B568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness by X-Ray Spectrometry
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.08.01 on
Engineering Coatings.
Current edition approved AprilJune 1, 2006.2011. Published April 2006.June 2011. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 20012006 as
B177 – 01(2006)e01. DOI: 10.1520/B0177-01R06E01.10.1520/B0177_B0177M-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B177/B177M – 11
B571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic Coatings
B578 Test Method for Microhardness of El
...
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