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ASTM D6878-06

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Polyolefin Based Sheet Roofing

Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Polyolefin Based Sheet Roofing

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flexible sheet made from thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) as the principal polymer, intended for use in single-ply roofing membranes exposed to the weather. The sheet shall contain reinforcing fabrics or scrims.
1.2 The tests and property limits used to characterize the sheet are values intended to ensure minimum quality for the intended purpose. In-place roof system design criteria, such as fire resistance, field seaming strength, material compatibility, and uplift resistance, among others, are factors which should be considered but are beyond the scope of this specification.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in parentheses are for information only.
This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jul-2006
ICS
83.080.20 - Thermoplastic materials
Technical Committee
D08 - Roofing and Waterproofing
Drafting Committee
D08.18 - Nonbituminous Organic Roof Coverings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6878-03 - Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Polyolefin Based Sheet Roofing
Effective Date
15-Jul-2006
Replaced By
ASTM D6878-06a - Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Polyolefin Based Sheet Roofing
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006

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ASTM D6878-06 - Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Polyolefin Based Sheet Roofing
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 6878 – 06
Standard Specification for
1
Thermoplastic Polyolefin Based Sheet Roofing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6878; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2137 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Brittleness
Point of Flexible Polymers and Coated Fabrics
1.1 This specification covers flexible sheet made from
D 5538 Practice for Thermoplastic Elastomers—
thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) as the principal polymer,
Terminology and Abbreviations
intended for use in single-ply roofing membranes exposed to
G151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-
the weather. The sheet shall contain reinforcing fabrics or
celerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources
scrims.
G155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus
1.2 The tests and property limits used to characterize the
for Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials
sheet are values intended to ensure minimum quality for the
intended purpose. In-place roof system design criteria, such as
3. Materials and Manufacture
fire resistance, field seaming strength, material compatibility,
3.1 The sheet shall be formulated from ethylene and higher
andupliftresistance,amongothers,arefactorswhichshouldbe
alpha-olefin polymers, copolymers, and mixtures thereof, in
considered but are beyond the scope of this specification.
amounts greater than 50%, by weight of the total polymer
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
content suitably compounded to satisfy the physical require-
standard. The values stated in parentheses are for information
ments in the specification (see Practice D5538).
only.
3.2 The sheet shall be capable of being heat welded, fused,
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
or adhesively bonded to itself for making watertight field
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
splices and repairs, and the supplier or fabricator shall recom-
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
mend suitable methods and materials.
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
3.3 Sheet shall be reinforced with fabric or scrim.
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
4. Physical Properties and Tolerances
4.1 Each sheet specimen shall meet or exceed the physical
2. Referenced Documents
2 requirements prescribed in Table 1.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 The tolerance for time conditions (aging, weathering,
D471 Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids
and so forth) is 615 min or 61% of the period, whichever is
D573 Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air
greater, unless otherwise specified.
Oven
4.3 The tolerance for temperature conditions (aging, weath-
D751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
ering, and so forth) is 62°C (64°F) of the specified tempera-
D1149 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface
ture, unless otherwise specified.
Ozone Cracking in a Chamber
D1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of
5. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated
5.1 The width and length of the sheet shall be agreed upon
Temperature
between the purchaser and the supplier.
5.1.1 The width and length tolerance shall be +3%, −0%.
5.1.2 The thickness tolerance shall be +15%, –10% of
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on
thickness agreed upon by the purchaser and supplier, but in no
RoofingandWaterproofingandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD08.18
case shall it be less than the minimum in Table 1.
on Nonbituminous Organic Roof Coverings.
Current edition approved July 15, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally
6. Workmanship, Finish, andAppearance
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D6878–03.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.1 The sheet, including factory seams, if present, shall be
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
watertight and free of pinholes, particles of foreign matter,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. protruding fibers or reinforcement, undispersed raw material,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6878–06
TABLE 1 Physical Requirements for TPO Sheet
jaws approximately 50 mm (2.0 in.) from edges of the overlap
Thickness, min, mm (in.) area and test at a
...

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ASTM D6878/D6878M-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Polyolefin-Based Sheet Roofing

ABSTRACT
This specification covers flexible sheet made from thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) as the principal polymer, intended for use in single-ply roofing membranes exposed to the weather. The sheet shall contain reinforcing fabrics or scrims. The sheet shall be formulated from ethylene and higher alpha-olefin polymers, copolymers, and mixtures thereof, in amounts greater than 50 %, by weight of the total polymer content suitably compounded to satisfy the physical requirements specified. The sheet shall be capable of being heat welded, fused, or adhesively bonded to itself for making watertight field splices and repairs and shall be reinforced with fabric or scrim. Different tests shall be performed in order to determine the following physical properties of thermoplastic polyolefin sheets: dimensions, sheet overall thickness, coating thickness over scrim, breaking strength, elongation at break, tearing strength, brittleness point, ozone resistance, heat aging, linear dimensional change, water absorption, factory seam strength, and weather resistance.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flexible sheet made from thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) as the principal polymer, intended for use in single-ply roofing membranes exposed to the weather. The sheet shall contain reinforcing fabrics or scrims.  
1.2 The tests and property limits used to characterize the sheet are values intended to ensure minimum quality for the intended purpose. In-place roof system design criteria, such as fire resistance, field seaming strength, material compatibility, and uplift resistance, among others, are factors which should be considered but are beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5726-98(2020)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Fabrics Used in Hot-Applied Roofing and Waterproofing

ABSTRACT
This specification covers thermoplastic fabrics such as polyester, polyester/polyamide bicomponent, or composites with fiber glass or polyester scrims that can be used during the construction of hot-applied roofing and waterproofing. The thermoplastic fabrics are classified according to general constructions and compositions: Type I which is polyester spunbonded with resin, unneedled, Type II which is polyester spunbonded with resin, needled, Type III which is polyester mat plus fiber glass scrim and resin, and Type IV which is polyester core/polyamide sheath bicomponent spunbonded. The fabric shall be a uniform, thin, porous mat of the primary thermoplastic polymer, with or without the addition of reinforcing stranded glass or thermoplastic yarns. Chemically bonding with a water-resistant resin or thermally bonding with other thermoplastic polymers shall be permitted. Different tests shall be conducted in order to determine the following physical properties of thermoplastic fabrics: unit mass, thickness, breaking load, elongation, trapezoid tearing strength, puncture strength, appearance rating, and heat distortion stability.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers thermoplastic fabrics such as polyester, polyester/polyamide bicomponent, or composites with fiberglass or polyester scrims that can be used during the construction of hot-applied roofing and waterproofing.  
1.2 This specification is intended as a material specification. Issues regarding the suitability of specific roof constructions or application techniques are beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.3 The specified tests and property values used to characterize the respective fabrics are intended to establish minimum properties. In-place system design criteria or performance attributes are factors beyond the scope of this material specification.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1238-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is particularly useful for quality control tests on thermoplastics.  
5.2 The data produced by this test method serves to indicate the uniformity of the flow rate of the polymer as made by an individual process. It is not to be used as an indication of uniformity of other properties without valid correlation with data from other tests.  
5.3 The flow rate obtained with the extrusion plastometer is not a fundamental polymer property. It is an empirically defined parameter critically influenced by the physical properties and molecular structure of the polymer and the conditions of measurement. The rheological characteristics of polymer melts depend on a number of variables. It is possible that the values of these variables occurring in this test will differ substantially from those in large-scale processes, which would result in data that does not correlate directly with processing behavior.  
5.4 Measure the flow rate of a material using any of the conditions listed for the material in X4.1. For many materials, there are specifications that require the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist. An alternative test method for poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) compounds is found in Test Method D3364.  
5.5 Additional characterization of a material can be obtained if more than one condition is used. In the case that two or more conditions are employed, a Flow Rate Ratio (FRR) is obtained by dividing the flow rate at one condition by the flow rate at another condition. Procedure D provides one method to measure more than one condition in a single charge.  
5.6 Frequently, variations in test technique, apparatus geometry, or test conditions, which defy all but the most careful scrutiny, exist...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rate of extrusion of molten thermoplastic resins using an extrusion plastometer.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
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Note 1: This standard and ISO 1133 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
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Standard Test Method for Environmental Stress-Crack Resistance of Blow-Molded Polyethylene Containers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When properly used, these procedures serve to isolate such factors as material, blow-molding conditions, post-treatment, and so forth, on the stress-crack resistance of the container.  
5.2 Environmental stress cracking of blow-molded containers is governed by many factors. Since variance of any of these factors can change the environmental stress-crack resistance of the container, the test results are representative only of a given test performed under defined conditions in the laboratory. The reproducibility of results between laboratories on containers made on more than one machine from more than one mold has not been established.  
5.3 Results can be used for estimating the shelf life of blow-molded containers in terms of their resistance to environmental stress cracking provided this is done against a rigorous background of practical field experience and reproducible test data.
SCOPE
1.1 Under certain conditions of stress, and in the presence of environments such as soaps, wetting agents, oils, or detergents, blow-molded polyethylene containers exhibit mechanical failure by cracking at stresses appreciably below those that would cause cracking in the absence of these environments.  
1.2 This test method measures the environmental stress crack resistance of blow-molded containers, which is the summation of the influence of container design, resin, blow-molding conditions, post treatment, or other factors that can affect this property. Three procedures are provided as follows:  
1.2.1 Procedure A, Stress-Crack Resistance of Containers to Potential Stress-cracking Liquids—This procedure is particularly useful for determining the effect of container design on stress-crack resistance or the stress-crack resistance of a proposed container that contains a liquid product.  
1.2.2 Procedure B, Stress-Crack Resistance of a Specific Container to Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol (CAS 68412-54-4), a Stress-Cracking Agent—The conditions of test described in this procedure are designed for testing containers made from Class 3 polyethylene Specification D4976. Therefore, this procedure is recommended for containers made from Class 3 polyethylene only. This procedure is particularly useful for determining the effect of resin on the stress-crack resistance of the container.  
1.2.3 Procedure C, Controlled Elevated Pressure Stress-Crack Resistance of a Specific Container to Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol (CAS 68412-54-4), a Stress-Cracking Agent—The internal pressure is controlled at a constant elevated level.
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ABSTRACT
This guide identifies the standard test methods to use in evaluating unsintered extruded films or tapes manufactured from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The test methods covered here shall be capable of investigating the following material properties: width; thickness; tensile properties (tensile strength and elongation); specificat gravity (relative density); residual extrusion aids or other volatile components; dielectric constant; volume resistivity; dielectric breakdown voltage; and unit weight.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies test methods to use in evaluating unsintered extruded films or tapes manufactured from polytetrafluoroethylene.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units as detailed in IEEE/ASTM SI 10, are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 12086-2:2006 in the measurement of tensile properties, specific gravity, and dielectric constant. These are in ISO 12086-2:2006, sections 8.2.2, 10.6 and 8.1.1. It is not equivalent to ISO 12086-2:2006 in any other measurement or section..  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F3308/F3308M-19(2023)(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The utilization of recycled materials in non-pressure thermoplastic pipe presents a potentially large outlet for this what is typically classified “waste” material. The proper use and qualification of this material is critical in assuring its long-term performance from both a structural and durability standpoint.  
4.2 This practice defines minimum requirements and testing protocols and frequencies for these recycled materials with respect to their utilization in final thermoplastic pipe products. Each specific pipe standard has unique criteria that must be met in addition to the items described in this practice.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers requirements and sampling frequency for the use of post-consumer and post-industrial recycled plastic materials in polyethylene (PE) pipe used in storm drainage, storm sewer and sanitary sewer applications.  
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Note 1: Non-pressure applications pertain principally to any municipal or private facilities for land drainage, storm drainage, storm sewer, culvert and sanitary sewer applications. The products utilizing the criteria under this practice are not intended for any pressure pipe applications, such as water or gas pipelines.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents: therefore, each system shall be used independent of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers poly(ether ketone ketone) materials, commonly referred to as PEKK, which are suitable for molding, extrusion, composites, powder coating and additive manufacturing. Only materials in this Class 6-8 are covered by this specification. This classification system provides requirements for the use of regrind or reprocessed materials.  
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1.4 This classification system and subsequent line callout (specification) are intended to provide means of calling out poly(ether ketone ketone) materials used in the fabrication of end items or parts.  
1.5 Poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) is a member of the poly (aryl ether ketone) or PAEK polymer family. PEKK has a broad range of repeat unit combinations of Isophthaloyl and Terephthaloyl repeat units. This standard classifies the polymer options.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units, as detailed in IEEE/ASTM S-10, are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Note 2: PEKK is a thermoplastic polymer. Testing conditions can affect the technical results. Specimens prepared by techniques different than prescribed in this specification can have properties that vary from the values specified.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4440-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties Melt Rheology

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the important rheological properties and viscosity of thermoplastic polymers using very small amounts of material (approximately 25 to 50 mm in diameter by 1 to 3 mm in thickness ... approximately 3 to 5 g). Data are generally used for quality control, research and development, and establishment of optimum processing conditions.  
5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining molten polymer properties by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of frequency, strain, temperature, or time. Plots of viscosity, storage, and loss moduli, and tan delta as a function of the aforementioned process parameters provide graphical representation indicative of molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, effects of chain branching, and melt-processability for specified conditions.  
5.2.1 Observed data are specific to experimental conditions. Reporting in full (as described in this test method) the conditions under which the data was obtained is essential to assist users with interpreting the data an reconciling apparent or perceived discrepancies.  
5.3 Values obtained in this test method can be used to assess the following:  
5.3.1 Complex viscosity of the polymer melt as a function of dynamic oscillation,  
5.3.2 Processing viscosity, minimum as well as changes in viscosity as a function of experimental parameters,  
5.3.3 Effects of processing treatment,  
5.3.4 Relative polymer behavioral properties, including viscosity and damping, and  
5.3.5 Effects of formulation additives that might affect processability or performance.  
5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, refer to the specification for the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in the test method. If there are no r...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation in determining and reporting the rheological properties of thermoplastic resins and other types of molten polymers. The method is useful for determining the complex viscosity and other significant viscoelastic characteristics of such materials as a function of frequency, strain amplitude, temperature, and time. It is known that fillers and other additives influence rheological properties.  
1.2 It incorporates a laboratory test method for determining the relevant rheological properties of a polymer melt subjected to various oscillatory deformations on an instrument of the type commonly referred to as a mechanical or dynamic spectrometer.  
1.3 This test method is intended to provide a means of determining the rheological properties of molten polymers, such as thermoplastics and thermoplastic elastomers over a range of temperatures by nonresonant, forced-vibration techniques. Plots of modulus, viscosity, and tan delta as a function of dynamic oscillation (frequency), strain amplitude, temperature, and time are indicative of the viscoelastic properties of a molten polymer.  
1.4 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz.  
1.5 This test method is intended for homogenous and heterogeneous molten polymeric systems and composite formulations containing chemical additives, including fillers, reinforcements, stabilizers, plasticizers, flame retardants, impact modifiers, processing aids, and other important chemical additives often incorporated into a polymeric system for specific functional properties, and which could affect the processability and functional performance. These polymeric material systems have molten viscosities typically less than 106 Pa·s (107 poise).  
1.6 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.7 The values stated in ...

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ASTM D2464-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Threaded Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80

ABSTRACT
This specification covers poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) threaded Schedule 80 pipe fittings, which are PVC 12454, 12454, 13354, 11443, and 14333. The pipe fittings are intended for use with the distribution of pressurized liquids only, which are chemically compatible with the piping materials. The materials shall conform to the required dimensions and burst pressure limits.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) threaded Schedule 80 pipe fittings. Included are requirements for materials, workmanship, dimensions, and burst pressure.  
Note 1: Threaded CPVC plastic pipe fittings, Schedule 80, which were formerly included in this standard, are now covered by Specification F437.  
1.2 The products covered by this specification are intended for use with the distribution of pressurized liquids only, which are chemically compatible with the piping materials. Due to inherent hazards associated with testing components and systems with compressed air or other compressed gases some manufacturers do not allow pneumatic testing of their products. Consult with specific product/component manufacturers for their specific testing procedures prior to pneumatic testing.
Note 2: Pressurized (compressed) air or other compressed gases contain large amounts of stored energy which present serious safety hazards should a system fail for any reason.  
1.3 The text of this specification references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2463-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drop Impact Resistance of Blow-Molded Thermoplastic Containers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These procedures provide a means to assess the drop impact resistance of the group or lot of blown containers from which the test specimens were selected.  
5.2 It is acceptable to use these procedures for routine inspection purposes.  
5.3 These procedures will evaluate the combined effect of construction, materials, and processing conditions on the impact resistance of the blown containers.  
5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a means to assess the drop impact resistance of water-filled, blow-molded thermoplastic containers, which is a summation of the effects of material, manufacturing conditions, container design, and perhaps other factors.  
1.2 Two procedures are provided as follows:  
1.2.1 Procedure A, Static Drop Height Method—This procedure is particularly useful for quality control since it is quick.  
1.2.2 Procedure B, Bruceton Staircase Method—This procedure is used to determine the mean failure height and the standard deviation of the distribution.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off