ASTM A278/A278M-01(2006)

Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650&#176F (350&#176C)

ABSTRACT
This specification covers gray iron for castings suitable for pressure-containing parts at elevated temperatures. Castings shall be stress-relieved by placing them in a suitable furnace and heating them uniformly to the temperatures and for the times specified. Castings to be used at a particular temperature range shall undergo heat treatment and cooling. Chemical analysis shall be performed on each class of castings and shall meet the maximum requirement for carbon, phosphorus and sulfur. Iron used in supplying castings shall conform to the required tensile strength. Separately cast test bars having the required dimensions shall be poured from the same lot as the castings represented. The test bars shall be cast in dried siliceous sand molds maintained at approximately room temperature. Tension test shall be performed on each lot and materials shall conform to the tensile requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers gray iron for castings suitable for pressure-containing parts for use at temperatures up to 650°F (350°C).
1.2 Classes of Iron:
1.2.1 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 450°F (230°C). For temperatures above 450°F and up to 650°F, only Class 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings are suitable.
1.2.2 Castings of all clases are suitable for use up to 230°C. For temperatures above 230°C and up to 350°C, only Class 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings are suitable.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2006
• ICS: 77.140.80 - Iron and steel castings
• Technical Committee: A04 - Iron Castings
• Drafting Committee: A04.01 - Grey and White Iron Castings

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM A278/A278M-01 - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650&#176F (350&#176C)
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2006
• Replaced By: ASTM A278/A278M-01(2011) - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650&#176F (350&#176C)
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2011
• Referred By: ASTM F1545-15a(2021) - Standard Specification for Plastic-Lined Ferrous Metal Pipe, Fittings, and Flanges
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2006
• Referred By: ASTM A748/A748M-87(2022) - Standard Specification for Statically Cast Chilled White Iron-Gray Iron Dual Metal Rolls for Pressure Vessel Use
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2006
• Referred By: ASTM E2598/E2598M-21 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Cast Iron Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2006
• Referred By: ASTM C660-81(2020) - Standard Practices for Production and Preparation of Gray Iron Castings for Porcelain Enameling
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2006
• Referred By: ASTM A667/A667M-87(2022) - Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Dual Metal (Gray and White Cast Iron) Cylinders
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2006
• Referred By: ASTM A834-95(2020) - Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Iron Castings for General Industrial Use
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2006

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: A278/A278M – 01 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Specification for
Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for
Temperatures Up to 650°F (350°C)
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA278/A278M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 5. Ordering Information
1.1 This specification covers gray iron for castings suitable 5.1 Orders for material in this specification should include
for pressure-containing parts for use at temperatures up to the following information:
650°F (350°C). 5.1.1 ASTM designation and year date,
1.2 Classes of Iron: 5.1.2 Class of iron required and service temperature,
1.2.1 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 450°F 5.1.3 Quantity,
(230°C). For temperatures above 450°F and up to 650°F, only 5.1.4 Heat Treatment:
Class 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings are suitable. 5.1.4.1 Whether or not heat treatment is required for Class
1.2.2 Castingsofallclassesaresuitableforuseupto230°C. 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings to be used at temperatures at
For temperatures above 230°C and up to 350°C, only Class 450°F or less (see 6.2),
275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings are suitable. 5.1.4.2 Whether or not heat treatment is required for Class
275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings to be used at
2. Referenced Documents
temperatures at 230°C or less (see 6.2),
2.1 ASTM Standards: 5.1.5 The size of separately cast test bar to be poured (see
A644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
Section 9 and Table 1),
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials 5.1.6 The size of test specimen to be machined from test
barsCorS,and
3. Terminology
5.1.7 Special requirements.
3.1 Definitions of many terms common to gray iron castings
6. Materials and Manufacture
may be found in Terminology A644.
6.1 Castings intended for use above 450°F (230°C) shall be
4. Classification
stress-relieved by placing them in a suitable furnace at a
4.1 Classification by tensile strength.
temperature not exceeding 400°F (200°C) and heating them
4.1.1 Castings ordered to this specification are classified
uniformly to the temperatures and for the times specified in
based upon the minimum tensile strength of the iron in ksi, in
Table 2. The heating and cooling rates shall be uniform and
English units. Class 25 has a minimum specified tensile
shall not be more than 400°F/h (250°C/h) for castings of 1-in.
strength of 25 ksi.
(25-mm) maximum section. For heavier sections the maximum
4.1.2 Castings ordered to this specification are classified
heating and cooling rates in degrees Fahrenheit per hour shall
based upon the minimum tensile strength of the iron in MPa, in
be 400 divided by the maximum section thickness.
Metric units. Class 150 has a minimum specified tensile
6.2 Heat Treatment and Cooling Rate:
strength of 150 MPa.
6.2.1 CastingsofClassNos.45,50,55,and60,whichareto
be used at temperatures below 450°F, may be heat treated in
accordance with 6.1 or they shall be cooled in the mold to
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
500°F at an average rate of not more than 100°F/h for castings
CastingsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeA04.01onGreyandWhite
Iron Castings.
up to 1 in. in section. For heavier sections the maximum
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published October 2006. Originally
cooling rate in degrees Fahrenheit per hour shall be 100
approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as A278/A278M – 01.
divided by the maximum section thickness.
DOI: 10.1520/A0278_A0278M-01R06.
6.2.2 Castings of Class Nos. 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-
cation SA-278 in Section II of that Code.
415,whicharetobeusedattemperaturesbelow230°C,maybe
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
heat treated in accordance with 6.1 or they shall be cooled in
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
the mold to 250°C at an average rate of not more than 50°C/h
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. for castings up to 25-mm in section. For heavier sections the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A278/A278M – 01 (2006)
TABLE 1 Diameters and Lengths of Cast Test Bars TABLE 4 Tensile Requirements (SI)
Test As-Cast Diameter, in. (mm) Length, in. (mm) Class Tensile Strength,
Bar min, MPa
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
(Bottom) (Top) (Specified) (Recommended) No. 150 150
No. 175 175
A 0.88 (23) 0.85 (22) 0.96 (25) 5.0 (125) 6.0 (1.50)
No. 200 200
B 1.20 (33) 1.14 (32) 1.32 (36) 7.0 (150) 9.0 (230)
No. 225 225
C 2.00 (54) 1.90 (53) 2.10 (58) 6.0 (175) 10.0 (255)
No. 250 250
A
S
No. 275 275
A
AlldimensionsofTestBarSshallbeagreeduponbythemanufacturerandthe No. 300 300
purchaser. No. 325 325
No. 350 350
No. 380 380
TABLE 2 Stress Relieving Requirements
No. 415 415
A
Class Metal Temperature, °F Holding Time, h
(°C)
40, 45, 50, 55, 60 1050 to 1200 2 12
B B
(275, 300, 325, 350, (565 to 650) (2 min) (12 max)
represented. The size of the test bar to be poured shall be
380, 415)
selected by the purchaser using Table 5. In the event no choice
A
In no case shall the holding time be less than 1 h/in. of maximum metal
is made, the selection will be made by the manufacturer.
section, or in excess of 12 h max, dependent upon which governs.
B
9.2 Separately cast test bars shall be heat treated in the same
In no case shall the holding time be less than1hfor every 25-mm metal
section, or in excess of 12 h max, depending upon which governs.
furnace together with the castings represented.
9.3 At the option of the manufacturer, test coupons may be
maximum cooling rate in degrees Celsius per hour shall be
removed from the casting at a location agreed upon between
1250 divided by the maximum section thickness.
the manufacturer and purchaser.
9.4 Castings weighing in excess of 2000 lb may be repre-
7. Chemical Composition
sented either by separately cast test bars (9.1) or by integrally
7.1 Carbon Equivalent:
cast test bars having a cooling rate closely approximating that
7.1.1 Class 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings intended for
of the controlling section of the casting.
service above 450°F (230°C) shall have a maximum carbon
9.5 For castings weighing in excess of 10 000 lb or having
equivalent of 3.8 % as calculated from the equation CE = %C
a controlling section greater than 2 in., test bars may be
+ 0.3 (%Si + %P). The maximum phosphorus and sulfur
removed from the casting or integral projections having a cross
contents shall be 0.25 % and 0.12 %, respectively.
section no less than the controlling section. The minimum
7.1.2 Class 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings
tensile strength requirement for tension tests performed on
intended for service above 230°C shall have a maximum
either of these test bars shall be 80 % of the specified class.
carbon equivalent of 3.8 % as calculated from the equation CE
= %C + 0.3 (%Si + %P). The maximum phosphorus and sulfur
10. Molding and Pouring Test Bars
contents shall be 0.25 % and 0.12 %, respectively.
10.1 The test bars shall be ca
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A278/A278M–01 Designation: A 278/A 278M – 01 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Specification for
Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for
Temperatures Up to 650°F (350°C)
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 278/A 278M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers gray iron for castings suitable for pressure-containing parts for use at temperatures up to 650°F
(350°C).
1.2 Classes of Iron:
1.2.1 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 450°F (230°C). For temperatures above 450°F and up to 650°F, only Class
40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings are suitable.
1.2.2 Castings of all classes are suitable for use up to 230°C. For temperatures above 230°C and up to 350°C, only Class 275,
300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings are suitable.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
E 8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of many terms common to gray iron castings may be found in Terminology A 644.
4. Classification
4.1 Classification by tensile strength.
4.1.1 Castings ordered to this specification are classified based upon the minimum tensile strength of the iron in ksi, in English
units. Class 25 has a minimum specified tensile strength of 25 ksi.
4.1.2 Castings ordered to this specification are classified based upon the minimum tensile strength of the iron in MPa, in Metric
units. Class 150 has a minimum specified tensile strength of 150 MPa.
5. Ordering Information
5.1 Orders for material in this specification should include the following information:
5.1.1 ASTM designation and year date,
5.1.2 Class of iron required and service temperature,
5.1.3 Quantity,
5.1.4 Heat Treatment:
5.1.4.1 Whether or not heat treatment is required for Class 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings to be used at temperatures at 450°F
or less (see 6.2),
5.1.4.2 Whether or not heat treatment is required for Class 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings to be used at temperatures
at 230°C or less (see 6.2),
5.1.5 The size of separately cast test bar to be poured (see Section 9 and Table 1),
5.1.6 The size of test specimen to be machined from test bars C or S, and
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.01 on GrayGrey and White
Iron Castings.
Current edition approved June 10, 2001.Oct. 1, 2006. Published September 2001.October 2006. Originally published asA278–44T.approved in 1944. Last previous edition
A278–93.approved in 2001 as A 278/A 278M – 01.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-278 in Section II of that Code.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
, Vol 01.02.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A 278/A 278M – 01 (2006)
TABLE 1 Diameters and Lengths of Cast Test Bars
Test As-Cast Diameter, in. (mm) Length, in. (mm)
Bar
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
(Bottom) (Top) (Specified) (Recommended)
A 0.88 (23) 0.85 (22) 0.96 (25) 5.0 (125) 6.0 (1.50)
B 1.20 (33) 1.14 (32) 1.32 (36) 7.0 (150) 9.0 (230)
C 2.00 (54) 1.90 (53) 2.10 (58) 6.0 (175) 10.0 (255)
A
S
A
AlldimensionsofTestBarSshallbeagreeduponbythemanufacturerandthe
purchaser.
5.1.7 Special requirements.
6. Materials and Manufacture
6.1 Castingsintendedforuseabove450°F(230°C)shallbestress-relievedbyplacingtheminasuitablefurnaceatatemperature
not exceeding 400°F (200°C) and heating them uniformly to the temperatures and for the times specified in Table 2. The heating
and cooling rates shall be uniform and shall not be more than 400°F/h (250°C/h) for castings of 1-in. (25-mm) maximum section.
For heavier sections the maximum heating and cooling rates in degrees Fahrenheit per hour shall be 400 divided by the maximum
section thickness.
6.2 Heat Treatment and Cooling Rate:
6.2.1 Castings of Class Nos. 45, 50, 55, and 60, which are to be used at temperatures below 450°F, may be heat treated in
accordance with 6.1 or they shall be cooled in the mold to 500°F at an average rate of not more than 100°F/h for castings up to
1 in. in section. For heavier sections the maximum cooling rate in degrees Fahrenheit per hour shall be 100 divided by the
maximum section thickness.
6.2.2 Castings of Class Nos. 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415, which are to be used at temperatures below 230°C, may be heat
treated in accordance with 6.1 or they shall be cooled in the mold to 250°C at an average rate of not more than 50°C/h for castings
up to 25-mm in section. For heavier sections the maximum cooling rate in degrees Celsius per hour shall be 1250 divided by the
maximum section thickness.
7. Chemical Composition
7.1 Carbon Equivalent:
7.1.1 Class 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 castings intended for service above 450°F (230°C) shall have a maximum carbon equivalent
of 3.8 % as calculated from the equation CE = %C + 0.3 (%Si + %P). The maximum phosphorus and sulfur contents shall be
0.25 % and 0.12 %, respectively.
7.1.2 Class 275, 300, 325, 350, 380, and 415 castings intended for service above 230°C shall have a maximum carbon
equivalent of 3.8 % as calculated from the equation CE = %C + 0.3 (%Si + %P). The maximum phosphorus and sulfur contents
shall be 0.25 % and 0.12 %, respectively.
7.2 The chemical analysis for total carbon shall be made on either chilled cast pencil-type specimens or thin wafers
approximately ⁄32 in. thick cut from test coupons. Drillings shall not be used because of attendant loss of graphite.
8. Tensile Requirements
8.1 IronusedinsupplyingcastingstothisspecificationshallconformtothetensilerequirementsprescribedinTable3andTable
4.
9. Test Bars
9.1 Separately cast test bars having the dimensions shown in Table 1 shall be poured from the same lot as the castings
represented. The size of the test bar to be poured shall be selected by the purchaser using Table 5. In the event no choice is made,
the selection will be made by the manufacturer.
9.2 Separately cast test bars shall be heat treated in the same furnace together with the castings represented.
TABLE 2 Stress Relieving Requirements
A
Class Metal Temperature, °F Holding Time, h
(°C)
40, 45, 50, 55, 60 1050 to 1200 2 12
B B
(275, 300, 325, 350, (565 to 650) (2 min) (12 max)
380, 415)
A
In no case shall the holding time be less than 1 h/in. of maximum metal
section, or in excess of 12 h max, dependent upon which governs.
B
In no case shall the holding time be less than1hfor every 25-mm metal
section, or in excess of 12 h max, depending upon which governs.
A 278/A 278M – 01 (2006)
TABLE 3 Tensile Requirements
Class Tensile Strength,
min, ksi
No. 20 20
No. 25 25
No. 30 30
No. 35 35
No. 40 40
No. 45 45
No. 50 50
No. 55 55
No. 60 60
TABLE 4 Tensile Requirements (SI)
Class Tensile Strength,
min, MPa
No. 150 150
No. 175 175
No. 200 200
...