iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM A372/A372M-99

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

SCOPE
1.1 This specification  covers relatively thin-walled forgings (including gas bottles) for pressure vessel use. Three types of carbon steel and six types of alloy steel are included. Provision is made for integrally forging the ends of vessel bodies made from seamless pipe or tubing.  Note 1-When working to the chemical and tensile requirements of this specification, the influence of wall thickness and cooling rate will necessarily eliminate certain forging sizes in each class. Note 2-Designations have been changed as follows: Current Formerly Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D Grade E Class 55 Grade E Class 65 Grade E Class 70 Grade F Class 55 Grade F Class 65 Grade F Class 70 Grade G Class 55 Grade G Class 65 Grade G Class 70 Grade H Class 55 Grade H Class 65 Grade H Class 70 Grade J Class 55 Grade J Class 65 Grade J Class 70 Grade K Grade L Grade J Class 110 Grade M Class A Grade M Class B Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V Grade 1 Class 55 Type V Grade 1 Class 65 Type V Grade 1 Class 70 Type V Grade 2 Class 55 Type V Grade 2 Class 65 Type V Grade 2 Class 70 Type V Grade 3 Class 55 Type V Grade 3 Class 65 Type V Grade 3 Class 70 Type V Grade 4 Class 55 Type V Grade 4 Class 65 Type V Grade 4 Class 70 Type V Grade 5 Class 55 Type V Grade 5 Class 65 Type V Grade 5 Class 70 Type VI Type VII Type VIII Type IX Class A Type IX Class B
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI [metric] units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text and the tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.3 Unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-1999
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM A372/A372M-02 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM A788/A788M-23 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
10-Mar-1999

Buy Standard

ASTM A372/A372M-99 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure VesselsASTM A372/A372M-99 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
PreviousNext
Technical specification
ASTM A372/A372M-99 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
English language
4 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: A 372/A 372M – 99
Standard Specification for
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure
Vessels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 372/A 372M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-
formance with the specification.
1.1 This specification covers relatively thin-walled forg-
1.3 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specifica-
ings (including gas bottles) for pressure vessel use. Three types
tion designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to
of carbon steel and six types of alloy steel are included.
inch-pound units.
Provision is made for integrally forging the ends of vessel
bodies made from seamless pipe or tubing.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 1—When working to the chemical and tensile requirements of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
this specification, the influence of wall thickness and cooling rate will
A 275/A 275M Test Method for Magnetic Particle Exami-
necessarily eliminate certain forging sizes in each class.
nation of Steel Forgings
NOTE 2—Designations have been changed as follows:
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
Current Formerly
of Steel Products
Grade A Type I
Grade B Type II
A 388/A 388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of
Grade C Type III
Heavy Steel Forgings
Grade D Type IV
A 530/A 530M Specification for General Requirements for
Grade E Class 55 Type V Grade 1 Class 55
Grade E Class 65 Type V Grade 1 Class 65
Specialized Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe
Grade E Class 70 Type V Grade 1 Class 70
A 788 Specification for Steel Forgings, General Require-
Grade F Class 55 Type V Grade 2 Class 55
ments
Grade F Class 65 Type V Grade 2 Class 65
Grade F Class 70 Type V Grade 2 Class 70
E 112 Test Methods for Determining the Average Grain
Grade G Class 55 Type V Grade 3 Class 55 6
Size
Grade G Class 65 Type V Grade 3 Class 65
E 165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination
Grade G Class 70 Type V Grade 3 Class 70
Grade H Class 55 Type V Grade 4 Class 55
E 290 Test Method for Semi-Guided Bend Test for Ductility
Grade H Class 65 Type V Grade 4 Class 65
of Metallic Materials
Grade H Class 70 Type V Grade 4 Class 70
E 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
Grade J Class 55 Type V Grade 5 Class 55
Grade J Class 65 Type V Grade 5 Class 65
tion
Grade J Class 70 Type V Grade 5 Class 70
Grade K Type VI
3. Ordering Information and General Requirements
Grade L Type VII
Grade J Class 110 Type VIII
3.1 In addition to the ordering information required by
Grade M Class 85 Type IX Class A
Specification A 788, the purchaser shall include with the
Grade M Class 100 Type IX Class B
inquiry and order a detailed drawing, sketch, or written
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI [metric]
description of the forging and the areas of significant loading in
units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the
the forging when required (see 6.4.2.2).
text and the tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The
values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; there-
fore, each system must be used independently of the other.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.05.
Current edition approved March 10, 1999. Published June 1999. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.
published as A 372 – 53T. Last previous edition A 372/A 372M – 95. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01.
2 6
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifi- Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
cation SA-372/SA-372M in Section II of that code. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
A 372/A 372M – 99
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
3.2 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to
the requirements of Specification A 788, which outlines addi- Elements Composition, %
tional ordering information, manufacturing requirements, test-
Grade A Grade B Grade C Grade D
ing and retesting methods and procedures, marking, certifica-
Carbon 0.30 max 0.35 max 0.48 max 0.40–0.50
tion, product analysis variations, and additional supplementary Manganese 1.00 max 1.35 max 1.65 max 1.40–1.80
Phosphorus, 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025
requirements.
max
3.3 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict
Sulfur, max 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025
with the requirements of Specification A 788, the requirements Silicon 0.15–0.35 0.15–0.35 0.15–0.35 0.15–0.35
Nickel ————
of this specification shall prevail.
Chromium————
Molybdenum — — — 0.17–0.27
4. Materials and Manufacture
Grade E Grade F Grade G Grade H Grade J
4.1 Melting Practice: Classes Classes Classes Classes Classes 55,
55, 65, 70 55, 65, 70 55, 65, 70 55, 65, 70 65, 70, 110
4.1.1 The steel melting procedures of Specification A 788
Carbon 0.25–0.35 0.30–0.40 0.25–0.35 0.30–0.40 0.35–0.50
shall apply except that for Grade M forgings, only steel that has
Manganese 0.40–0.90 0.70–1.00 0.70–1.00 0.75–1.05 0.75–1.05
been vacuum treated prior to or during the pouring of the ingot,
Phosphorus, 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025
in order to remove objectionable gases, particularly hydrogen,
max
Sulfur, max 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025
shall be used.
Silicon 0.15–0.35 0.15–0.35 0.15–0.35 0.15–0.35 0.15–0.35
4.2 Production Methods:
Nickel —————
4.2.1 Methods for the production of gas bottles and similar Chromium 0.80–1.15 0.80–1.15 0.40–0.65 0.40–0.65 0.80–1.15
Molybdenum 0.15–0.25 0.15–0.25 0.15–0.25 0.15–0.25 0.15–0.25
vessels may include the cupping of slabs or plates, the piercing
Grade K Grade L Grade M
of billets or plates, and the subsequent drawing of cups so
Classes 85
produced. Such semifinished forgings or seamless steel pipe or
and 100
tubing may be closed by spinning, swedging, or pressing. In all
Carbon 0.18 max 0.38–0.43 0.23 max
cases there shall be sufficient discard to ensure soundness in the
Manganese 0.10–0.40 0.60–0.80 0.20–0.40
completed forging. Phosphorus, 0.025 max 0.025 0.020
max
4.3 Heat Treatment:
Sulfur, max 0.025 max 0.025 0.020
4.3.1 At the option of the manufacturer, Grades A, B, C, D
Silicon 0.15–0.35 0.15–0.35 0.30 max
and Classes 55, 65, 70 of Grades E, F, G, H, and J forgings Nickel 2.0–3.3 1.65–2.00 2.8–3.9
Chromium 1.00–1.80 0.70–0.90 1.50–2.00
shall be normalized, normalized and tempered, or liquid-
Molybdenum 0.20–0.60 0.20–0.30 0.40–0.60
quenched and tempered.
Vanadium 0.08 max
4.3.2 Grades K, L, M, and Class 110 of Grade J forgings
shall be liquid-quenched and tempered.
4.3.3 When normalized forgings are to be tempered, or
6. Mechanical Properties
when forgings have been quenched, they shall be reheated to a
6.1 Mechanical tests for acceptance shall be made after the
subcritical temperature and held for at least ⁄2 h/in. [25 mm] of
final heat treatment of the forgings.
maximum cross section.
6.2 Tension Test—When tested in accordance with Test
4.3.3.1 Minimum tempering temperatures shall be as fol-
Methods and Definitions A 370, the material shall conform to
lows:
Grades E, F, G, H, J in Classes 55, 65, 70 1100°F [595°C]
Grade K 1100°F [595°C]
TABLE 2 Mechanical Requirements
Grade L 1000°F [540°C]
Grade J Class 110 1000°F [540°C]
Yield Elongation
Grade M 1100°F [595°C]
Strength in 2 in.
Tensile Strength, (0.2 % Offset), [50 mm], Hardness,
4.3.4 All quenched and tempered forgings shall be subject
A
Type ksi [MPa] ksi [MPa], min min, % HB, min
to magnetic particle examination in accordance with Section 7.
Grade A 60–85 [415–585] 35 [240] 20 121
Grade B 75–100 [515–690] 45 [310] 18 156
5. Chemical Composition Grade C 90–115 [620–795] 55 [380] 15 187
Grade D 105–130 [725–895] 65 [450] 15 217
5.1 Heat Analysis—The heat analysis obtained from sam-
Grades E, F, G, 85–110 [545–760] 55 [380] 20 179
pling in accordance with Specification A 788 shall comply with H, J (Class 55)
Grades E, F, G, 105–130 [725–895] 65 [450] 19 217
Table 1.
H, J (Class 65)
5.2 Product Analysis—The purchaser may use the product
Grades E, F, G, 120–145 [825–1000] 70 [485] 18 248
analysis provision of Specification A 788 to obtain a product H, J (Class 70)
Grade J 135–160 [930–1100] 110 [760] 15 277
analysis from a forging representing each heat or multiple heat.
(Class 110)
5.3 Starting material produced to a specification that spe-
Grade K 100–125 [690–860] 80 [550] 20 207
Grade L 155–180 [1070–1240] 135 [930] 12 311
cifically requires the addition of any element beyond those
Grade M 105–130 [725–895] 85 [585] 18 217
listed in Table 1 for the applicable grade of material is not
(Class 85)
permitted. This does not preclude use of deoxidation or
Grade M 120–145 [825–1000] 100 [690] 16 248
(Class 100)
inclusion control additions. Supplementary Requirements S1
A
and S2 of Specification A 788 shall apply. When required by 6.6.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
A 372/A 372M – 99
TABLE 4 Maximum Pin Diameters and Minimum Angle for Bend
the requirements of Table 2. The yield strength shall be
Test
determined by the 0.2 % offset method.
Type Pin Diameter Angle, deg
6.3 Bending Properties—Depending upon the outside diam-
Grade A 2t 180
eter, D, and the wall thickness, T, of hollow or bored forgings
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM A418/A418M-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The acceptance criteria shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice for ultrasonic examination covers turbine and generator steel rotor forgings covered by Specifications A469/A469M, A470/A470M, A768/A768M, and A940/A940M. This practice shall be used for contact testing only.  
1.2 This practice describes a basic procedure of ultrasonically inspecting turbine and generator rotor forgings. It does not restrict the use of other ultrasonic methods such as reference block calibrations when required by the applicable procurement documents nor is it intended to restrict the use of new and improved ultrasonic test equipment and methods as they are developed.  
1.3 This practice is intended to provide a means of inspecting cylindrical forgings so that the inspection sensitivity at the forging center line or bore surface is constant, independent of the forging or bore diameter. To this end, inspection sensitivity multiplication factors have been computed from theoretical analysis, with experimental verification. These are plotted in Fig. 1 (bored rotors) and Fig. 2 (solid rotors), for a true inspection frequency of 2.25 MHz, and an acoustic velocity of 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s]. Means of converting to other sensitivity levels are provided in Fig. 3. (Sensitivity multiplication factors for other frequencies may be derived in accordance with X1.1 and X1.2 of Appendix X1.)  
FIG. 1 Bored Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging bore surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging centerline surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 3 Conversion Factors to Be Used in Conjunction with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 if a Change in the Reference Reflector Diameter is Required
1.4 Considerable verification data for this method have been generated which indicate that even under controlled conditions very significant uncertainties may exist in estimating natural discontinuities in terms of minimum equivalent size flat-bottom holes. The possibility exists that the estimated minimum areas of natural discontinuities in terms of minimum areas of the comparison flat-bottom holes may differ by 20 dB (factor of 10) in terms of actual areas of natural discontinuities. This magnitude of inaccuracy does not apply to all results but should be recognized as a possibility. Rigid control of the actual frequency used, the coil bandpass width if tuned instruments are used, and so forth, tend to reduce the overall inaccuracy which is apt to develop.  
1.5 This practice for inspection applies to solid cylindrical forgings having outer diameters of not less than 2.5 in. [64 mm] nor greater than 100 in. [2540 mm]. It also applies to cylindrical forgings with concentric cylindrical bores having wall thicknesses of 2.5 [64 mm] in. or greater, within the same outer diameter limits as for solid cylinders. For solid sections less than 15 in. [380 mm] in diameter and for bored cylinders of less than 7.5 in. [190 mm] wall thickness the transducer used for the inspection will be different than the transducer used for larger sections.  
1.6 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the...

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A456/A456M-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle examination of forged steel crankshafts and forgings having large main bearing journal or crankpin diameters. Covered here are three classes of forgings, which shall be evaluated under two areas of inspection, namely: major critical areas, and minor critical areas. During inspection, magnetic particle indications shall be classified as: surface indications, which include nonmetallic inclusions or stringers, open or twist cracks, flakes, or pipes; open or pinpoint indications; and non-open indications. Procedures for dimpling, depressing, inspection, and product marking are also mentioned.
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in diameter.  
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of increasing severity:  
1.2.1 Class 1.  
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this specification).  
1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Requirement S1 of Specification A456 – 64 (1970)).  
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous grain flow crankshafts (see Specification A983/A983M); however, Specification A986/A986M may be used for this purpose.
Note 1: Specification A668/A668M is a product specification which may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in order to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical forging.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A105/A105M-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications

ABSTRACT
This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that is, flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and higher-temperature service conditions. Materials shall be subjected to heat treatment (annealing, normalizing, tempering, or quenching). Material shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium contents. The forgings shall be subjected to tension, hardness and hydrostatic tests, with the latter applicable when required. Material shall adhere to tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and hardness requirements. Guidelines for retreatment, repair by welding, and product marking are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers forged carbon steel piping components for ambient- and higher-temperature service in pressure systems. Included are flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts ordered either to dimensions specified by the purchaser or to dimensional standards such as the MSS, ASME, and API specifications referenced in Section 2. Forgings made to this specification are limited to a maximum weight of 10 000 lb [4540 kg]. Larger forgings may be ordered to Specification A266/A266M. Tubesheets and hollow cylindrical forgings for pressure vessel shells are not included within the scope of this specification. Although this specification covers some piping components machined from rolled bar and seamless tubular products (see 5.2), it does not cover raw material produced in these product forms.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.3 Specification A266/A266M covers other steel forgings and Specifications A675/A675M and A696 cover other steel bars.  
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units. The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has been substituted in this standard for such traditional terms as “nominal diameter,” “size,” and “nominal size.”  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A1090/A1090M-19(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Forged Rings and Hollows for Use as Base Plates in Power Transmission Structures

ABSTRACT
This specification is intended for high-strength, low-alloy forged rings and hollows produced from steels with atmospheric corrosion resistance for use as base plates in welded tubular structures. These steels have considerably better atmospheric corrosion resistance in most environments than carbon structural steel with or without copper addition, and are suitable for many applications in the bare (unpainted) condition when exposed to the atmosphere. The standard covers ordering information and general requirements for delivery, materials and manufacture, heat treatment, mechanical requirements, and the material's chemical composition.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high-strength, low-alloy steel ring and hollow forgings intended primarily for use as base plates in welded tubular structures for power transmission applications. However, use of this specification is not restricted to such applications and it may be used in other applications for which the attributes of the materials, as defined by this specification, are appropriate.  
1.2 The atmospheric corrosion resistance of Grades A, B, and C in most environments is substantially better than that of carbon structural steel with or without copper addition (see Note 1). When exposed to the atmosphere, these grades are suitable for many applications in the bare (unpainted) condition.
Note 1: See Guide G101 for methods of estimating the atmospheric corrosion resistance of low-alloy steels.  
1.3 The thickness of forgings is limited only by the capacity of the composition to meet the specified mechanical property requirements; however, current practice normally limits the thickness of forgings furnished under this specification to a range of 2 in. to 6 in. [51 mm to 152 mm].
Note 2: When the steel is to be welded, a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service should be used. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.  
1.4 The text of this specification contains notes, footnotes, or both, that provide explanatory material. Such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.  
1.5 Supplementary requirements are available but shall apply only when specified by the purchaser at the time of ordering.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A471/A471M-19(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels. The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace process. The molten steel shall be vacuum treated using either the vacuum stream degassing process, vacuum-lift process or ladle degassing process prior to or during the pouring of the ingot in order to remove objectionable gases, particularly hydrogen. The forgings shall receive their hot mechanical work under a press, hammer, or mill of sufficient power to work the metal throughout its section. Before reheating for heat treatment, the forging shall be allowed to cool in a manner to prevent damage and to accomplish transformation. The forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for complete austenitization and shall be tempered to develop the specified properties. The forgings shall be preliminarily machined on all surfaces prior to heat treatment and shall be stress relieved after machining. To measure some mechanical properties, the specimens shall be subjected to tension test, impact test, and hardness test. A non-destructive test like an ultrasonic inspection shall be made on all available surfaces to demonstrate freedom from detrimental internal indications.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A275/A275M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices ...

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A388/A388M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size) method. See Appendix X3.  
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A388/A388M.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A336/A336M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers ferritic steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high-temperature parts, and associated equipment.  
1.2 Forgings made of steel grades listed in Specification A335/A335M may also be ordered under this specification. The chemical, tensile, heat treatment, and marking requirements of Specification A335/A335M shall apply, except the forging shall conform to the chemical requirements of Tables 1 and 2 of Specification A335/A335M only with respect to heat analysis. On product analysis they may deviate from these limits to the extent permitted in Table 1 of this specification.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S10 are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Technical specification
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A472/A472M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings

ABSTRACT
This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.  
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A473-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements from Specification A788/A788M may be specified when additional testing, inspection, or processing is required.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Technical specification
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off