ASTM F1291-15
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare the insulation provided by different clothing systems. For example, variations in the design and fabric used in component garments can be evaluated. The effects of garment layering, closure, and fit can be measured for clothing ensembles. The insulation values for ensembles can be used in models that predict the physiological responses of people in different environmental conditions. Garment insulation values can be compared as well (see Annex A1).
4.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature, and air motion measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures with the results.
4.3 Report the insulation values in SI units or clo units as standard procedure. Conversion factors to other units are given in Test Method D1518.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the insulation value of clothing ensembles. It describes the measurement of the resistance to dry heat transfer from a heated manikin to a relatively calm, cool environment. Information on measuring the local thermal resistance values for individual garments and ensembles is provided in Annex A1.
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing measurement on a standing manikin.
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified environmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement.
1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
1.4 The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble can be measured in accordance with Test Method F2370.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: F1291 − 15
StandardTest Method for
Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a
1
Heated Manikin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Thetypeofclothingwornbypeopledirectlyaffectstheheatexchangebetweenthehumanbodyand
the environment. The heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent
(evaporation). The insulation provided by a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs and
materials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by clothing,
distribution of the fabric layers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surface
area for heat loss. Insulation measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors into
account. Measurements of the resistance to dry heat loss provided by clothing can be used to
determine the thermal comfort or stress of people in cold to comfortable environments (see Practice
F2732, ASHRAE 55-1992, and ISO 7730). However, the moisture permeability of clothing is more
important in environmental conditions where heat balance can only be achieved by the evaporation of
sweat.
1. Scope 1.4 The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble can
be measured in accordance with Test Method F2370.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the insu-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
lation value of clothing ensembles. It describes the measure-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ment of the resistance to dry heat transfer from a heated
responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and
manikin to a relatively calm, cool environment. Information on
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
measuring the local thermal resistance values for individual
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
garments and ensembles is provided in Annex A1.
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing
2. Referenced Documents
measurement on a standing manikin.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not
D1518 Test Method for Thermal Resistance of Batting
addressed in this test method.
Systems Using a Hot Plate
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the par-
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
ticular ensembles evaluated and for the specified environmen-
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
tal conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air
F2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-
movement.
tance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin
F2732 Practice for Determining theTemperature Ratings for
1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to be
Cold Weather Protective Clothing
regardedseparatelyasstandard.Withinthetext,theSIunitsare
3
2.2 ASHRAE Standards:
shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not
ASHRAE 55-1992 Thermal Environmental Conditions for
exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used inde-
Human Occupancy
pendently of the other.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF23onPersonal contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
F23.60 on Human Factors. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originally Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F1291 - 10. DOI: Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA
10.1520/F1291-15. 30329, http://www.ashrae.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1291 − 15
4
2.3 ISO Standards: environmental conditions. Garment insulation values can be
ISO 7730 1994 Moderate Thermal Environments— compared as well (see Annex A1).
Determination of the PMV and PPD Indices and Specifi-
4.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clothing
cation of the Conditions for Thermal Comfort
is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques
ISO 9920 1995 Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment—
used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to
Estimation of the Thermal
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F1291 − 10 F1291 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a
1
Heated Manikin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The type of clothing worn by people directly affects the heat exchange between the human body and
the environment. The heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent
(evaporation). The insulation provided by a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs and
materials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by clothing,
distribution of the fabric layers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surface
area for heat loss. Insulation measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors into
account. Measurements of the resistance to dry heat loss provided by clothing can be used to
determine the thermal comfort or stress of people in cold to comfortable environments (see
ASHRAE 55-1992Practice F2732, ASHRAE 55-1992, and ISO 7730). However, the moisture perme-
ability of clothing is more important in environmental conditions where heat balance can only be
achieved by the evaporation of sweat.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the insulation value of clothing ensembles. It describes the measurement of
the resistance to dry heat transfer from a heated manikin to a relatively calm, cool environment. Information on measuring the local
thermal resistance values for individual garments and ensembles is provided in Annex A1.
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing measurement on a standing manikin.
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified environmental
conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement.
1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown
in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of
the other.
1.4 The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble can be measured in accordance with Test Method F2370.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1518 Test Method for Thermal Resistance of Batting Systems Using a Hot Plate
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
F2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin
F2732 Practice for Determining the Temperature Ratings for Cold Weather Protective Clothing
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F23.60 on Human Factors.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010Nov. 1, 2015. Published January 2010December 2015. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20052010
as F1291 - 05.F1291 - 10. DOI: 10.1520/F1291-10.10.1520/F1291-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1291 − 15
3
2.2 ASHRAE Standards:
ASHRAE 55-1992 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy
4
2.3 ISO Standards:
ISO 7730 1994 Moderate Thermal Environments—Determination of the PMV and PPD Indices and Specification of the
Conditions for Thermal Comfort
3
Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlan
...
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