ASTM G203-10(2020)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Determining Friction Energy Dissipation in Reciprocating Tribosystems
Standard Guide for Determining Friction Energy Dissipation in Reciprocating Tribosystems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many sliding systems exhibit intermittent high friction force excursions compared to competing tribosystems. However, where friction forces or friction coefficients are averaged, the test data may show that the two systems have the same friction characteristics, when in fact they were not the same; there was a friction “problem” in the one with the periodic aberrations. The FED takes into account all friction forces that occur in the test increment. It is all of the friction energy that the couple dissipated in the designated test duration. It captures the friction profile of a system in a single number that can be used to screen candidate couples for friction characteristics.
5.2 If the friction energy used in a reciprocating tribosystem is of concern this metric along with the friction recording, average coefficient of friction, and standard deviation of the force readings, produces the most meaningful data. It is a metric of the energy loss in a tribosystem.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and is intended for use in interpreting the friction forces recorded in reciprocating tribosystems. The guide applies to any reciprocating tribosystem, whether it is a wear or fretting test or an actual machine or device.
1.2 The energy dissipation guide was developed in analyzing friction results in the Test Method G133 reciprocating ball-on-flat test, but it applies to other ASTM or ISO reciprocating tests. This technique is frequently used to record the friction response in fretting tribosystems.
1.3 Specimen material may play some role in the results if the materials under test display viscoelastic behavior. This guide as written is for metals, plastics, and ceramics that do not display viscoelastic behavior. It also applies to lubricated and non-lubricated contacts.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G203 − 10 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Guide for
Determining Friction Energy Dissipation in Reciprocating
Tribosystems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G203; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope G115 Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coeffi-
cients
1.1 This guide covers and is intended for use in interpreting
G133 Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat
the friction forces recorded in reciprocating tribosystems. The
Sliding Wear
guide applies to any reciprocating tribosystem, whether it is a
G163 Guide for Digital Data Acquisition in Wear and
wear or fretting test or an actual machine or device.
Friction Measurements (Withdrawn 2016)
1.2 The energy dissipation guide was developed in analyz-
ing friction results in the Test Method G133 reciprocating
3. Terminology
ball-on-flat test, but it applies to other ASTM or ISO recipro-
3.1 Definitions:
cating tests. This technique is frequently used to record the
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, n—in tribology, the dimension-
friction response in fretting tribosystems.
less ratio of the friction force (F) between two bodies to the
1.3 Specimen material may play some role in the results if
normal force (N) pressing these bodies together. G40
the materials under test display viscoelastic behavior. This
3.1.2 fretting—small amplitude oscillatory motion, usually
guide as written is for metals, plastics, and ceramics that do not
tangential between two solid surfaces in contact. G40
display viscoelastic behavior. It also applies to lubricated and
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
non-lubricated contacts.
3.2.1 friction envelope—when making friction energy loss
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
measurements, the graphic representation of the cyclic friction
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
force versus time history of a tribosystem in which the
standard.
boundaries surrounding these variations in time produces a
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
shape with a measurable area.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.2 reciprocating tribosystem—sliding system where the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
direction of motion of the moving member periodically re-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
verses (for example, piston in a cylinder).
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.3 Acronyms:
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.3.1 DAS, n—data acquisition system.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.3.2 FED, n—frictionenergydissipated.Theworkrequired
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
to overcome the resistance to motion encountered in sliding
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical one solid on another expressed in energy units (joules).
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.3.3 RFED, n—relative friction energy dissipated. The
work required to overcome the resistance to motion encoun-
2. Referenced Documents
teredinslidingonesolidonanothersolidexpressedinarbitrary
2.1 ASTM Standards:
units for comparison studies on candidate tribocouples.
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
4. Summary of Guide
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and
4.1 Frictional effects can be a concern in many tribosystems
Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Friction.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020. Published November 2020. Originally soitiscommontomonitorfrictionforceinlaboratorytestsand
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as G203 – 10 (2016).
even field evaluations of machines. There are many ways of
DOI:10.1520/G0203-10R20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G203 − 10 (2020)
reporting the recorded friction forces: friction force (see Guide 7. Test Specimen Configuration
G115), average friction force for a test, average coefficient of
7.1 This friction assessment methodology has been used on
friction, static and kinetic coefficient of friction, coefficient of
reciprocating sphere-on-flat, block-on-ring, and flat-on-flat
friction at periodic time intervals, etc. This guide presents a
specimens.
methodology to convert friction forces monitored throughout a
test cycle into a test metric called friction energy dissipated
8. Procedure
(FED).Forwithin-labteststhemetricis relative friction energy
8.1 Two options are described, depending on the type of
dissipated (RFED). Both of these terms represent an integra-
friction-measuring and recording system available for use. In
tion of the area within the force/tangential displacement output
Option A, discrete friction loop capture, the features of
of the force measurement system.
individual cycles are recorded by a high-speed DAS (for
4.2 The FED parameter will have energy units; the RFED
example, see Fig. 1). In Option B, details of individual cycles
parameter can have arbitrary units because it is used to
are not clearly observable, but rather, the general trend of the
compare various candidates in the same test in the same
cyclic friction force variation, called a friction envelope, is
laboratory using the same test equipment.
obtained.
8.1.1 Option A, Cumulative Friction Loop Method—The
5. Significance and Use
DAS shall have sufficiently high recording rate and friction
force resolution to enable the details of friction versus time
5.1 Many sliding systems exhibit intermittent high friction
plots for individual forward and back cycles, called friction
force excursions compared to competing tribosystems.
loops, to be captured. It is the responsibility of the user to
However, where friction forces or friction coefficients are
ensure the proper calibration of the force and displacement
averaged, the test data may show that the two systems have the
sensors.The area enclosed by each loop, in force-time space, is
same friction characteristics, when in fact they were not the
a measure of the frictional energy dissipated during that loop.
same; there was a friction “problem” in the one with the
Cumulative summation of the areas of all loops generated
periodic aberrations. The FED takes into account all friction
during a given
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