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ASTM D4814-00

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SCOPE
1.1 This specification guides in establishing requirements of automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines.
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through September 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska and Hawaii. Variation of antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in . This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates such as alcohols and ethers. This specification does not apply to fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as Fuel Methanol (M85). The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. However, depending on oxygenate type, as oxygenate content increases above some threshold level, the likelihood for vehicle problems also increases. The composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are defined by this specification. In addition, the composition of unleaded fuel is subject to the rules, regulations, and Clean Air Act waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, deposit control additive certification, and use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact EPA for the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.
1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are described in the research report on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements found in this research report, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements found in this specification.
1.5 This specification represents a description of automotive fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under continuous review, which can result in revisions based on changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore, should refer to the latest edition.
Note 1--If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification D4814, contact ASTM Headquarters.
1.6 Tests applicable to gasoline are not necessarily applicable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type of fuel under consideration must first be identified in order to select applicable tests. Test Method D4815 provides a procedure for determining oxygenate concentration in mass percent. Test Method D4815 also includes procedures for calculating mass oxygen content and oxygenate concentration in volume percent. provides a procedure for calculating the mass oxygen content of a fuel using measured oxygenate type, oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measured density or relative density of the fuel.
1.7 The following applies...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2001
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.A0 - Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D4814-00a - Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7096-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Boiling Range Distribution of Gasoline by Wide-Bore Capillary Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7667-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Corrosiveness to Silver by Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel—Thin Silver Strip Method
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM F1743-22 - Standard Practice for Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and Conduits by Pulled-in-Place Installation of Cured-in-Place Thermosetting Resin Pipe (CIPP)
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D7619-22 - Standard Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particles in Light and Middle Distillate Fuels, by Automatic Particle Counter
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5983-21 - Standard Specification for Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) for Blending With Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6469-20 - Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5598-20 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Electronic Port Fuel Injector Fouling
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM F2507-15 - Standard Specification for Recreational Airpark Design
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D5797-21 - Standard Specification for Methanol Fuel Blends (M51–M85) for Methanol-Capable Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D2699-23 - Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6423-20a - Standard Test Method for Determination of pHe of Denatured Fuel Ethanol and Ethanol Fuel Blends
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6201-19a - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1259-23 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390 °C
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D8076-21b - Standard Specification for 100 Research Octane Number Test Fuel for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001

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ASTM D4814-00 - Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelASTM D4814-00 - Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
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ASTM D4814-00 - Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation: D 4814 – 00
Standard Specification for
1
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous
contents, deposit control additive certification, and use of
1.1 This specification guides in establishing requirements of
oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact EPAfor
automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with spark-
the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.
ignition engines.
1.4 This specification does not address the emission char-
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of
acteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Refor-
automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating
mulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to
conditions.Itprovidesforavariationofthevolatilityandwater
lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its character-
tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal
istics are described in the research report on reformulated
climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the
2
spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal
period May 1 through September 15, the maximum vapor
requirements found in this research report, reformulated spark-
pressure limits issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection
ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements
Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except
found in this specification.
Alaska and Hawaii.Variation of antiknock index with seasonal
1.5 Thisspecificationrepresentsadescriptionofautomotive
climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1.
fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under
This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels
continuous review, which can result in revisions based on
that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily
changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a
excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain
combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore,
operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance
should refer to the latest edition.
of each of the properties of this specification is shown in
Appendix X1.
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specifi- D 4814, contact ASTM Headquarters.
cation are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates such as
1.6 Tests applicable to gasoline are not necessarily appli-
alcohols and ethers. This specification does not apply to fuels
cable to its blends with oxygenates. Consequently, the type of
that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as
fuel under consideration must first be identified in order to
Fuel Methanol (M85). The concentrations and types of oxy-
select applicable tests. Test Method D 4815 provides a proce-
genates are not specifically limited in this specification. How-
dure for determining oxygenate concentration in mass percent.
ever, depending on oxygenate type, as oxygenate content
Test Method D 4815 also includes procedures for calculating
increasesabovesomethresholdlevel,thelikelihoodforvehicle
mass oxygen content and oxygenate concentration in volume
problemsalsoincreases.Thecompositionofbothunleadedand
percent.Appendix X4 provides a procedure for calculating the
leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical
mass oxygen content of a fuel using measured oxygenate type,
consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are
oxygenate concentration in volume percent, and measured
defined by this specification. In addition, the composition of
density or relative density of the fuel.
unleaded fuel is subject to the rules, regulations, and CleanAir
1.7 The following applies to all specified limits in this
Act waivers of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
standard: For purposes of determining conformance with these
(EPA). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this
specifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be
specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPArules,
rounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most significant digit
regulations,andwaivers.RefertoAppendixX3fordiscussions
used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with
the rounding method of Prac
...

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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
1.2 The test method can also be applicable to blends of diesel and biodiesel (B1 through B100), however precision for these samples types has not been evaluated.  
1.3 The test method is not applicable for analysis of petroleum containing low molecular weight components (for example naphthas, reformates, gasolines, crude oils).  
1.4 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160, especially the initial and final boiling points.  
1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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