ASTM D1995-92(2017)

Standard Test Methods for Multi-Modal Strength Testing of Autohesives (Contact Adhesives)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The application procedures in these test methods yield films free of the irregularities, artifacts, and variations inherent in brushing, spraying, or trowelling. Accordingly, these test methods measure the strength of autohesive bonds between two autohesive films whose topography is characteristic of the autohesive itself rather than the artifacts of the application procedure. It is recommended that this information be considered in extrapolating results from these test methods.  
5.2 The magnitude of the measured bond strengths also depends on other factors such as film thickness, the manner in which pressure is applied, the magnitude and duration of the application of pressure, and the temperature and humidity at various stages of the test. Accordingly, these parameters should be chosen in a manner consistent with the end use of the autohesive.  
5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to diagnose the causes for lack of repeatability between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of precision. As a minimum, the two parties should select a group of test specimens and visually examine their failure modes. The average results from the two laboratories should then be compared using Student’s t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level should be chosen by the two parties before testing is begun.
FIG. 1 One Type of Knife Applicator
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures by which autohesives can be tested in four commonly practiced stressing modes, namely: compression shear, cleavage, climbing drum peel, and T-peel, and in various combinations of rigid-to-rigid, flexible-to-rigid, and flexible-to-flexible adherends that include wood, aluminum, steel flakeboard, and plastic laminates. Quantitative test methods that involve bond formation by impact are also provided. Three pressure modes are provided: static, roller, and impact. Because there are many types of contact adhesives being used to bond many different materials under widely differing conditions, these test methods are designed to allow the user to select the test mode, coating thickness, temperature and relative humidity conditions, pressure magnitude and mode, open time, and bond-conditioning time.  
1.1.1 The bond-formation process used with autohesives is unlike that of all other adhesives and in consequence, testing of autohesives requires methods that are unlike those provided by other ASTM standards. See Annex A1.  
1.2 A choice of adherends is available in each test mode. The combination of adherends that can be bonded together is limited to those shown in Appendix X1.  
1.3 Methods for application of pressure are available in each test mode. For a particular combination of substrates, the means available for application of pressure are limited to those shown in Appendix X2.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.5.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2017
• ICS: 83.180 - Adhesives
• Technical Committee: D14 - Adhesives
• Drafting Committee: D14.70 - Construction Adhesives

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D1995-92(2011) - Standard Test Methods for Multi-Modal Strength Testing of Autohesives (Contact Adhesives)
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Refers: ASTM D2651-01(2016) - Standard Guide for Preparation of Metal Surfaces for Adhesive Bonding
• Effective Date: 01-May-2016
• Refers: ASTM E4-14 - Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2014
• Refers: ASTM D907-12a - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2012
• Refers: ASTM D907-12 - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-May-2012
• Refers: ASTM D907-11a - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2011
• Refers: ASTM D907-11 - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2011
• Refers: ASTM E4-10 - Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2010
• Refers: ASTM E4-09a - Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2009
• Refers: ASTM E4-09 - Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2009
• Refers: ASTM E4-08 - Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2008
• Refers: ASTM D905-08e1 - Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Refers: ASTM D1062-08 - Standard Test Method for Cleavage Strength of Metal-to-Metal Adhesive Bonds
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Refers: ASTM D1876-08 - Standard Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives (T-Peel Test)
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Refers: ASTM D907-08b - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008

Overview

ASTM D1995-92(2017) – Standard Test Methods for Multi-Modal Strength Testing of Autohesives (Contact Adhesives) is an internationally recognized ASTM standard, developed to provide reliable procedures for measuring the bond strength between autohesive films using a range of test modes. Autohesives-also referred to as contact adhesives-are unique in their bond-formation process, requiring specialized techniques for accurate performance evaluation. These methods create adhesive films free from application variations, ensuring that measured strength reflects the intrinsic properties of the autohesive itself rather than artifacts of application.

Designed to cover various industrial needs, the standard supports selection and optimization of important test parameters-including test mode, coating thickness, pressure mode, temperature, humidity, open time, and bond-conditioning time-to match specific end-use conditions. ASTM D1995-92(2017) aligns with globally accepted principles, facilitating consistent quality assurance and dispute resolution across the adhesives industry.

Key Topics

• Multi-modal bond strength testing: The standard outlines procedures for testing autohesives in four main stressing modes:

  • Compression shear
  • Cleavage
  • Climbing drum peel
  • T-peel

• Material flexibility: Supports testing of rigid-to-rigid, flexible-to-rigid, and flexible-to-flexible adherend combinations, including wood, aluminum, steel, flakeboard, and plastic laminates.

• Application variables: Allows users to select conditions such as film thickness, temperature, pressure mode (static, roller, or impact), and humidity, which are all critical for simulating real-world applications.

• Artifact-free measurement: Emphasizes procedures (e.g., use of knife or rod applicators) that eliminate irregularities introduced by brushing, spraying, or trowelling, providing accurate assessment of autohesive properties.

• Precision and repeatability: Recommends comparative testing and statistical analysis (such as Student’s t-test) in cases of disagreement in results to ensure reliable acceptance testing and resolution of disputes between suppliers and purchasers.

• Test apparatus requirements: Describes appropriate equipment for environmental control, force verification, and specimen preparation to maintain test consistency and data reliability.

Applications

ASTM D1995-92(2017) is valuable for a wide range of industries where contact adhesives are used for bonding dissimilar materials under varied environmental and mechanical conditions. Typical applications include:

• Product development and quality control: Manufacturers use these test methods to evaluate new autohesive products and ensure consistent bond performance during production.
• Construction and composites: Essential for testing adhesives in wood, engineered panels, plastics, and metals used in building and architectural products.
• Automotive and transportation: Provides performance benchmarks for autohesives in automotive interiors, trim components, and other assemblies where flexible and rigid parts must be bonded.
• Dispute resolution: Provides standardized procedures for comparative testing in acceptance of commercial shipments and forensic analysis of bond failures.

The adaptability of test modes and conditions makes this standard especially relevant for R&D professionals, materials engineers, and quality assurance managers seeking reliable data on autohesive performance under realistic use scenarios.

Related Standards

For comprehensive understanding and best practices in adhesive testing, ASTM D1995-92(2017) references or is complemented by the following related ASTM standards:

• ASTM D905: Strength Properties of Adhesive Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading
• ASTM D907: Terminology of Adhesives
• ASTM D1062: Cleavage Strength of Metal-to-Metal Adhesive Bonds
• ASTM D1151: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Adhesive Bonds
• ASTM D1781: Climbing Drum Peel for Adhesives
• ASTM D1876: Peel Resistance of Adhesives (T-Peel Test)
• ASTM D2651: Preparation of Metal Surfaces for Adhesive Bonding
• ASTM E4: Force Verification of Testing Machines

Utilizing this suite of ASTM standards provides a robust framework for evaluating and specifying adhesive performance, supporting both manufacturers and end-users in achieving optimal bonding results.

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Keywords: ASTM D1995-92(2017), autohesive, contact adhesive, bond strength testing, adhesive testing standard, industrial adhesives, multi-modal strength testing, quality control, materials testing, adhesives industry standard.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1995 − 92 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Methods for
Multi-Modal Strength Testing of Autohesives (Contact
Adhesives)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.5.
1.1 These test methods cover procedures by which autohe-
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
sives can be tested in four commonly practiced stressing
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
modes, namely: compression shear, cleavage, climbing drum
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
peel, and T-peel, and in various combinations of rigid-to-rigid,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
flexible-to-rigid, and flexible-to-flexible adherends that include
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
wood, aluminum, steel flakeboard, and plastic laminates.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Quantitative test methods that involve bond formation by
impact are also provided. Three pressure modes are provided:
2. Referenced Documents
static, roller, and impact. Because there are many types of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
contact adhesives being used to bond many different materials
D905 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive
under widely differing conditions, these test methods are
Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading
designed to allow the user to select the test mode, coating
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
thickness, temperature and relative humidity conditions, pres-
D1062 Test Method for Cleavage Strength of Metal-to-
sure magnitude and mode, open time, and bond-conditioning
Metal Adhesive Bonds
time.
D1151 Practice for Effect of Moisture and Temperature on
1.1.1 The bond-formation process used with autohesives is
Adhesive Bonds
unlikethatofallotheradhesivesandinconsequence,testingof
D1781 Test Method for Climbing Drum Peel for Adhesives
autohesives requires methods that are unlike those provided by
D1876 Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives (T-
other ASTM standards. See Annex A1.
Peel Test)
1.2 A choice of adherends is available in each test mode.
D2651 GuideforPreparationofMetalSurfacesforAdhesive
The combination of adherends that can be bonded together is
Bonding
limited to those shown in Appendix X1.
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.3 Methodsforapplicationofpressureareavailableineach
test mode. For a particular combination of substrates, the 3. Terminology
means available for application of pressure are limited to those
3.1 Definitions:
shown in Appendix X2.
3.1.1 Many terms in these test methods are defined in
Terminology D907.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical 3.1.2 autohesion, n—adhesion developed by interdiffusion
of the molecules of two solid surfaces of the same material and
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard. consequent obliteration of the interface between them.
3.1.3 autohesive, n—an adhesive possessing the property of
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
autohesion. (Also called contact-bond adhesive and dry-bond
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
adhesive.)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.4 shear strength, n—in adhesive joint, the maximum
average stress when a force is applied parallel to the joint.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on
Adhesives and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.70 on Construc-
tion Adhesives. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D1995 – 92 (2011). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D1995-92R17. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1995 − 92 (2017)
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In most adhesive test methods, the acceptable probability level should be chosen by the two
shearstrengthisactuallythemaximumaveragestressatfailure parties before testing is begun.
ofthespecimen,notnecessarilythetruemaximumstressinthe
material.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 autohesive (contact) failure, n—a condition in which
no contact appears to have occurred between the two layers of
autohesive, as evidence by visual inspection of the specimen
after destructive testing.
3.2.2 bond-conditioning time, n—the time elapsed between
making the bonded assembly and testing it or specimens made
from it.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 The autohesive is conditioned to the temperature se-
lected for the coating application, the substrates are surfaced
flat, precut or cleaned, or both, as required, and then condi-
tioned to the temperature and humidity preselected for the
FIG. 1 One Type of Knife Applicator
coating application. Under controlled temperature and
humidity, a film of autohesive of predetermined wet-film
6. Apparatus
thickness is coated on to the substrates, and allowed to dry for
6.1 Testing Machines:
the duration of the open-assembly time. The coated materials
6.1.1 Test Methods D905, D1062, D1781, D1876, and
are brought together with light finger pressure, and bonded
Guide D2651 independently specify the testing machine rel-
assemblies are made by applying pressure. Pressure may be
evant to these test methods.
applied in one of three ways: static, impact, or roller. Assem-
6.1.2 To perform all tests in these test methods, the testing
blies are conditioned in a controlled environment for a speci-
machine must meet the following requirements:
fied time, the bond-conditioning time. Assemblies are cut into
6.1.2.1 Capability of performing tests in tension and com-
specimens where required.Assemblies requiring no cutting, or
pression; load range 4400 lb (2000 N).
precut specimens, are tested destructively in either of the four
6.1.2.2 Rate of movement of the cross-head must be con-
modes described in Sections 8, 9, 10, and 11.
stant and independent of any fluctuation of the load.
6.1.2.3 A range of cross-head speeds from 0.05 in./min
5. Significance and Use
(1.27 mm/min) to 2 in./min, (50 mm/min).
5.1 The application procedures in these test methods yield
6.1.2.4 The machine must be provided with a load-rate
films free of the irregularities, artifacts, and variations inherent
controller capable of controlling the load rate from 600 to 700
in brushing, spraying, or trowelling. Accordingly, these test
lbf/min (2700 to 3200 N/min).
methods measure the strength of autohesive bonds between
6.1.2.5 Autographic equipment to record the load-versus-
two autohesive films whose topography is characteristic of the
head movement.
autohesive itself rather than the artifacts of the application
6.1.3 Verification of the testing equipment may be made in
procedure. It is recommended that this information be consid-
accordance with the recommendations of Practices E4.
ered in extrapolating results from these test methods.
6.2 Equipment for Environmental Temperature and Humid-
5.2 The magnitude of the measured bond strengths also
ity Control—Equipment must be capable of maintaining rela-
depends on other factors such as film thickness, the manner in
tive humidity within 62 % of the selected value, and tempera-
which pressure is applied, the magnitude and duration of the
ture within 62°F (61°C) of the selected value.
application of pressure, and the temperature and humidity at
6.3 Applicators—Fixed or variable-gap applicators, com-
variousstagesofthetest.Accordingly,theseparametersshould
monly called knife applicators, may be used. The knife design,
be chosen in a manner consistent with the end use of the
shown in Fig. 1 or similar applicators provided with side
autohesive.
guide arms at least 1 in. (25 mm) long, are preferred.
5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported
Applicators shall be wide enough for the guide arms to ride on
results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of
the rider pieces and at least 1 in. (25 mm), away from the edge
commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should
of center substrate during application, as in Fig. 2. Wide-
conduct comparative tests to diagnose the causes for lack of
wound-rod applicators may also be used for deposition of wet
repeatability between their laboratories. Competent statistical
films 0.002 to 0.010 in. (0.051 to 0.254 mm) thick. These
assistance is recommended for the investigation of precision.
applicators obviate the need for restraining devices to maintain
As a minimum, the two parties should select a group of test
flatness of sheet substrates while coating and are generally
specimens and visually examine their failure modes. The
average results from the two laboratories should then be
compared using Student’s t-test for unpaired data and an Available from Precision Gage and Tool Co., Dayton, Ohio 45410.
D1995 − 92 (2017)
FIG. 2 Applicator Placed on Material for Coating
preferred over knife applicators provided the required wet-film
thickness does not exceed 0.01 in. (0.254 mm). The wide-
wound portion of the rod should be at least 2 in. (50 mm)
longer than the adherend width. The wet-film thickness depos-
ited by all wide-wound-rod applicators is not predictable from
the diameter of the wire. Consult the manufacturer’s data.
6.4 Float-Glass Plate, ⁄4 in. (6 mm) minimum thickness,
minimum width and length 12 and 17 in. (0.3 and 0.4 m).
6.5 Restraining Devices, for coating sheet substrates while
using knife applicators, restraining devices are required to
maintain flatness.
6.5.1 Machinists’Flat Magnetic Table, recommended size 8
by 17 in. (0.2 by 0.4 m). (For steel only.)
6.5.2 Vacuum Table, minimum size 8 by 17 in. (0.2 by 0.4
m).
6.5.3 Whenever restraining devices in 6.5.1 and 6.5.2 are
not available and knife applicators are to be used, sheet
substrates can be rendered flat by taping their back sides to the
plate-glass with 1 in. (25 mm) wide double-coated pressure-
sensitive tape. The tape selected should allow removal of the
sheets without creasing them.
6.6 Pressure-Application Equipment—Several methods for
the application of pressure are provided. Selection is made by
the user on the basis of field-use requirements.
6.6.1 Static-Pressure-Application Equipment—Hydraulic
FIG. 3 Standard Steel Roller
press: minimum capacity 5000 lb (23 000 N); minimum platen
size 8 by 12 in. (0.2 by 0.3 m). Preferably, one of the platens
should be mounted on a self-aligning joint. Both platens shall
and 4 in. wide (155 mm in diameter by 100 mm wide)
be ground flat and checked for parallelism and flatness with a
weighing 33 6 1.0 lb (15 6 0.5 kg); or a light roller 4-in.
machinist’s straightedge.
diameter and 2.5 in. wide (100-mm diameter by 64 mm wide)
6.6.2 Rollers—Steel rollers must be mounted on freely
weighing 10 6 0.5 lb (4.5 6 0.25 kg).
rotating axles; ball-bearing mounts are preferable. The roller
6.6.3 Impact-Application Equipment—The Bellows impact
design should conform generally with Fig. 3. Either of the two
press consisting of a series B772-006 arbour stand and a
rollers specified may be used: a heavy roller 6 in. in diameter
“Bellows Air Motor” Series B8013. The “Bellows” impact
press is shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.
Wire-wound applicators are available from the Leneta Co., PO Box 576
Ho-Ho-Kus, NJ 07423, from Byk Mallinckrodt Chemische Producte, 4230 Wessel
Postfach 245, West Germany, and from Paul Gardner and Co. Inc., 218-D This equipment can be purchased from Bellows-Valvair, Akron, Ohio 44309.
Commercial Blvd., Suite 205, Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, FL 33308-4491. Also from the same company offices in Glendale, CA 91201 and Toronto, Canada.
D1995 − 92 (2017)
6.8 Test Fixtures—The fixtures described in the ASTM
standards referenced in Section 2 were modified for the
purposes of these test methods.
6.8.1 The climbing drum prescribed in Test Method D1781
has been modified according to Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9.
The grooves in the drum customize it for use with the fixture
in Fig. 8 by allowing the retaining lips on the fixturing device
to fit into the grooves. This will unbalance the drum, but since
controls are run and these are subtracted from the test results,
the effect of the unbalance is nullified. The fixture in Fig. 8 is
also a modification of the fixture in Fig. 4 of Test Method
D1781. It does not require pre-drilling the test specimens.
6.8.2 The fixture required for the cleavage test, Fig. 10,isa
modification of the fixture in Fig. 1 of Test Method D1062.
6.9 Machinist’s Straightedge—A 12-in. (300-mm) machin-
ist’s straightedge (generally available from machinists’ shops)
is required. One of the lengthwise edges must be bevelled.
7. Test Materials
7.1 Checking Flatness of Materials—Lay the bevelled edge
of a machinist’s straightedge on the material perpendicular to
its surface and along its width. While shining a bright light
behind the straightedge, inspect the line of contact between the
edge and the material. If the material is flat, no light should
shine through. Make repeat observations at 2-in. (50-mm)
intervals lengthwise. See Fig. 11.
7.1.1 Material Dimensions—See Table 1.
7.2 Selection and Preparation of Maple Blocks—Selecthard
maple blocks, kiln-dried, (Acer saccharum or Acer nigrum)
having a minimum specific gravity of 0.65 based on oven-dry
weight and volume, from planks that are of straight grain, that
is, grain that runs parallel to the length of the plank, and free
FIG. 4 The Bellows Air Valve Used for Impacting Peel Specimens
from defects including knots, birdseye, cross grain, decay, and
anyunusualdiscoloration.(SeealsoTestMethodD905.)Select
pre-surfaced wood that is reasonably flat. To facilitate meeting
the flatness requirements, condition the wood to be cut or
surfaced to equilibrium moisture content at the same relative
humidity and temperature selected for the coating operation.
The cutting operations need not be performed under these
FIG. 5 Ball and Platen Assembly
6.7 Surfacing Machines for Solid Wood—Thefollowingtwo
types of wood-working machines are required to make solid-
wood specimens that are flat and of an even thickness.
6.7.1 A wood planer, sometimes referred to as a thickness
planer. Any high-speed wood planer capable of producing a
visiblysmoothsurface,freeofanyripplesorwaves,andplanks
of equal thickness from end to end shall be acceptable.
6.7.2 A jointer-planer of sufficient width to accommodate
NOTE 1—Figures 6 and 7 show a drum that has been grooved to take in
8-in. (20-cm) planks and that can be aligned to produce flat
the fixturing lips of the fixture in Figs. 8 and 9.
planks. FIG. 6 Climbing Peel Drum
D1995 − 92 (2017)
tions and discolorations within the test area. The same
handling, storage, and flatness requirements apply as for hard
maple, see 7.2. See Table 1 for dimensions. (Take note that
Douglas fir is not used in the cleavage test.)
7.4 Particleboard or flakeboard must have a minimum
3 3
density of 45 lb/ft (0.73 g/cm ).As delivered, it should be flat.
After cutting to size, verify the flatness of the board as in 7.1.
Reject any non-flat pieces.
7.4.1 See 7.1.1 for dimensions, take note that flakeboard is
not used in the cleavage test.
7.5 Cold-Rolled Steel Sheets—Inspect cut sheets for burrs
and bends and file along the edges if necessary to remove any
protrusions. Discard bent or creased sheets. Before use, vapor
degrease in accordance with Guide D2651. Following
degreasing, prepare specimens in accordance with Method D
of Guide D2651. After degreasing, take care not to touch the
surface to be bonded to avoid contamination and possible bond
impairment.
FIG. 7 Dimensions of Climbing Peel Drum
NOTE 1—Warning: After degreasing, apply the autohesive within 1 h.
Oxidation can occur in a very short time. Keep sheets that are not to be
used within the hour immersed in water-free, pure, unused degreasing
solvent, until ready for use.
7.6 Sheet Aluminum:
7.6.1 Any aluminum sheet alloy may be used. Typical sheet
alloys are 2024-T3, 6061-T6, and 7075-T6.
7.6.2 Inspect cut sheets for burrs and bends and file along
the edges if necessary to remove any protrusions. Discard bent
or creased sheets. Follow by degreasing the sheets in accor-
dancewith5.1ofGuideD2651.Afterdegreasing,takecarenot
to touch the surface to be bonded to avoid contamination and
possible bond impairment.
7.7 High-Pressure Laminate—Sheets must be constructed
of phenolic backing and melamine facings, formed at 1000 to
2000psi(6.9to13.8MPa).Tobeusedasrigidadherendsinthe
compressionshear,climbingdrumpeel,andcleavagemethods,
the decorative face of the high-pressure laminate must first be
bonded to another flat, rigid material such as hard maple,
FIG. 8 End View of Specimen Holder for Climbing Drum Peel,
Douglas fir, or flakeboard. Prepare the decorative face for
Minus Specimen
bonding by roughening with 120-grit abrasive paper.Take care
not to touch the prepared surface to avoid contamination and
possible bond impairment. For bonding, use any adhesive
temperature and humidity conditions, but it is strongly advised
whichisknowntobestrongerthantheautohesivebeingtested.
that the wood to be cut should be returned as quickly as
possible to the temperature and humidity environment selected Epoxy, resorcinol-formaldehyde, and urea-formaldehyde adhe-
sives have been found suitable. Furthermore, the adhesive
for conditioning and coating. In this manner, changes in the
moisture content of the wood that induce warping will be should flow uniformly throughout the surface to prevent any
uneven topography. Avoid using paste adhesives. To maintain
prevented. After moisture conditioning joint the surface to be
bonded with a jointer-planer. Check the jointed surface for the flatness of the plastic laminate/flakeboard assembly, carry
out the curing operation on a press in accordance with 6.6.1,
flatness with a machinist’s straightedge. Then plane the oppo-
taking care that all surfaces that come in contact with the
site surface to the desired thickness with a thickness planer.
laminate backing are clean and free of oil and grease.
Warping during storage can be minimized by stacking the
wood with ⁄4-in. (20-mm) spacers between planks. Restrain
8. Strength Testing in Shear by Compression Loading
the ends by tying together cross pieces at the top and bottom of
the bundle. (See Test Method D905)
7.3 Douglas Fir—Solid wood Douglas fir blocks must have 8.1 The selections of adherends and pressure modes avail-
a minimum specific gravity of 0.4 based on oven-dry weight able in these test methods are shown in Table 1 and in
and volume. The grain must run parallel to the length of the Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.The strength of some of these
plank, and be free from defects including knots, rosin exuda- materials may be inadequate for some autohesives under some
D1995 − 92 (2017)
FIG. 9 Holding Fixture for 0.04 Steel Suitable for a Sample Width of 3.034 in. (7.706 cm)
laminates can be used in this test only by first laminating the
decorative face of the laminate to one of the rigid materials as
in 7.7.
8.2 Select the relative humidity and temperature for condi-
tioningthematerials.(Seealso7.2.)Theseconditionsmayalso
be set by agreement between the user and the party requiring
these tests. In the 23 6 1°C absence of any specific
requirements,usethestandardconditions(73 62°F)and50 6
2 % relative humidity given in Practice D1151. Maintain this
environment while performing the operations described in 8.5,
8.6 (temperature only) 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, and 8.10.
8.3 Materials:
8.3.1 Precondition materials in the selected environment to
FIG. 10 Fixture for Cleavage Test
equilibrium moisture content.
8.3.2 For dimensions see Table 1.
8.4 Surfacing, Precutting, Reassembling, and Recondition-
ing of Materials:
8.4.1 For wood and flakeboard see 7.1 and 7.2.Inthe
precutting operation cut planks into the adherends proper (the
centrepieces)andtwosidepiecesthat,whenplacednexttothe
adherends, serve as supports or riders for the knife applicator
and also prevent the formation of irregularities on the surface
edges upon drying of the autohesive.
8.4.2 Before precutting, make the pieces so that they can be
later taped together in the same order. To avoid warping,
remove the materials to be cut from the conditioning environ-
mentjustpriortocutting,andcutonlythematerialsthatcanbe
used in the same day. Precut each of the two planks along the
length into three sections of which the center section shall be
2 in. (5 mm) wide. See Fig. 2, Fig. 11, and Fig. 12.
Immediately after cutting, return all sections to the environ-
ment selected in 8.2.
8.5 Condition the materials for 1 h. Reassemble the mate-
rials at this time by laying all the pieces on the plate glass with
the side to be bonded facing the glass. Tape all three sections
together, first on the back and then edgewise, as in Fig. 12,
FIG. 11 Suspension for Flatness of Test Assembly Prior to
takingcarethatthelengthwiseedgesofthesectionsareintight
Coating
contact with one another and that they maintain perfect surface
alignmentduringthetapingoperation.Checktheflatnessofthe
taped assembly, as in 7.1. Reject it if it is not flat.
testparameters.Thematerialslistedrankasfollowsindecreas- 8.6 Condition the autohesive to the temperature selected in
ing order of strength: maple, Douglas-fir, flakeboard. Plastic 8.2.
D1995 − 92 (2017)
TABLE 1 Substrate Materials and Dimensions Appropriate for Test Mode
A B C D
Test
...