ASTM D1995-92(2004)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Multi-Modal Strength Testing of Autohesives (Contact Adhesives)
Standard Test Methods for Multi-Modal Strength Testing of Autohesives (Contact Adhesives)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The application procedures in these test methods yield films free of the irregularities, artifacts, and variations inherent in brushing, spraying, or trowelling. Accordingly, these test methods measure the strength of autohesive bonds between two autohesive films whose topography is characteristic of the autohesive itself rather than the artifacts of the application procedure. It is recommended that this information be considered in extrapolating results from these test methods.
The magnitude of the measured bond strengths also depends on other factors such as film thickness, the manner in which pressure is applied, the magnitude and duration of the application of pressure, and the temperature and humidity at various stages of the test. Accordingly, these parameters should be chosen in a manner consistent with the end use of the autohesive.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to diagnose the causes for lack of repeatability between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of precision. As a minimum, the two parties should select a group of test specimens and visually examine their failure modes. The average results from the two laboratories should then be compared using Student’t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level should be chosen by the two parties before testing is begun.
FIG. 1 One Type of Knife Applicator
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures by which autohesives can be tested in four commonly practiced stressing modes, namely: compression shear, cleavage, climbing drum peel, and T-peel, and in various combinations of rigid-to-rigid, flexible-to-rigid, and flexible-to-flexible adherends that include wood, aluminum, steel flakeboard, and plastic laminates. Quantitative test methods that involve bond formation by impact are also provided. Three pressure modes are provided: static, roller, and impact. Because there are many types of contact adhesives being used to bond many different materials under widely differing conditions, these test methods are designed to allow the user to select the test mode, coating thickness, temperature and relative humidity conditions, pressure magnitude and mode, open time, and bond-conditioning time.
1.1.1 The bond-formation process used with autohesives is unlike that of all other adhesives and in consequence, testing of autohesives requires methods that are unlike those provided by other ASTM standards. See Annex A1.
1.2 A choice of adherends is available in each test mode. The combination of adherends that can be bonded together is limited to those shown in Appendix X1.
1.3 Methods for application of pressure are available in each test mode. For a particular combination of substrates, the means available for application of pressure are limited to those shown in Appendix X2.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.5.
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Designation:D1995–92(Reapproved2004)
Standard Test Methods for
Multi-Modal Strength Testing of Autohesives (Contact
Adhesives)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These test methods cover procedures by which autohe- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
sives can be tested in four commonly practiced stressing D905 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive
modes, namely: compression shear, cleavage, climbing drum Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading
peel, and T-peel, and in various combinations of rigid-to-rigid, D907 Terminology of Adhesives
flexible-to-rigid, and flexible-to-flexible adherends that include D1062 Test Method for Cleavage Strength of Metal-to-
wood, aluminum, steel flakeboard, and plastic laminates. Metal Adhesive Bonds
Quantitative test methods that involve bond formation by D1151 Practice for Effect of Moisture and Temperature on
impact are also provided. Three pressure modes are provided: Adhesive Bonds
static, roller, and impact. Because there are many types of D1781 Test Method for Climbing Drum Peel forAdhesives
contact adhesives being used to bond many different materials D1876 Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives (T-
under widely differing conditions, these test methods are Peel Test)
designed to allow the user to select the test mode, coating D2651 Guide for Preparation of Metal Surfaces for Adhe-
thickness, temperature and relative humidity conditions, pres- sive Bonding
sure magnitude and mode, open time, and bond-conditioning E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
time.
3. Terminology
1.1.1 The bond-formation process used with autohesives is
unlikethatofallotheradhesivesandinconsequence,testingof 3.1 Definitions—Many terms in these test methods are
defined in Terminology D907.
autohesives requires methods that are unlike those provided by
3.1.1 autohesion, n—adhesion developed by interdiffusion
other ASTM standards. See Annex A1.
1.2 A choice of adherends is available in each test mode. of the molecules of two solid surfaces of the same material and
consequent obliteration of the interface between them.
The combination of adherends that can be bonded together is
limited to those shown in Appendix X1. 3.1.2 autohesive, n—an adhesive possessing the property of
autohesion. (Also called contact-bond adhesive and dry-bond
1.3 Methodsforapplicationofpressureareavailableineach
test mode. For a particular combination of substrates, the adhesive.)
3.1.3 shear strength, n—in adhesive joint, the maximum
means available for application of pressure are limited to those
shown in Appendix X2. average stress when a force is applied parallel to the joint.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—In most adhesive test methods, the
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for shearstrengthisactuallythemaximumaveragestressatfailure
ofthespecimen,notnecessarilythetruemaximumstressinthe
information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the material.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.2.1 autohesive (contact) failure, n—a condition in which
no contact appears to have occurred between the two layers of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau- autohesive, as evidence by visual inspection of the specimen
after destructive testing.
tionary statements are given in 7.5.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on
Adhesives and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.70 on Construc-
tion Adhesives. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
´1
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D1995 – 92 (1998) . Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D1995-92R04. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1995–92 (2004)
3.2.2 bond-conditioning time, n—the time elapsed between
making the bonded assembly and testing it or specimens made
from it.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 The autohesive is conditioned to the temperature se-
lected for the coating application, the substrates are surfaced
flat, precut or cleaned, or both, as required, and then condi-
tioned to the temperature and humidity preselected for the
coating application. Under controlled temperature and humid-
ity, a film of autohesive of predetermined wet-film thickness is
coated on to the substrates, and allowed to dry for the duration
of the open-assembly time. The coated materials are brought
together with light finger pressure, and bonded assemblies are
made by applying pressure. Pressure may be applied in one of
FIG. 1 One Type of Knife Applicator
threeways:static,impact,orroller.Assembliesareconditioned
in a controlled environment for a specified time, the bond-
6.1.2.1 Capability of performing tests in tension and com-
conditioning time. Assemblies are cut into specimens where
pression; load range 4400 lb (2000 N).
required.Assembliesrequiringnocutting,orprecutspecimens,
6.1.2.2 Rate of movement of the cross-head must be con-
are tested destructively in either of the four modes described in
stant and independent of any fluctuation of the load.
Sections 8, 9, 10, and 11.
6.1.2.3 A range of cross-head speeds from 0.05 in./min
(1.27 mm/min) to 2 in./min, (50 mm/min).
5. Significance and Use
6.1.2.4 The machine must be provided with a load-rate
5.1 The application procedures in these test methods yield
controller capable of controlling the load rate from 600 to 700
films free of the irregularities, artifacts, and variations inherent
lbf/min (2700 to 3200 N/min).
in brushing, spraying, or trowelling. Accordingly, these test
6.1.2.5 Autographic equipment to record the load-versus-
methods measure the strength of autohesive bonds between
head movement.
two autohesive films whose topography is characteristic of the
6.1.3 Verification of the testing equipment may be made in
autohesive itself rather than the artifacts of the application
accordance with the recommendations of Practices E4.
procedure. It is recommended that this information be consid-
6.2 Equipment for Environmental Temperature and Humid-
ered in extrapolating results from these test methods.
ity Control—Equipment must be capable of maintaining rela-
5.2 The magnitude of the measured bond strengths also
tive humidity within 62 % of the selected value, and tempera-
depends on other factors such as film thickness, the manner in
ture within 62°F (61°C) of the selected value.
which pressure is applied, the magnitude and duration of the
6.3 Applicators—Fixed or variable-gap applicators, com-
application of pressure, and the temperature and humidity at
monly called knife applicators, may be used. The knife design,
variousstagesofthetest.Accordingly,theseparametersshould 3
shown in Fig. 1 or similar applicators provided with side
be chosen in a manner consistent with the end use of the
guide arms at least 1 in. (25 mm) long, are preferred.
autohesive.
Applicators shall be wide enough for the guide arms to ride on
5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported
the rider pieces and at least 1 in. (25 mm), away from the edge
results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of
of center substrate during application, as in Fig. 2. Wide-
commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should
wound-rod applicators may also be used for deposition of wet
conduct comparative tests to diagnose the causes for lack of
films 0.002 to 0.010 in. (0.051 to 0.254 mm) thick. These
repeatability between their laboratories. Competent statistical
applicators obviate the need for restraining devices to maintain
assistance is recommended for the investigation of precision.
flatness of sheet substrates while coating and are generally
As a minimum, the two parties should select a group of test
preferred over knife applicators provided the required wet-film
specimens and visually examine their failure modes. The
thickness does not exceed 0.01 in. (0.254 mm). The wide-
average results from the two laboratories should then be
wound portion of the rod should be at least 2 in. (50 mm)
compared using Student’s t-test for unpaired data and an
longer than the adherend width. The wet-film thickness depos-
acceptable probability level should be chosen by the two
ited by all wide-wound-rod applicators is not predictable from
parties before testing is begun. 4
the diameter of the wire. Consult the manufacturer’s data.
6.4 Float-Glass Plate, ⁄4 in. (6 mm) minimum thickness,
6. Apparatus
minimum width and length 12 and 17 in. (0.3 and 0.4 m).
6.1 Testing Machines:
6.1.1 Test Methods D905, D1062, D1781, D1876, and
Available from Precision Gage and Tool Co., Dayton, Ohio 45410.
Guide D2651 independently specify the testing machine rel-
Wire-wound applicators are available from the Leneta Co., PO Box 576
evant to these test methods.
Ho-Ho-Kus, NJ 07423, from Byk Mallinckrodt Chemische Producte, 4230 Wessel
6.1.2 To perform all tests in these test methods, the testing
Postfach 245, West Germany, and from Paul Gardner and Co. Inc., 218-D
machine must meet the following requirements: Commercial Blvd., Suite 205, Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, FL 33308-4491.
D1995–92 (2004)
FIG. 2 Applicator Placed on Material for Coating
6.5 Restraining Devices, for coating sheet substrates while
using knife applicators, restraining devices are required to
maintain flatness.
6.5.1 Machinists’ Flat Magnetic Table,recommendedsize8
by 17 in. (0.2 by 0.4 m). (For steel only.)
6.5.2 Vacuum Table, minimum size 8 by 17 in. (0.2 by 0.4
m).
6.5.3 Whenever restraining devices in 6.5.1 and 6.5.2 are
not available and knife applicators are to be used, sheet
substrates can be rendered flat by taping their back sides to the
plate-glass with 1 in. (25 mm) wide double-coated pressure-
sensitive tape. The tape selected should allow removal of the
sheets without creasing them.
6.6 Pressure-Application Equipment—Several methods for
the application of pressure are provided. Selection is made by
the user on the basis of field-use requirements.
6.6.1 Static-Pressure-Application Equipment—Hydraulic
press: minimum capacity 5000 lb (23 000 N); minimum platen
size 8 by 12 in. (0.2 by 0.3 m). Preferably, one of the platens
should be mounted on a self-aligning joint. Both platens shall
be ground flat and checked for parallelism and flatness with a
machinist’s straightedge.
6.6.2 Rollers—Steel rollers must be mounted on freely
rotating axles; ball-bearing mounts are preferable. The roller
design should conform generally with Fig. 3. Either of the two
rollers specified may be used: a heavy roller 6 in. in diameter
FIG. 3 Standard Steel Roller
and 4 in. wide (155 mm in diameter by 100 mm wide)
weighing 33 6 1.0 lb (15 6 0.5 kg); or a light roller 4-in.
6.7.1 A wood planer, sometimes referred to as a thickness
diameter and 2.5 in. wide (100-mm diameter by 64 mm wide)
planer. Any high-speed wood planer capable of producing a
weighing 10 6 0.5 lb (4.5 6 0.25 kg).
visiblysmoothsurface,freeofanyripplesorwaves,andplanks
6.6.3 Impact-Application Equipment—The Bellows impact
of equal thickness from end to end shall be acceptable.
press consisting of a series B772-006 arbour stand and a
6.7.2 A jointer-planer of sufficient width to accommodate
“Bellows Air Motor” Series B8013. The “Bellows” impact
8-in. (20-cm) planks and that can be aligned to produce flat
press is shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.
planks.
6.7 SurfacingMachinesforSolidWood—Thefollowingtwo
6.8 Test Fixtures—The fixtures described in the ASTM
types of wood-working machines are required to make solid-
standards referenced in Section 2 were modified for the
wood specimens that are flat and of an even thickness.
purposes of these test methods.
6.8.1 The climbing drum prescribed in Test Method D1781
has been modified according to Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9.
This equipment can be purchased from Bellows-Valvair, Akron, Ohio 44309.
Also from the same company offices in Glendale, CA 91201 and Toronto, Canada. The grooves in the drum customize it for use with the fixture
D1995–92 (2004)
NOTE 1—Figures 6 and 7 show a drum that has been grooved to take in
the fixturing lips of the fixture in Figs. 8 and 9.
FIG. 6 Climbing Peel Drum
FIG. 4 The Bellows Air Valve Used for Impacting Peel Specimens
FIG. 7 Dimensions of Climbing Peel Drum
7. Test Materials
7.1 Checking Flatness of Materials—Lay the bevelled edge
of a machinist’s straightedge on the material perpendicular to
its surface and along its width. While shining a bright light
behind the straightedge, inspect the line of contact between the
FIG. 5 Ball and Platen Assembly
edge and the material. If the material is flat, no light should
shine through. Make repeat observations at 2-in.(50-mm)
in Fig. 8 by allowing the retaining lips on the fixturing device intervals lengthwise. See Fig. 11.
to fit into the grooves. This will unbalance the drum, but since 7.1.1 Material Dimensions—See Table 1.
controls are run and these are subtracted from the test results, 7.2 Selection and Preparation of Maple Blocks—Select
the effect of the unbalance is nullified. The fixture in Fig. 8 is hard maple blocks, kiln-dried, (Acer saccharum or Acer
also a modification of the fixture in Fig. 4 of Test Method nigrum) having a minimum specific gravity of 0.65 based on
D1781. It does not require pre-drilling the test specimens. oven-dry weight and volume, from planks that are of straight
6.8.2 The fixture required for the cleavage test, Fig. 10,isa grain, that is, grain that runs parallel to the length of the plank,
modification of the fixture in Fig. 1 of Test Method D1062. and free from defects including knots, birdseye, cross grain,
6.9 Machinist’s Straightedge—A 12-in. (300-mm) machin- decay, and any unusual discoloration. (See also Test Method
ist’s straightedge (generally available from machinists’ shops) D905.) Select pre-surfaced wood that is reasonably flat.
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