ASTM D1777-96(2002)

Standard Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thickness of most textile materials.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, and pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing thickness, except as provided for in another standard such as listed in Section .
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound may be approximate.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Feb-1996
• ICS: 59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.59 - Fabric Physical Test Methods A

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D1777-96(2007) - Standard Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D4850-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996
• Referred By: ASTM F739-20 - Standard Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gases Through Protective Clothing Materials Under Conditions of Continuous Contact
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996
• Referred By: ASTM D5446-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996
• Referred By: ASTM D580/D580M-15 - Standard Specification for Greige Woven Glass Tapes and Webbings
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996
• Referred By: ASTM D4029/D4029M-23 - Standard Specification for Finished Woven Glass Fabrics
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996
• Referred By: ASTM F2299/F2299M-03(2017) - Standard Test Method for Determining the Initial Efficiency of Materials Used in Medical Face Masks to Penetration by Particulates Using Latex Spheres
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996
• Referred By: ASTM F1939-15(2020) - Standard Test Method for Radiant Heat Resistance of Flame Resistant Clothing Materials with Continuous Heating
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996
• Referred By: ASTM F903-18 - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Liquids
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996
• Referred By: ASTM F1138-21 - Standard Specification for Spray Shields for Mechanical Joints
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996
• Referred By: ASTM F1383-20 - Standard Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gases Through Protective Clothing Materials Under Conditions of Intermittent Contact
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996
• Referred By: ASTM F2731-18 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Transmitted and Stored Energy of Firefighter Protective Clothing Systems
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996
• Referred By: ASTM D5977-23 - Standard Specification for High Load Rotational Spherical Bearings for Bridges and Structures
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996
• Referred By: ASTM F3510-21 - Standard Guide for Characterizing Fiber-Based Constructs for Tissue-Engineered Medical Products
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996
• Referred By: ASTM F2097-20 - Standard Guide for Design and Evaluation of Primary Flexible Packaging for Medical Products
• Effective Date: 10-Feb-1996

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 1777 – 96 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Thickness of Textile Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1777; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope TEX-PAC
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thick-
3. Terminology
ness of most textile materials.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of other textile terms used
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including
in this test method, see Terminology D 123.
wovenfabrics,airbagfabrics,blankets,nappedfabrics,knitted
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
fabrics, layered fabrics, and pile fabrics. The fabrics may be
3.2.1 cross-machine direction, CD, n—the direction in the
untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise
plane of the fabric perpendicular to the direction of manufac-
treated. Instructions are provided for testing thickness, except
ture.
as provided for in another standard such as listed in Section 2.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—This term is used to refer to the direc-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
tion analogous to coursewise or filling direction in knitted or
standard.The values stated in inch-pound may be approximate.
woven fabrics, respectively.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.2 machine direction, MD, n—the direction in the plane
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of the fabric parallel to the direction of manufacture.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.2.1 Discussion—This term is used to refer to the direc-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tion analogous to walewise or warp direction in knitted or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
woven fabrics, respectively.
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.3 pressure, n—the force exerted to a surface per unit
area.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Pressure may be expressed in any ap-
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
propriate or specified units, such as pascals (Pa), newtons per
D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
square metre (N/m ), or pounds-force per square inch (psi).
lation
3.2.4 thickness, n—the distance between one surface of a
D 418 Test Methods for Testing Pile Yarn Floor Covering
2 material and its opposite.
Construction
3.2.4.1 Discussion—In textiles, thickness is the distance
D 461 Test Methods for Felt
2 between the upper and lower surfaces of the material as
D 579 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
measuredunderaspecifiedpressure.Itisusuallydeterminedas
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
2 the distance between an anvil or base and a presser foot used
D 2475 Specification for Wool Felt
to apply the specified pressure.
D 2904 Practice for InterlaboratoryTesting of aTextileTest
Method That Produces Normally Distributed Data
4. Summary of Test Method
D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
2 4.1 Aspecimenisplacedonthebaseofathicknessgageand
Textiles
2 aweightedpresserfootlowered.Thedisplacementbetweenthe
D 3218 Specification for Polyolefin Monofilaments
base and the presser foot is measured as the thickness of the
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
specimen.
5. Significance and Use
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles 5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,
tance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates
General.
of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and this test
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2002. Published April 1996. Originally
method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
published as D 1777 – 60 Tto replace in part D 39 – 59. Discontinued in November
1995 and reinstated as D 1777 – 96.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
A PC program on floppy disk for analyzing Committee D-13 interlaboratory
data are available from ASTM Headquarters. For a 3 ⁄2-in. disk, request PCN:12-
429040-18. For a 5 ⁄4-in. disk, request PCN:12-429041-18.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 1777 – 96 (2002)
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in 6. Apparatus
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
6.1 Thickness Gage, having dimensions appropriate to the
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
material to be tested as specified in Table 1, unless otherwise
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
specifiedinamaterialspecificationorcontractorder.Acircular
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
presserfootcommonlyisusedformostmaterials;however,for
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
certain materials, such as narrow tapes, a rectangular foot is
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
moreappropriatewhenagreeduponbetweenthepurchaserand
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
the supplier.
from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens
6.1.1 Automatic Microprocessor Data Gathering Systems,
then should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
optional.
laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
6.1.2 Spring Force or Compression Test Apparatus, may be
laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis-
substituted for the dead-weight-type thickness gage providing
tical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
they meet the specified conditions cited in Table 1.
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the
6.2 Cutting Dies or Templates, to cut specimens having
supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-
minimum dimensions at least 20 % greater than any dimension
eration to the known bias.
of the presser foot to be used in measuring the thickness
5.2 Thickness is one of the basic physical properties of
(optional).
textile materials. In certain industrial applications, the thick-
ness may require rigid control within specified limits. Bulk and
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
warmth properties of textile materials are often estimated from
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
theirthicknessvalues,andthicknessisalsousefulinmeasuring
randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directed
some performance characteristics, such as before and after
in an applicable material specification or other agreement
abrasion and shrinkage.
between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or
5.3 The thickness value of most textile materials will vary
pieces of fabric to be the primary sampling units. In the
considerably depending on the pressure applied to the speci-
absence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rolls
men at the time the thickness measurement is taken. In all
specifed in Table 2.
cases, the apparent thickness varies inversely with the pressure
applied. For this reason, it is essential that the pressure be
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
specified when discussing or listing any thickness value.
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
between rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch
5.4 Whenusingthistestmethodformeasuringthethickness
from a roll or piece of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful
of textile materials, the primary method for the specific
producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting
material such as listed in the Referenced Document section
quality level.
shall take precedence over the directions described in this test
method, unless specifically provided for in that test method. 7.2 Laboratory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a
This test method is used in its entirety when no test method for swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1
measuring thickness is available for the specific material to be m (1 yd) along the machine direction from each roll or piece in
tested or unless otherwise specified in a material specification the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will
or contract order. exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap
TABLE 1 Designated Gages and Gage Specifications for Measuring Thickness of Textiles
Testing Material Gage Presser Foot Anvil/Foot Foot to Anvil
Anvil Applied Pressure Readability
A B
Option Type Type Diameter Parallelism Surface Parallelism
1 Woven fabrics dead-weight 28.7 6 0.02 mm 38 mm D, or greater 0.01 mm 0.002 mm 4.14 6 0.21 kPa 0.02 mm
Knitted fabrics (1.129 6 0.001 in.) (1.629 in. D, or greater) (0.0005 in.) (0.0001 in.) (0.60 6 0.03 psi) (0.001 in.)
Textured fabrics
2 Coated fabrics dead-weight 9.5 6 0.02 mm 38 mm D, or greater 0.01 mm 0.002 mm 23.4 6 0.7 kPa 0.02 mm
Narrow fabrics (0.375 6 0.001 in.) (1.629 in. D, or greater) (0.0005 in.) (0.0001 in.) (3.46 0.1 psi) (0.001 in.)
Webbings
Tapes
Ribbons
Braids
3 Films dead-weight 6.3 6 0.02 mm 19 mm D, or greater 0.002 mm 0.002 mm 172 6 14 kPa 0.002 mm
Glass cloths (0.250 6 0.001 in.) (0.750 in. D, or greater) (0.0001 in.) (0.0001 in.) (25 6 2 psi) (0.0001 in.)
Glass tapes
4 Glass fiber mat dead-weight (2.25 6 0.001 in.) (2.75 in. D, or greater) 0.01 mm 0.002 mm 18.9 6 0.7 kPa 0.02 mm
(0.0005 in.) (0.0001 in.) (2.75 6 0.1 psi) (0.001 in.)
5 Blankets dead-weight 28.7 6 0.02 mm 38 mm D, or greater 0.01 mm 0.002 mm 0.7 6 0.07 kPa 0.02 mm
Pile fabrics (1.129 6 0.001 in.) (1.629 in. D, or greater) (0.0005 in.) (0.0001 in.) (0.1 6 0.01 psi) (0.001 in.)
Napped fabrics also 7.58 6 0.21
kPa (1.1 6 0.03 psi)
A
When testing fabrics made with textured yarns or open-end spun yarns, primary consideration should be given to the pressure applied in Option 1, with respect to the
size of the presser foot used.
B
Other spring force or compression test apparatus that meet the stated specifications can be used.
D 1777 – 96 (2002)
TABLE 2 Number of Rolls or Pieces of Fabric in the Lot Sample TABLE 3 Thickness of Fabrics, mils
Number of Rolls or Pieces Number of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample Components of Variance Expressed
in Lot, Inclusive as
A
Standard Deviations
Test Options and Grand
1to3 all
Materials Average
4to24 4 Single- Within- Between-
25 to 50 5 Operator Laboratory Laboratory
over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 rolls or pieces Component ComponentComponent
Option 1
Mat 6, S/0002H 7.13 0.19 0.17 0.66
Mat 7, S/28305 11.49 1.46 0.55 0.02
aroundtheco
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