ASTM E289-17
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid Solids with Interferometry
Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid Solids with Interferometry
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coefficients of linear expansion are required for design purposes and are used particularly to determine thermal stresses that can occur when a solid artifact composed of different materials may fail when it is subjected to a temperature excursion(s).
5.2 Many new composites are being produced that have very low thermal expansion coefficients for use in applications where very precise and critical alignment of components is necessary. Push rod dilatometry such as Test Methods D696 and E228, and thermomechanical analysis methods such as Test Method E831 are not sufficiently precise for reliable measurements either on such material and systems, or on very short specimens of materials having higher coefficients.
5.3 The precision of the absolute method allows for its use to:
5.3.1 Measure very small changes in length;
5.3.2 Develop reference materials and transfer standards for calibration of other less precise techniques;
5.3.3 Measure and compare precisely the differences in coefficient of “matched” materials.
5.4 The precise measurement of thermal expansion involves two parameters; change of length and change of temperature. Since precise measurements of the first parameter can be made by this test method, it is essential that great attention is also paid to the second, in order to ensure that calculated expansion coefficients are based on the required temperature difference. Thus in order to ensure the necessary uniformity in temperature of the specimen, it is essential that the uniform temperature zone of the surrounding furnace or environmental chamber shall be made significantly longer than the combined length of specimen and mirrors.
5.5 This test method contains essential details of the design principles, specimen configurations, and procedures to provide precise values of thermal expansion. It is not practical in a method of this type to try to establish specific details of design, construction, and procedures to cover all contingenci...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear thermal expansion of rigid solids using either a Michelson or Fizeau interferometer.
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material which, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by instrumentation, has a negligible creep, insofar as significantly affecting the precision of thermal length change measurements.
1.3 It is recognized that many rigid solids require detailed preconditioning and specific thermal test schedules for correct evaluation of linear thermal expansion behavior for certain material applications. Since a general method of test cannot cover all specific requirements, details of this nature should be discussed in the particular material specifications.
1.4 This test method is applicable to the approximate temperature range −150°C to 700°C. The temperature range may be extended depending on the instrumentation and calibration materials used.
1.5 The precision of measurement of this absolute method (better than ±40 nm/(m·K)) is significantly higher than that of comparative methods such as push rod dilatometry (for example, Test Methods D696 and E228) and thermomechanical analysis (for example, Test Method E831) techniques. It is applicable to materials having low and either positive or negative coefficients of expansion (below 5 μm/(m·K)) and where only very limited lengths or thickness of other higher expansion coefficient materials are available.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accord...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E289 −17
Standard Test Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid Solids with
1
Interferometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E289; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
thermal expansion of rigid solids using either a Michelson or
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Fizeau interferometer.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
which, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
instrumentation, has a negligible creep, insofar as significantly
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
affectingtheprecisionofthermallengthchangemeasurements.
1.3 It is recognized that many rigid solids require detailed
2. Referenced Documents
preconditioning and specific thermal test schedules for correct
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
evaluation of linear thermal expansion behavior for certain
D696TestMethodforCoefficientofLinearThermalExpan-
material applications. Since a general method of test cannot
sion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous
cover all specific requirements, details of this nature should be
Silica Dilatometer
discussed in the particular material specifications.
E220Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
1.4 This test method is applicable to the approximate
Comparison Techniques
temperature range −150°C to 700°C. The temperature range
E228Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
may be extended depending on the instrumentation and cali-
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
bration materials used.
E473Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
1.5 The precision of measurement of this absolute method
ology
(better than 640 nm/(m·K)) is significantly higher than that of
E831Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
comparative methods such as push rod dilatometry (for
Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis
example, Test Methods D696 and E228) and thermomechani-
E1142Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
cal analysis (for example, Test Method E831) techniques. It is
applicable to materials having low and either positive or
3. Terminology
negative coefficients of expansion (below 5 µm/(m·K)) and
3.1 Definitions:
where only very limited lengths or thickness of other higher
3.1.1 The following terms are applicable to this document
expansion coefficient materials are available.
and are listed in Terminology E473 and E1142: coeffıcient of
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
linear thermal expansion, thermodilatometry, and thermome-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
chanical analysis.
standard.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.1 mean coeffıcient of linear thermal expansion, α —the
m
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
average change in length relative to the length of the specimen
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
accompanying a change in temperature between temperatures
T and T , expressed as follows:
1 2
1
This test method is under jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal
Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.05 on Thermo-
2
physical Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2017. Published April 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E289–04 (2016). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E0289-17. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E289 − 17
1 L 2 L 1 ∆L
2 1
αm 5 · 5 · (1)
L T 2 T L ∆T
0 2 1 o
where α is obtained by dividing the linear thermal expan-
m
sion (∆L/L ) by the change of temperature (∆T). It is nor-
0
mally e
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E289 − 04 (Reapproved 2016) E289 − 17
Standard Test Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid Solids with
1
Interferometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E289; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear thermal expansion of rigid solids using either a Michelson or Fizeau
interferometer.
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material which, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by
instrumentation, has a negligible creep, insofar as significantly affecting the precision of thermal length change measurements.
1.3 It is recognized that many rigid solids require detailed preconditioning and specific thermal test schedules for correct
evaluation of linear thermal expansion behavior for certain material applications. Since a general method of test cannot cover all
specific requirements, details of this nature should be discussed in the particular material specifications.
1.4 This test method is applicable to the approximate temperature range −150−150°C to 700°C. The temperature range may be
extended depending on the instrumentation and calibration materials used.
1.5 The precision of measurement of this absolute method (better than 640 nm/(m·K)) is significantly higher than that of
comparative methods such as push rod dilatometry (for example, Test Methods D696 and E228) and thermomechanical analysis
(for example, Test Method E831) techniques. It is applicable to materials having low and either positive or negative coefficients
of expansion (below 5 μm/(m·K)) and where only very limited lengths or thickness of other higher expansion coefficient materials
are available.
1.6 Computer or electronic based instrumentation, techniques and data analysis systems equivalent to this test method can be
used. Users of the test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the
responsibility of the user to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous Silica
Dilatometer
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
E831 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis
1
This test method is under jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.05 on Thermophysical
Properties.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016April 1, 2017. Published September 2016April 2017. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 20102016 as
E289 – 04 (2010).(2016). DOI: 10.1520/E0289-04R16.10.1520/E0289-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E289 − 17
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The following terms are applicable to this document and are listed in Terminology E473 and E
...
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