ASTM E2889-12
(Practice)Standard Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment
Standard Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Exposure to aerosols in the industrial metal removal environment has been associated with adverse respiratory effects.
4.2 Use of this practice will mitigate occupational exposure and effects of exposure to aerosols in the metal removal environment.
4.3 Through implementation of this practice users should be able to reduce instances and severity of respiratory irritation and disease through the effective use of a metal removal fluid management program, appropriate product selection, appropriate machine tool design, proper air handling mechanisms, and control of microorganisms.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines to control respiratory hazards in the metal removal environment.
1.2 This practice does not include prevention of dermatitis which is the subject of Practice E2693 but it does adopt a similar systems management approach with many control elements in common.
1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure via inhalation of metal removal fluids and associated airborne agents.
1.4 Metal removal fluids used for wet machining operations (such as cutting, drilling, milling or grinding) that remove metal to produce the finished part are a subset of metalworking fluids. This practice does not apply to other operations (such as stamping, rolling, forging or casting) that use metalworking fluids other than metal removal fluids. These other types of metalworking fluid operations are not included in this document because of limited information on health effects, including epidemiology studies, and on control technologies. Nonetheless, some of the exposure control approaches and guidance contained in this document may be useful for managing respiratory hazards associated with other types of metalworking fluids.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: E2889 − 12 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid
Environment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2889; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
Atmospheres
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines to control respiratory
D2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and Related
hazards in the metal removal environment.
Materials
1.2 This practice does not include prevention of dermatitis
D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in
which is the subject of Practice E2693 but it does adopt a
Workplace Atmospheres
similar systems management approach with many control
E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-
elements in common.
Miscible Metalworking Fluids
1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure via inhala-
E1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and
tion of metal removal fluids and associated airborne agents. Workplace Protection
E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-
1.4 Metal removal fluids used for wet machining operations
Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
(such as cutting, drilling, milling or grinding) that remove
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and
metal to produce the finished part are a subset of metalworking
Safety
fluids.This practice does not apply to other operations (such as
E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the
stamping, rolling, forging or casting) that use metalworking
Wet Metal Removal Environment
fluids other than metal removal fluids. These other types of
E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-
metalworking fluid operations are not included in this docu-
dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace
ment because of limited information on health effects, includ-
Atmospheres
ing epidemiology studies, and on control technologies.
E2148 GuideforUsingDocumentsRelatedtoMetalworking
Nonetheless, some of the exposure control approaches and
or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
guidance contained in this document may be useful for
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for
managing respiratory hazards associated with other types of
Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
metalworking fluids.
E2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
formance
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Opera-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tions
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E2563 Practice for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Myco-
bacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate Count
2. Referenced Documents
Method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E2564 Practice for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metal-
working Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on
Method
Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E2657 Test Method for Determination of Endotoxin Con-
E34.50 on Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.
centrations in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. DOI:
10.1520/E2889-12.
E2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Metal Removal Fluid Environment
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
E2694 Test Method for Measurement ofAdenosine Triphos-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. phate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2889 − 12
2.2 OSHA (US Occupational Safety and Health Administra- 3.2.2 extractable mass, n—the material removed by liquid
tion) Standards: extraction of the sampling filter using a mixed-polarity solvent
29 CFR 1910.132 Personal Protective Equipment mixture as described in Method D7049.
29 CFR 1910.134 Use of Respiratory Protection in the 3.2.2.1 Discussion—This mass is an approximation of the
Workplace
metal removal fluid portion of the workplace aerosol.
29 CFR 1010.1020 Access to Employee Exposure and
3.2.3 metal removal fluid (MRF), n—any fluid in the sub-
Medical Records
class of metalworking fluids used to cut, or otherwise take
29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde
away material or piece of stock. E2148
29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Metalremovalfluidsincludestraightor
2.3 EPA(US Environmental ProtectionAgency) Standards:
neat oils (D2881), not intended for further dilution with water,
40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides and
and water miscible soluble oils, semisynthetics and synthetics,
Devices
which are intended to be diluted with water before use. Metal
2.4 Other Documents:
removal fluids become contaminated during use in the work-
ANSI Technical Report B11 TR 2-1997, Mist Control Con-
place with a variety of workplace substances including, but not
siderations for the Design, Installation and Use of Ma-
limited to, abrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal
chine Tools Using Metalworking Fluids
fines and shavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts,
Metal Working Fluid Optimization Guide, National Center
bacteria, fungi, microbiological decay products, and waste.
for Manufacturing Sciences
These contaminants can cause changes in the lubricity and
Metal Removal Fluids, A Guide To Their Management and
cooling ability of the metal removal fluid as well as have the
Control, Organization Resources Counselors, Inc.
potential to adversely affect the health and welfare of employ-
Industrial Ventilation: AManual of Recommended Practice
ees in contact with the contaminated metal removal fluid.
Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Expo-
E2148
sure to Metalworking Fluids
3.2.4 metal removal fluid aerosol, n—aerosol generated by
Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best Practices
10 operation of the machine tool itself as well as from circulation
Manual
11 and filtration systems associated with wet metal removal
Method 0500: Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated, Total
operationsandmayincludeairbornecontaminantsofmicrobial
origin.
3. Terminology
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Metalremovalaerosoldoesnotinclude
3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this guide, refer to
background aerosol in the workplace atmosphere, which may
Terminologies D1356, E1542 and E2523.
include suspended insoluble particulates.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.5 total particulate matter, n—the mass of material
3.2.1 dilution ventilation, n—referring to the supply and
sampled through the 4-mm inlet of a standard 37-mm filter
exhaust of air with respect to an area, room, or building, the
cassette when operated at 2.0 L/min, as described in Method
dilution of contaminated air with uncontaminated air for the
D7049.
purpose of controlling potential health hazards, fire and explo-
3.2.5.1 Discussion—As defined in Method D7049, total
sion conditions, odors, and nuisance type contaminants, from
particulate matter is not a measure of the inhalable or thoracic
Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.
particulate mass.
3.3 Acronyms:
CodeofFederalRegulationsavailablefromUnitedStatesGovernmentPrinting
3.3.1 GHS, n—globally harmonized system
Office, Washington, DC 20402.
3.3.1.1 Discussion—GHS is an acronym for the Globally
CodeofFederalRegulationsavailablefromUnitedStatesGovernmentPrinting
Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemi-
Available from Association for Manufacturing Technology, 7901 Westpark
cals.
Drive, McLean VA 22102.
AvailablefromNationalCenterforManufacturingSciences,Report0274RE95,
3025 Boardwalk, Ann Arbor, MI 48018.
4. Significance and Use
Available from Organization Resources Counselors, 1910 Sunderland Place,
NW., Washington, DC 20036 or from members of the Metal Working Fluid Product 4.1 Exposure to aerosols in the industrial metal removal
SM
Stewardship Group (MWFPSG ). Contact Independent Lubricant Manufacturers
environment has been associated with adverse respiratory
Association, 651 S.Washington Street,Alexandria,VA22314, for a list of members
effects.
SM
of the MWFPSG .
Available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
4.2 Use of this practice will mitigate occupational exposure
1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.
and effects of exposure to aerosols in the metal removal
Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
environment.
Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-
pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.
10 4.3 Throughimplementationofthispracticeusersshouldbe
Available from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200
able to reduce instances and severity of respiratory irritation
ConstitutionAvenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/
metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html
and disease through the effective use of a metal removal fluid
AvailablefromU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,PublicHealth
management program, appropriate product selection, appropri-
Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-
ate machine tool design, proper air handling mechanisms, and
pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226 or at. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
docs/2003-154/pdfs/0500.pdf control of microorganisms.
E2889 − 12
5. Respiratory Health Hazards Associated with Metal 5.3.4 Chronic bronchitis is a condition involving inflamma-
Removal Fluids tion of the main airways of the lungs that occurs over a long
periodoftime.Chronicbronchitisischaracterizedbyachronic
5.1 General:
cough and by coughing up phlegm. The phlegm can interfere
5.1.1 Metal removal fluids (MRF) can cause adverse health
with air passage into and out of the lungs. This condition may
effects through skin contact with contaminated materials,
also cause accelerated decline in lung function, which can
spray, or mist and through inhalation from breathing MWF
ultimately result in heart and lung function damage.
mist or aerosol.
5.3.5 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a serious lung
5.1.2 Skin and airborne exposures to MRF have been
disease. Recent outbreaks of HP have been associated with
implicated in health problems including irritation of the skin,
exposure to aerosols of synthetic, semi-synthetic, and soluble
lungs, eyes, nose and throat. Conditions such as dermatitis,
oil MRF. In particular, contaminants and additives in MRF
acne, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, irritation of the
have been associated with outbreaks of HP(NIOSH 1998a). In
upper respiratory tract, and a variety of cancers have been
the short term, HP is characterized by coughing, shortness of
associated with exposure to MRF (NIOSH 1998a). The sever-
breath,andflu-likesymptoms(fevers,chills,muscleaches,and
ity of health problems is dependent on a variety of factors such
fatigue). The chronic phase (following repeated exposures) is
as the kind of fluid, the degree and type of contamination, and
characterized by lung scarring associated with permanent lung
the level and duration of the exposure.
disease.
5.3.6 Other factors, such as smoking, increase the possibil-
5.2 Skin Disorders:
ity of respiratory diseases. Cigarette smoke may worsen the
5.2.1 Skin contact occurs when the worker dips his/her
respiratory effects of MRF aerosols for all employees.
hands into the fluid or handles parts, tools, and equipment
5.3.7 Respiratory effects have been observed among work-
covered with fluid without the use of personal protective
3 12
ers with exposures below 1.0 mg/M to diverse fluids, with
equipment, such as gloves and aprons. Skin contact may also
water reduced fluids generally appearing more potent. Poorly
resultfromfluidsplashingontotheemployeefromthemachine
controlled fluids have generally been more likely to be asso-
if guarding is absent or inadequate. For further information
ciated with adverse effects.
refer to E2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet
Metal Removal Fluid Environment.
5.4 Cancer:
5.4.1 A number of studies have found an association be-
5.3 Respiratory Diseases:
tween working with MRF and a variety of cancers, including
5.3.1 InhalationofMRFmistoraerosolmaycauseirritation
cancer of the rectum, pancreas, larynx, skin, scrotum, and
of the lungs, throat, and nose. In general, respiratory irritation
bladder (NIOSH 1998a). No authoritative review of studies of
involves some type of chemical interaction between the MRF
workers exposed to MRF has been conducted since 1999,
and the human respiratory system. Irritation may affect one or
although additional data have been published. Studies of MRF
more the following areas: nose, throat (pharynx, larynx), the
and cancer reflect the health experiences of workers exposed
various conducting airways or tubes of the lungs (trachea,
decades earlier. This is because the effects of cancers associ-
bronchi, bronchioles), and the lung air sacks (alveoli) where
ated with MRF may not become evident until many years after
the air passes from the lungs into the body. Exposure to MRF
the exposure.Airborne concentrations of MWF were known to
mist or aerosol may also aggravate the effects of existing lung
be much higher in the 1970s–80s than those today. The
disease.
composition of MRF has also changed dramatically over the
5.3.2 Some of the symptoms reported include sore throat,
years. The fluids in use prior to 1985 may have contained
red, watery, itchy eyes, runny nose, nosebleeds, cough,
nitrite, mildly refined petroleum oils, and other chemicals that
wheezing, increased phlegm production, shortness of breath,
were removed after 1985 for health concerns. Based on the
and other cold like symptoms.These symptoms may indicate a
substantial changes that have been made in the metalworking
variety of respiratory conditions, including acute airway
industryoverthelastdecades,thecancerriskshavelikelybeen
irritation, asthma (reversibl
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