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ASTM D3885-07a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)

Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because information on between-laboratory precision is known to be poor.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples to be used are as homogenous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other fabrics with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile fabrics is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors that include the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; the type, kind, and amount of treatment added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric; the nature of the abradant; the variable action of the abradant over the specimen area abraded; the tension on the specimen; the pressure between the specimen and the abradant; and the dimensional changes in the specimen.
The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion can be affected by the method of evaluation and is often influenced by the judgment of the operator. It is recognized that with this test method other means of evaluation besides cycles to rupture and breaking strength have been used by the industry, such as color change, appearance change, and so forth. Experience has shown these to b...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven or nonwoven textile fabrics using the flexing and abrasion tester.  
1.2 This test method applies to most woven and nonwoven fabrics providing they do not stretch excessively. It is not applicable to floor coverings.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this test method.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—For other test methods for abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D 3884, D 3886, D 4157, D 4158, D 4966, and AATCC93.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2007
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3885-07 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D3885-07a(2011) - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
Effective Date
01-May-2011
Referred By
ASTM D3886-22 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4966-22 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4850-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4158-08(2020) - Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4157-13(2022) - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3181-15(2019) - Standard Guide for Conducting Wear Tests on Textiles
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3884-22 - Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform Abrader Method)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007

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ASTM D3885-07a - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)ASTM D3885-07a - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D3885–07a
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and
1
Abrasion Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3885; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
4
2 Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
abrasion resistance of woven or nonwoven textile fabrics using
4
Textiles
the flexing and abrasion tester.
D3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
1.2 This test method applies to most woven and nonwoven
(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
fabrics providing they do not stretch excessively. It is not
D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
applicable to floor coverings.
Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text,
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values
D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,
(Uniform Abrasion)
each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
ingvaluesfromthetwosystemsmayresultinnonconformance
Methods
with this test method.
D4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2.2 AATCC Test Method:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
AATCC 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: Accelerotor
NOTE 1—For other test methods for abrasion resistance of textiles refer 5
Method
to Test Methods D3884, D3886, D4157, D4158, D4966, and AATCC 93.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59, Fabric Test
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Methods, General, see Terminology D4850.
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
abrasion, abrasion cycle, breaking force, duoble-stroke, flex-
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
ibility, standard atmosphere for preconditioning textiles, stan-
dard atmosphere for testing textiles.
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-
nology D123.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
4. Summary of Test Method
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the speci-
Specific.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally men to unidirectional reciprocal folding and rubbing over a
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3885 – 07. DOI:
specificbarunderspecifiedconditionsofpressure,tension,and
10.1520/D3885-07A.
abrasive action. Resistance to abrasion is evaluated by either
2
This test method is based upon the development described by Stoll, R.G.,“
ImprovedMultipurposeAbrasionTesteranditsApplicationfortheEvaluationofthe
Wear Resistance of Textiles,” Textile Research Journal, July, 1949, p. 394.
3 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM on www.astm.org.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,
the ASTM website. P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D3885–07a
determining the percent loss in breaking force of an abraded accountforwearperformanceordurabilityinactualuse.While
spe
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3885–07 Designation:D3885–07a
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and
1
Abrasion Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3885; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
2
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven or nonwoven textile fabrics using the flexing
and abrasion tester.
1.2 This test method applies to most woven and nonwoven fabrics providing they do not stretch excessively. It is not applicable
to floor coverings.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the
inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this test
method.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—For other test methods for abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D 3884, D 3886, D 4157, D 4158, D 4966, and AATCC93.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles
D 3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
D 3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
D 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
D 4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
D 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabric
D 4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
D 5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
2.2 AATCC Test Method:
4
AATCC 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: Accelerotor Method
3. Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1.1abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a material by rubbing against another surface.
3.1.2abrasion cycle, n—one complete movement across the surface of a textile.
3.1.2.1Discussion—The complete movement for an abrasion cycle is dependent on the action of the abrasion machine and the
test method used. It may consist of one back-and-forth unidirectional movement or one circular movement, or a combination of
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on FabricTest Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved JulyDec. 1, 2007. Published August 2007.January 2008. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20042007 as
D 3885 – 047.
2
This test method is based upon the development described by Stoll, R.G.,“ Improved Multipurpose Abrasion Tester and its Application for the Evaluation of the Wear
Resistance of Textiles,” Textile Research Journal, July, 1949, p. 394.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3885–07a
both. For the flexing and abrasion method it is commonly called a double stroke as defined in 3.1.4.
3.1.3breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a material carried to rupture. (Compare breaking point, breaking
strength.)
3.1.4double-stroke, n— in flexing and abrasion testing,anabrasioncyclethatconsistsofoneforwardand
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for woven high stretch fabrics used in apparel.  
1.2 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this performance specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4157-13(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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