ASTM D5101-01(2006)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring the Soil-Geotextile System Clogging Potential by the Gradient Ratio
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Soil-Geotextile System Clogging Potential by the Gradient Ratio
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a performance test applicable for determining the soil-geotextile system permeability and clogging behavior for cohesionless soils under unidirectional flow conditions.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D5101 − 01(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Soil-Geotextile System Clogging Potential by
the Gradient Ratio
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5101; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.3 gradient ratio, n— in geotextiles, the ratio of the
hydraulic gradient through a soil-geotextile system to the
1.1 This test method covers a performance test applicable
hydraulic gradient through the soil alone.
for determining the soil-geotextile system permeability and
3.1.4 hydraulic gradient, i, s (D)—thelossofhydraulichead
clogging behavior for cohesionless soils under unidirectional
per unit distance of flow, dH/dL.
flow conditions.
3.1.5 For definitions of other textile terms, refer to Termi-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
nology D123. For definitions of other terms related to
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
geotextiles, refer to Terminology D4439 and Terminology
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D653.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Symbols and Acronyms:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1 CO —the chemical formula for carbon dioxide gas.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.2 CHD—the acronym for constant head device.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 This test method requires setting up a cylindrical, clear
2.1 ASTM Standards:
plastic permeameter (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) with a geotextile
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
and soil, and passing water through this system by applying
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
various differential heads. Measurements of differential heads
Fluids
and flow rates are taken at different time intervals to determine
D737Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics
hydraulic gradients. The following test procedure describes
D4354Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
equipment needed, the testing procedures, and calculations.
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
5. Significance and Use
3. Terminology
5.1 This test method is recommended for evaluating the
3.1 Definitions:
performance of various soil-geotextile systems under con-
3.1.1 clogging potential, n— in geotextiles,thetendencyfor
trolled test conditions. Gradient ratio values obtained may be
a given fabric to lose permeability due to soil particles that
plotted and used as an indication of the soil-geotextile system
have either lodged in the fabric openings or have built up a
clogging potential and permeability. This test method is not
restrictive layer on the surface of the fabric.
appropriate for initial comparison or acceptance testing of
various geotextiles. The test method is intended to evaluate
3.1.2 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
geotextile performance with specific on-site soils. It is im-
solely of textiles.
proper to utilize the test results for job specifications or
manufacturers’ certifications.
1 5.2 It is important to note the changes in gradient ratio
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme- values with time versus the different system hydraulic
ability and Filtration.
gradients, and the changes in the rate of flow through the
Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally
system (see Section 11 and Annex A1.).
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D5101–01. DOI:
10.1520/D5101-01R06.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 6. Apparatus and Supplies
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.1 Soil-Geotextile Permeameter—(three-piece unit)
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. equipped with support stand, soil-geotextile support screen,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5101 − 01(Reapproved 2006)
piping barriers (caulk), clamping brackets, and plastic tubing
D5101 − 01 (2006)
6.14 Water Deairing System, with a capacity of approxi-
mately 1700 L/day (500 gal/day).
6.15 Algae Inhibitor, or micro screen.
6.16 150-µm Mesh Screen, (No. 100), or equivalent geo-
textile for manometer ports.
6.17 Soil Sample Splitter (optional) .
6.18 Pan, for drying soil.
6.19 Mortar and Pestle, for pulverizing soil.
6.20 Wooden rod, 20-mm ( ⁄4 – in.) diameter by 150 mm
(6in.) long.
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
7.1 Lot Sample and Laboratory Sample—Take a lot sample
and laboratory samples as directed in Practice D4354. For
laboratory samples, take a full width swatch of geotextile from
each roll of material in the lot sample at least1m(3ft) long
cut from the end of the roll after discarding the first metre of
material from the outside of the roll.
7.2 Test Specimen—Cut one circular specimen from each
swatch in the laboratory sample with the specimen having a
diameter of 110 mm (4.33 in.) or 165 mm (6.50 in.). Take the
specimen from the center of the swatch.
8. Conditioning
8.1 Test Water Preparation:
8.1.1 Test water should be maintained at room temperature
about 16 to 27°C (60 to 80°F), and deaired to a dissolved
oxygen content of 6 ppm or less before introducing it to
permeameter system. This will reduce or eliminate the prob-
lems associated with air bubbles forming within the test
FIG. 1 Geotextile Permeameter
apparatus.
8.1.2 An algae inhibitor or micro screen should be used to
eliminate any algae buildup in the system.
(seeFig.2).Both100-mm(4-in.)and150-mm(6-in.)diameter
8.2 Specimen Conditions:
permeameters are described.
8.2.1 Condition the specimen by soaking it in a container of
6.2 Two Constant Water Head Devices , one mounted on a
deaired water for a period of 2 h. Dry the surface of the
jack stand (adjustable) and one stationary (Fig. 3).
specimen by blotting prior to inserting in the permeameter.
6.3 Soil Leveling Device (Fig. 4).
9. Procedure
6.4 Manometer Board,ofparallelglasstubesandmeasuring
9.1 Preparation of Apparatus:
rulers.
9.1.1 Thoroughly clean and dry permeameter sections.
6.5 Two Soil Support Screens, of approximately 5 mm
9.1.2 Close all valves and cover the inside openings of all
(No.4) mesh.
manometerportswithfinewiremeshorlightweightnonwoven
6.6 Soil Support Cloth, of 150 µm (No. 100) mesh, or
fabric (the equivalent of No. 100 mesh).
equivalent geotextile.
9.1.3 Lubricate all O-ring gaskets.
6.7 Thermometer (0 to 50 6 1°C).
9.2 Permeameter Preassembly:
9.2.1 Stand center section of the permeameter on end and
6.8 Graduated Cylinder, 100 61cm capacity.
placeasoilsupportcloth110mm(4.33in.)or165mm(6.5in.)
6.9 Stopwatch.
in diameter on recessed permeameter flanges.
6.10 Balance, or scale of at least 2-kg capacity and accurate
9.2.2 Insertthesupportscreen110mm(4.33in.)or165mm
to 61g. (6.5 in.) in diameter on top of the support cloth with the mesh
side against the cloth.
6.11 Carbon Dioxide, (CO ), gas supply and regulator.
9.2.3 Align and insert top section of the permeameter into
6.12 Geotextile.
center section and press until there is a tight fit to secure the
6.13 Water Recirculation System . support cloth and screen in place. Ensure that all gasket edges
D5101 − 01 (2006)
FIG. 2 Section—Geotextile Permeameter
secure against the support cloth, support bracket, and between 9.3.2 Select that portion of the air-dried sample selected for
the center and top permeameter sections. purposeoftestsandrecordthemassasthemassofthetotaltest
9.2.4 Invert and place permeameter into holding stand. sample uncorrected for hygroscopic moisture. Separate the test
sample by sieving with a 2-mm (No. 10) sieve. Grind that
9.3 Process Soil: The test is to be performed on −10 mm
fraction retained on the 2-mm (No. 10) sieve in a mortar with
3 3
(− ⁄8 in.) material.The material passing the 10 mm ( ⁄8 in.) and
a rubber-covered pestle until the aggregations of soil particles
retained on the No. 10 sieve is subject to a second round of
are broken up into the separate grains.
grinding to ensure that the sample has been broken down into
9.3.3 Mix the fractions passing the 2-mm (No. 10) sieve
individual grains.
along with the portion that was retained on the 2-mm (No. 10)
9.3.1 Thoroughly air dry the soil sample as received from
sieve to form the test soil.All particles larger than 10 mm ( ⁄8
thefield.Thisshallbedoneforaminimumofthreedays.Grind
in.) should be eliminated.
the sample in a mortar with a rubber-tipped pestle (or in some
otherwaythatdoesnotcausebreakdownofindividualgrains), 9.4 Soil Placement— The following procedures offer two
to reduce the particle size to a maximum of 10 mm ( ⁄8 in.). options to the user. The first is a “standard” placement while
Selectarepresentativesampleoftheamountrequired,approxi- the second is a “field condition” placement. The placement
mately 1350 g (or 3000 g for the 150-mm (6-in.) diameter), to procedure is a critical aspect of the test and may significantly
perform the test by the method of quartering or by the use of influence the test results.
a soil splitter. 9.4.1 Standard Placement Method:
D5101 − 01 (2006)
FIG. 3 Geotextile Permeameter “Set Up” Diagram
9.4.1.1 Weigh out approximately 1350 g of air–dried pro- 9.4.2 Field Condition Soil Placement Method:
cessed soil (or 3000 g for the 150-mm (6-in.) diameter).
9.4.2.1 Based on the desired field dry density, weigh out the
9.4.1.2 Place air-dried processed soil above the support
processed dry soil required to achieve the target dry density in
cloth to a depth of 103 mm (4.12 in.). The final depth of soil
the permeameter used with a 100 mm (4 in.) soil height.
aftersettlementwillbeapproximately100mm(4in.).Thesoil
9.4.2.2 Placethedrysoilinfourone-inchliftsusingtheend
should be placed in 25-mm (1-in.) to 40-mm (1 ⁄2-in.) layers,
of the wooden dowel to compact the soil, making sure that no
makingsurethatnovoidsexistalongthepermeameterwallsat
voids exist along the permeameter walls at the manometer
manometer ports, or the caulk piping barriers.The soil shall be
ports or the caulk piping barriers.
placed carefully into the permeameter with a scoop or appro-
9.4.2.3 Fill the permeameter to achieve the soil height of
priate tool with a maximum drop of the soil no greater than
100mm(4in.).Determinethemassofsoilusedforunitweight
25mm (1 in.). Consolidation of each layer shall consist of
calculations.
tapping the side of the permeameter six times with a wooden
rod, 20 mm ( ⁄4 in.) by 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter.
NOTE 2—Should the target density be unachievable without increasing
the compaction effort, record the density actually achieved. While the
9.4.1.3 When the level of the soil in the permeameter
looser condition may be somewhat more conservative, the dry placement
reaches a depth of 100 mm (4 in.), insert the soil leveling
and CO purge are considered critical to reliable results.
device (Fig. 4), with the notch down, on the top edges of the
permeameter. Continue placing soil and rotating the leveling 9.5 Permeameter Assembly and Setup :
device until the total soil height of 103 mm (4.12 in.) is
9.5.1 Clean the inner flange of the center section of the
reached.
permeameter and insert the geotextile to be tested.
9.4.1.4 Remove the soil leveler and any excess soil. Deter-
9.5.2 Insert the support screen on top of the geotextile with
mine the mass of the soil in the permeameter for unit weight
the mesh side against the geotextile.
calculations.
9.5.3 Align and insert the bottom section of the permeame-
NOTE 1—The standard soil placement procedure results in a relatively ter into the center section and press tightly to secure the
loosesoilconditionandisconservativeformanyapplications.Ifadensity
geotextile and support screen. The soil will compress from
approximating actual field soil conditions is desirable, the field condition
103mm (4.12 in.) to approximately 100 mm (4 in.) when the
procedure should be used. It should be recognized, however, that
bottom section is secured. Check gaskets to ensure contact is
predicting field soil conditions may be very difficult due to construction
made between permeameter sections, support screen, and
installation procedures that generally disturb and loosen soils adjacent to
the geotextile. geotextile.
D5101 − 01 (2006)
9.6.1 Open the top vent valve, and close off the permeame-
ter water outlet hose.
9.6.2 Backfill permeameter with water through the outflow
CHD until the water level is approximately 10 mm ( ⁄8 in.)
below the open manometer port 6. Stop waterflow into the
permeameter by clamping off the hose between outflow CHD
and permeameter.
9.6.3 Expel oxygen and other gases in the permeameter and
soil system by (1) attaching a carbon dioxide (CO ) line to
manometer port 6, and (2) regulating the gas flow at 2 L/min
and purging the system for 5 min.
9.6.4 After 5 min of gas saturation, seal off (plug) the open
end of each manometer tube (1 through 5) and continue to
purge the system with CO for an additional 5 min with only
the top vent valve open.
9.6.5 Remove the CO gas line and replace the No. 6
manometer hose. Remove the seals (plugs or clamps) from all
manometer tubes (1 through 5).
9.6.6 Loosen the hose clamp between the outflow CHD and
permeameter, and fill the soil section of the permeameter with
water. Filling is accomplished by adding water to and raising
thelevelonoutflowCHDslowly.StartwithoutflowCHDat25
mm (1 in.) above the geotextile level and raise 25 mm (1 in.)
every 30 min until water level is 50 mm (2 in.) above the top
support screen bracket. This slow saturating process is neces-
sary to prevent air pockets or internal soil movement during
loading.
9.6.7 ClampthehosebetweenoutflowCHDandpermeame-
ter to prevent flow. Continue to raise the water level in the
permeameter by filling from the top inlet through the inflow
CHD. The outflow CHD should be clamped so that no flow
occurs through the system. The water level should be raised
until water flows from the top vent valve. Position outflow
CHDsothatitsoverflowoutletisapproximately25mm(1in.)
above the permeameter soil level. The system should be in
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