ASTM D2259-02(2006)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
Standard Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the shrinkage of yarns in skein form when treated in boiling water, dry heat, saturated steam, or solvents. This test method is applicable to yarns made from any fiber or combination of fibers where the tex of the yarn is known or can be determined. This test method is not recommended for elastomeric yarns and those yarns that stretch more than 5 % under the tension loadings prescribed, although it has been used for the latter. Note 1
Procedures for determining yarn shrinkage and bulk properties of textured yarns are covered in Test Method D 4031.
1.2 This test method shows the values in both SI and inch-pound units. "SI" units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. "Inch-pound" units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values stated in either SI units or in other units shall be regarded as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D2259–02 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Shrinkage of Yarns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2259; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Section 11.3 was corrected editorially in July 2006.
1. Scope D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
Length Specimens
1.1 This test method is used to determine the shrinkage of
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
yarns in skein form when treated in boiling water, dry heat,
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn
saturated steam, or solvents. This test method is applicable to
Number) by the Skein Method
yarns made from any fiber or combination of fibers where the
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
texoftheyarnisknownorcanbedetermined.Thistestmethod
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
is not recommended for elastomeric yarns and those yarns that
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
stretch more than 5 % under the tension loadings prescribed,
D4031 Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
although it has been used for the latter.
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
NOTE 1—Procedures for determining yarn shrinkage and bulk proper-
Related Properties of Textiles
ties of textured yarns are covered in Test Method D4031.
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
1.2 This test method shows the values in both SI and
E145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-
inch-pound units. “SI” units is the technically correct name for
Ventilation Ovens
thesystemofmetricunitsknownastheInternationalSystemof
3. Terminology
Units. “Inch-pound” units is the technically correct name for
thecustomaryunitsusedintheUnitedStates.Thevaluesstated
3.1 Definitions:
in either SI units or in other units shall be regarded as standard.
3.1.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test
The values expressed in each system may not be exact
method: skein and skein loop-length, refer to Terminology
equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently
D4849.
of the other without combining in any way.
3.1.2 For definition of the term extension used in this test
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
method, refer to Terminology D4848.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 Forothertextiletermsusedinthistestmethod,referto
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Terminology Standards, D123, D3888, D3990, D4848 and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D4849.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 The loop length of a conditioned skein of yarn is
2.1 ASTM Standards:
measured under a specific tension, which is sufficient to
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
straighten but not stretch the skein. The tension-free skein is
then immersed in boiling water or exposed to dry heat or
saturated steam or in the solvent reconditioned, and remea-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles and is
sured.Theshrinkage(orinsomecases,growth)iscalculatedas
the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2006.PublishedJuly2006.Originallyapproved
the change in length expressed as a percentage of the length
in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D2259 – 02. DOI: 10.1520/
before immersion or exposure.
D2259-02R06E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D2259–02 (2006)
5. Significance and Use 6.2 Measuring Scale—A tape or scale accurate to 1 part in
1000 is recommended. Any scale length exceeding the reel
5.1 Test Method D2259 for testing yarn for shrinkage in
diameter by 250 mm or 10 in. allowing for the extension of the
boiling water, saturated steam, dry heat, or solvents is consid-
skein is satisfactory. The scale should be mounted vertically.A
ered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial ship-
top hook holds the skein and is mounted with support surface
ments of yarn because the test method has been used exten-
in line with the zero index of the scale.
sively in the trade for that purpose.
6.3 Metal Hook—A hook designed to hang from the skein,
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
shaped to receive the tensioning weights, and with a mass
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
known to 1 part in 1000. The hook may have a pointer located
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
and attached for ease in reading the measuring scale at a point
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
level with the inside bottom of the skein.
assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such compara-
6.4 Tensioning Masses—Accurate to 1 part in 1000.
tive tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the
6.5 For Boiling Water:
same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate
6.5.1 Container, of sufficient size for 40:1 mass ratio water
results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal
bath.
numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the labora-
6.5.2 Roller Wringer or Centrifugal Extractor.
tories involved should be compared using a statistical test for
6.5.3 Heat Source, for water bath.
unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing
series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and 6.5.4 Distilled or Demineralized Water.
6.5.5 Nonionic Wetting Agent.
corrected, or future test results for that material must be
adjusted in consideration of the known bias. 6.6 For Dry Heat:
5.2 Results obtained by this test method can be used for the 6.6.1 Heating Oven—A forced-draft oven capable of meet-
following purposes:
ing the required temperature and that meets the temperature
5.2.1 As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of uniformity requirements for a Type IIB oven as described in
fabrics to wet processing,
Specification E145, Table 1. There must be a means of
5.2.2 As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of suspending the skeins in the oven. This may be accomplished
fabrics during processing at elevated temperatures, and
with a rod with cup hooks from which to suspend skeins. The
5.2.3 Asacontrolmeasureinthemanufactureofsometypes rod may be mounted on a stand for placement in the oven;
of fibers.
skeins should not be allowed to touch the sides of the oven.
5.3 The shrinkage medium to be used in the test depends on 6.7 For Saturated Steam:
the requirements of the parties involved.
6.7.1 Autoclave—A pressure vessel capable of sustaining
5.4 The procedure for shrinkage in boiling water is de-
the temperatures and pressures required, and of such a size that
scribed in Section 12, for shrinkage in dry heat in Section 13,
the test skeins of yarn can be suspended without touching sides
for shrinkage in saturated steam in Section 14, and for
or bottom of the autoclave.
shrinkage in solvents in Section 15.A30-min exposure time is
6.8 For Solvents:
prescribed for boiling water. In exposure to dry heat, saturated
6.8.1 Hot Plate or Heated Block—Atemperature controlled
steam, or solvents, the extent of change in the length of yarn is
hot plate or heated block which can maintain the temperature
dependent upon the fiber type and upon the time and tempera-
of the solvent in a container to 6 2°C or 4°F of the specified
ture of the exposure. Fiber types differ in their reaction to
value.
elevated temperature as well as the nature of the specific
6.8.2 Container, of sufficient size for a 40:1 mass ratio
solvent, and prior fiber history can have a great influence upon
solvent bath.
the heat and solvent shrinkage of a yarn. Therefore, the time
6.9 For Drying Wet Skeins:
and temperature conditions to be used to determine dry heat or
saturated steam shrinkage must be agreed upon for the particu-
lar product involved. In addition, time and temperature condi-
TABLE 1 Components of Variance as Standard Deviations,
tions, and solvent to be used must be agreed upon for solvent
Percentage Points
shrinkage determination for the particular product involved.
Single- Within- Between-
Properties Operator Laboratory Laboratory
Component Component Component
6. Apparatus and Reagents
Shrinkage, boiling water:
6.1 Reel—A hand or motor-driven reel having a nominal
Nylon spun yarn 0.32 0.60 0.61
perimeter of 1 m, 1.5 yd, or 1.125 m (Note 2). The reel should
Nylon filament yarn 0.20 0.76 0.79
Polyester spun yarn 0.32 0.31 0.26
have a traversing mechanism that will minimize bunching of
Polyester filament yarn 0.11 0.32 0.25
ends on the reel, a yarn-tensioning device capable of maintain-
Acrylic filament yarn 0.22 0.42 0.30
ing tension below 1 cN/tex or 1.0 gf/den, and a yarn length or
Cotton yarn 0.16 0.21 0.19
Rayon spun yarn 0.16 0.25 0.21
revolution indicator. A warning bell that will ring just prior to
Shrinkage, dry heat:
the specified number of reel revolutions is recommended. A
Nylon spun yarn at 150°C 0.24 0.23 0.17
collapsible arm is advisable for convenience in skein removal. Nylon filament yarn at 150°C 0.20 0.55 0.51
Polyester spun yarn at 190°C 0.39 0.38 0.26
NOTE 2—By agreement, reels of other perimeters, between 1 and 2 m
Polyester filament yarn at 190°C 0.15 0.65 0.65
(1 and 2 yd) may be used.
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D2259–02 (2006)
6.9.1 Drying Oven—Aventilated drying oven maintained at winding tensions as well as to reach the moisture equilibrium
a temperature of 65 6 3°C or 149 6 5°F, in which the yarn conditions specified in 10.1.
specimens are not exposed to direct radiation from the heating
11. Measurement of Skeins
elements.
11.1 Make all skein loop length measurements in the
7. Hazards
standardatmospherefortestingtextileswhichisairmaintained
at a relative humidity of 65 6 2 % and at a temperature of 21
7.1 Avoid physical contact with hot water and hot metal and
6 1°C or 706 2°F.
especially saturated steam (Sections 12, 13, and 14).
11.2 Determine the linear density of the yarn if unknown by
7.2 Refer to manufacturer’s safety data sheets (MSDS) on
using Test Method D1907 or Test Method D1059. In case of
the operation of the autoclave. Care should be excercised in
controversy, results obtained as directed inTest Method D1907
venting the autoclave so that physical contact is not made with
shall prevail.
the saturated steam (Section 14).
11.3 Calculate a tension force corresponding to 0.5 cN/tex
7.3 Refer to manufacturer’s material safety data sheets
or 0.05 gf/den using Eq 1 or Eq 2:
(MSDS) for information on handling, storage, use, and dis-
posal of any solvents used in this test method (Section 15).
Tension force, mN 5 5.0 3 N 3 T (1)
Tension force, gf 5 0.05 3 N 3 D (2)
8. Sampling
8.1 Division into Lots—For acceptance testing purposes,
where:
divide the material to be tested into lots as directed in Practice N = number of ends; that is twice the number of wraps in
D2258. the skein,
T = yarn number, tex, and
8.2 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
D = yarn number, denier.
take at random the number of shipping containers directed in
an applicable material specification or other agreement be-
NOTE 4—For example, an 80-wrap skein has 160 ends. For a 16 tex
tween the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to
yarn, the tension force would be 5.0 3 16 3 160 = 1280 cN = 12.8 N
use Practice D2258. (0.5 3 16 3 160 = 1280 gf = 1.28 kgf).
11.4 Measure the loop-length of each conditioned skein.
NOTE 3—Differences between shipping containers, between packages
within a container, and between specimens within a package are all
11.4.1 Hang the conditioned skein from the hook at the top
sources of variability in test results. A realistic specification or other
of the measuring scale with the inside of the top of the skein
agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires a sampling
and the zero index of the scale.
plan that considers the relative effects of such sources of variability and
11.4.2 Hang the hook described in 6.3 on the bottom of the
which at the specified limits for shrinkage has a meaningful producer’s
untwisted skein and add sufficient mass (including the mass of
risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and lot tolerance fraction
the hook) to produce the force calculated in 11.3.
defective.
11.4.3 After30 63s,measuretheinsidelengthoftheskein
8.3 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
to the nearest 1 mm or ⁄16 in.
tance testing, take a total of ten packages. Select the packages
11.4.4 Record the loop-length of each skein.
randomly from all the packages in the lot sampling units.
11.5 Twist each skein into a figure 8 and bring the ends
8.4 Number of Specimens—Test one skein from each pack-
together to form a two-coil loop. Repeat the procedure to form
age in the laboratory sample.
a four-coil loop.
11.6 Continue as directed in Section 12 for boiling water,
9. Preparation of Specimens
Section 13 for dry heat, Section 14 for saturated steam, or
9.1 Reel and discard the outer 10 % or 100 m or 110 yd
Section 15 for solvent.
material from each package.
9.2 Reel an 80-wrap skein using a uniform tension of not
12. Boiling Water Exposure
over 1 cN/tex or 0.1 gf/den. Lay the yarn smoothly on the reel,
12.1 Wrap each skein carefully in cheesecloth and secure
overlap, and loosely tie the beginning and trailing ends of the
the cheesecloth (sewed, tied) to prevent the entanglement of
skein. To reduce tangling, the skein may be laced loosely. The
the yarn in actively boiling water.
number of wraps may be increased or decreased for very fine
12.2 Make up a distilled or demineralized water bath, which
or very coarse yarns by agreement of the interested parties.
is 40 times the mass of the wrapped skeins, and contains a
9.3 Identify each skein separately.
0.05 % solution of wetting agent by weight.
12.3 Bring the bath to a continuously rolling boil and
10. Conditioning
immerse the skeins for 30 min.
10.1 Condition the prepared skeins for testing as directed in
NOTE 5—A basket may be used to transfer the skeins to and from the
Practice D1776
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