ASTM D4848-98(2012)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
Standard Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of definitions of technical terms related to force and deformation properties when evaluating a stress-strain curve of a textile. (See Figs. X1.1 and X1.2.) A chart showing the relationship of the basic terms is shown in Table 1. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.
1.2 For other terms associated with textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
TABLE 1 Relationship of Force and Deformation Terms TermSymbolMathematical
ExpressionUnit LengthLmm (in.) ExtensionΔLmm (in.) StrainΔL/L ElongationΔL/L × 100% Linear densityD1Atex (den) Cross-sectional
areaAmm2 (in.2) ForceFN (lbf) TensionTN (lbf) StrengthSN (lbf) TenacityF/D1AmN/tex (lbf/den)B StressF/AN/m2 (lbf/yd2)B
A In computers, this may be given as “LD” instead of “D1”.
B For fibers, these inch-pound units are usually gf/den and gf/in.2
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4848 − 98 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Terminology Related to
Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope breaking point, n—on a force-elongation curve, or stress-
strain curve,thepointcorrespondingwiththebreakingforce
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of defini-
or the breaking stress in a tensile test. (Compare breaking
tions of technical terms related to force and deformation
force.)
properties when evaluating a stress-strain curve of a textile.
(See Figs. X1.1 and X1.2.)Achart showing the relationship of
breaking strength, n—strength expressed in terms of breaking
the basic terms is shown in Table 1. Terms that are generally
force. (See also breaking force and strength. Syn., strength
understood or adequately defined in other readily available
at break)
sources are not included.
breaking tenacity, n—the tenacity at the breaking force. (See
1.2 For other terms associated with textiles, refer to Termi-
also breaking force, tenacity.)
nology D123.
breaking toughness, n—toughness up to the breaking force of
a material.
2. Referenced Documents
DISCUSSION—Breaking toughness is represented by the area and the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
stress-strain curve from the origin to the breaking force per unit length,
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
and, in textile strands, is expressed as work (joules) per unit of linear
D1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in Skein
density of the material. In textile fabrics, the unit is joules per gram.
Form
chord modulus, n—in a stress-strain curve, the ratio of the
D5344 Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Ori-
changeinstresstothechangeinstrainbetweentwospecified
ented Yarn
points on the curve.
3. Terminology
compression, n—the act, process, or result of compacting,
condensing, or concentrating.
break factor, n— in yarn testing, the comparative breaking
load of a skein of yarn adjusted for the linear density of the
compressive force, n—the perpendicular force applied to
yarn expressed in an indirect system. [D13.58] D1578
surface(s) of a material in compaction.
breaking elongation—See elongation at break.
compression recovery, n—the degree to which a material
breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a material
returns to its original dimension(s) after removal of a
carried to rupture. (Compare breaking point, breaking
compressive force.
strength. Syn. force-at-break)
compression resistance, n—the ability of a material to oppose
DISCUSSION—Materials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-
mum force. Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximum
deformation under a compressive force.
force before rupturing.
corresponding elongation—See elongation at specified force.
breaking load—deprecated term. Use the preferred term
corresponding force—See force-at-specified-elongation.
breaking force.
deformation, n—a change in shape of a material caused by
forces of compression, shear, tension, or torsion.
DISCUSSION—Deformation may be immediate or delayed. Delayed
deformation may be either recoverable or nonrecoverable.
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers
deformation, permanent, n—the net long-term change in a
Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published September 2012. Originally
ε1
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4848 – 98(2004) .
dimension of a specimen after deformation and relaxation
DOI: 10.1520/D4848-98R12.
under specified conditions. (Syn. permanent set, nonrecov-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
erable deformation, and nonrecoverable stretch.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
DISCUSSION—Permanent deformation is usually expressed as a per-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. centage of the original dimension.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4848 − 98 (2012)
TABLE 1 Relationship of Force and Deformation Terms
extension-recovery cycle, n—in tension testing, the continu-
Mathematical ous extension of a specimen, with a momentary hold at a
Term Symbol Unit
Expression
specifiedextension,followedbyacontrolledrateofreturnto
Length L mm (in.)
zero extension.
Extension ∆L mm (in.)
Strain ∆L/L
failure, n—an arbitrary point beyond which a material ceases
Elongation ∆L/L × 100 %
A
to be functionally capable of its intended use. (Compare
Linear density D tex (den)
2 2
Cross-sectionalAmm (in. )
rupture.)
area
DISCUSSION—A material may be considered to have failed without
Force F N (lbf)
having ruptured.
Tension T N (lbf)
Strength S N (lbf)
A B
force, n—a physical influence exerted by one body on another
Tenacity F/D mN/tex (lbf/den)
2 2 B
Stress F/A N/m (lbf/yd )
which produces acceleration of bodies that are free to move
A
In computers, this may be given as “LD” instead of “D ”. and deformation of bodies that are not free to move.
B 2
For fibers, these inch-pound units are usually gf/den and gf/in.
(Compare strength.)
DISCUSSION—Forceisproperlyexpressedinnewtons(N)ormultiples
and submultiples of newtons, for example kilonewtons (kN) and
millinewtons (mN). Force is also expressed as grams-force (gf),
delayed deformation, n—deformation which is time-
kilograms-force (kgf), or pounds-force (lbf), but the use of these terms
dependent and exhibited by material subject to a continuing
is deprecated.
force. [D13.58] D4848
force at break, n—See breaking force.
elastic limit, n—in mechanics, the maximum stress which can
force at rupture, n—the force applied to a material immedi-
be obtained in a material without causing permanent defor-
ately preceding rupture. (Compare breaking force. See also
mation of the material. (Compare yield point.)
rupture.)
DISCUSSION—Elastic limit is a property of a material whereas yield
DISCUSSION—Materials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-
point is a specific point on a stress-strain curve.
mum force. Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximum
elasticity, n—that property of a material by virtue of which it
force before rupturing.
tends to recover its original size and shape immediately after
force at specified elongation (FASE), n—the force associated
removal of the force causing deformation.
with a specific elongation on the force-extension or force-
elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material to the
elongation curve. (Syn. corresponding force.)
length of the material prior to stretching, expressed as a
force-deformation curve, n—a graphical representation of the
percent.
force and deformation relationship of a material under
DISCUSSION—Elongationmaybemeasuredatanyspecifiedforceorat
rupture. conditions of compression, shear, tension or torsion. (Com-
pare force-elongation curve, force-extension curve and
elongation at break, n—the elongation corresponding to the
stress-strain curve.)
breaking force. (Compare elongation at rupture. See also
DISCUSSION—Force-deformation related curves include force-
elongation.) Syn. breaking elongation.
extension, force-compression, force-shear (displacement), force-torque
and stress-strain curves. The shape of the force-extension curve of a
elongation at the breaking load, n—deprecated term. Use the
material and the shape of the corresponding stress-strain curve are the
preferred term elongation at break.
same, only the units are different. Force is expressed in such units as
newton, kilogram-force, pound force. In tension, shear or compression
elongation at specified force, (EASF), n—the elongation
tests, deformation is expressed in such units of length as metre,
associated with a specified force on the force-extension
millimetre or inches. In torsion tests, deformation is expressed in such
curve. (Syn. corresponding elongation ).
units for plane angles as radians or degrees.
elongation at rupture, n—the elongation corresponding to the
force-elongation curve, n—a graphical representation of the
force-at-rupture. (Compare elongation at break.)
forceandelongationrelationshipofamaterialundertension.
DISCUSSION—Theelongationatruptureforabrittlematerialisusually
(Compare force-deformation curve, force-extension curve
equaltotheelongationatbreak;butforductilematerialsthiselongation
and stress-strain curve.)
may be greater.
extensibility, n—that property by virtue of which a material
force-extension curve, n—a graphical representation of the
can undergo extension or elongation following the applica- force and extension relationship of a material under tension.
tion of sufficient force.
(Compare force-deformation curve, force-elongation
curve and stress-strain curve.)
extension, n—the change in length of a material due to
stretching. (Compare elongation.)
immediate elastic recovery, n—recoverable deformation
DISCUSSION—Extension may be measured at any specified force or at
whichisessentiallyindependent of time, that is, occurringin
ruptureandisexpressedinunitsoflength,forexample,millimetresand
(a time approaching) zero time and recoverable in (a time
inches.
approaching) zero time after removal of the applied force.
extension force, n—the force required to stretch a material to (Compare delayed deformation and delayed elastic recov-
a given length. [D13.58] D5344 ery.)
D4848 − 98 (2012)
initial modulus, n—in a stress-strain curve, the slope of the secant modules, n—deprecated term in textile terminology.
initial straight-line portion of the curve. Use the preferred term chord modulus.
knot breaking force, n—in tensile testing, the breaking force single-strand breaking force, n—in tensile testing, the break-
of a strand having a specified knot configuration tied in the
ing force of one strand that follows a specified path, usually
portion of the strand mounted between the clamps of a a straight line, between the clamps of a tensile testing
tensile testing machine. (Compare knot breaking strength.
machine. (Compare breaking force.)
See also breaking force.)
single-strand strength, n—deprecated term. Use single-strand
knot breaking load, n —deprecated term. Use the preferred
breaking strength.
term, knot breaking force.
skein break factor, n—the comparative breaking strength of a
knot breaking strength, n—strength expressed in terms of
skein of yarn adjusted for the linear density of the yarn
knot breaking force. (See also knot breaking force.)
expressed in an indirect system; the product of the breaking
strength of the skein and the yarn number expressed in an
linear density, n—mass per unit length.
indirect system.
DISCUSSION—A statement of the break factor of the skein must
load—deprecated term. Use the preferred term, force.
indicate the number of wraps in the skein if this is not otherwise
load, vt—to apply a force. apparent; without information on the number of wraps, a statement of
the break factor is meaningless. Break factor is frequently given other
DISCUSSION—Although the terms load and force are frequently used
designations such as lea count constant, lea product, and breaking ratio.
interchangeablytodenotethesamephenomena,ASTMhasadopteduse
of the technically correct term force.
skein breaking tenacity, n—the skein breaking strength di-
load at specified elongation (LASE)—deprecated term. Use the
vided by the product of the yarn number in direct numbering
preferred term, force at specified elongation (FASE).
system and the number of strands placed under tension.
DISCUSSION—Observed breaking strength can be converted to break-
load-deformation curve, n—deprecated term. Use the preferred
ingtenacitybydividingthebreakingstrengthbytheproductoftheyarn
term, force-deformation curve.
measured in a direct numbering system and the number of strands
placed under tension (twice the number of wraps in the skein).
load-elongation curve, n—deprecated term. Use the preferred
term, force-elongation curve.
strain, n—deformation of a material caused by the application
of an external force.
loop breaking force, n—in tensile testing, the breaking force
DISCUSSION—Strain is usually expressed as a ratio involving exten-
of a specimen consisting of two lengths of strand from the
sion.
same supply looped together in a specified configuration and
strength, n—the property of a material that resists deformation
mounted between the clamps of a tensile testing machine.
(Compare loop breaking strength. See also breaking induced by external forces. (Compare force.)
DISCUSSION—Strength may be expressed in units of force for a
force.)
specific material or units of stress. Traditionally, some have considered
loop breaking load, n—deprecated term. Use the preferred
strength to be an average of individual values rather than the individual
term, loop breaking force. values.
loop breaking strength, n—strength expressed in terms of strength at break, n—See breaking strength.
loop breaking force. (See also loop breaking force,
strength at rupture, n—strength expressed in terms of the
strength.)
force at rupture. (Compare breaking strength.)
modulus, n—the property of a material representative of its
stress, n—the resistance to deformation developed within a
resistance to deformation. (See also chord modulus, initial
material subjected to an external force.
modulus, tangent modulus, Young’s modulus).
DISCUSSION—Stress is the result of strain and vice versa. In textiles,
stressisexpressedinunitsofforceperunitcross-sectionalarea.Typical
pretension, n—the specified tension applied to a specimen
examples are tensile stress, shear stress, or compressive stress.
preparatory to making a test.
stress decay, n— in mechanics, the reduction in force to hold
DISCUSSION—Pretension may be used to establish a uniform baseline
for a test. In tensile testing, the pretension is usually a low force a material at a fixed deformation over a period of time.
designed to remove kinks, crimp or wrinkles and essentially straighten
DISCUSSION—This is a generic definition. Stress is already defined.
and align the specimen as it is being mounted in the testing machine.
The stress decay is due to adsorption of energy.
recovery, delayed elastic—See delayed elastic recovery.
stress-strain curve, n—a graphical representation of the stress
recovery immediate elastic—See immediate elastic recovery.
and strain relationship of
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