ASTM D4998-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Evaluating Wear Characteristics of Tractor Hydraulic Fluids
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Wear Characteristics of Tractor Hydraulic Fluids
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many modern tractor designs use the hydraulic fluid to lubricate the transmission and final drive gears. This test method is used to assess the suitability of the tractor hydraulic fluids as lubricants for transmission and final drive gears of tractors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to screen lubricants for gear wear. It is primarily applicable to tractor hydraulic fluids but may be suitable for other applications.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning information is given in Sections 7 and 9.
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Designation: D4998 − 11
StandardTest Method for
1
Evaluating Wear Characteristics of Tractor Hydraulic Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4998; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method is used to screen lubricants for gear 3.1 Definitions:
wear. It is primarily applicable to tractor hydraulic fluids but 3.1.1 abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard
may be suitable for other applications. protuberancesforcedagainstandmovingalongasolidsurface.
D4175
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.2 scoring, n—in tribology, a severe form of wear char-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
acterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratches
standard.
in the direction of sliding. D4175
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.3 scratches, n—the result of mechanical removal or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
displacement, or both, of material from a surface by the action
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of abrasive particles or protuberances sliding across the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
surfaces. D4175
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
information is given in Sections 7 and 9.
3.1.4 scuffıng, n—in lubrication, damage caused by instan-
taneous localized welding between surfaces in relative motion
2. Referenced Documents
that does not result in immobilization of the parts. D4175
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D235Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
3.2.1 wear, n—the loss of material from contacting surfaces
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
of the gear teeth.
D323TestMethodforVaporPressureofPetroleumProducts
(Reid Method)
4. Summary of Test Method
D329Specification for Acetone
4.1 A modified FZG gear oil test machine is operated for
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
20h under controlled conditions of speed (100 r/min), load
Products, and Lubricants
(tenth stage), and temperature (121 °C). Test gears are lubri-
3
2.2 Deutsches Institut fur Normung (DIN):
cated with the test oil.
DIN17210Part1:TolerancesforSpurGears;Tolerancesfor
4.2 Thetestgearsareweighedandvisuallyexaminedbefore
the Deviation of Singly Determined Values
and after the test. The gear weight loss and the visually
DIN 3962Casehardened Steel; Material Specifications
observeddamagetothegearteethareusedtoevaluatethewear
DIN50150TestingofSteelandCastSteelConversionTable
obtained with the test fluid.
for Vickers Hardness, Brinell Hardness, Rockwell Hard-
ness and Tensile Strength
5. Significance and Use
DIN 51354Mechanical Testing of Gear Oils in the FZG
5.1 Many modern tractor designs use the hydraulic fluid to
Gear Test Machine
lubricate the transmission and final drive gears. This test
method is used to assess the suitability of the tractor hydraulic
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
fluids as lubricants for transmission and final drive gears of
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
tractors.
D02.B0.03 on Automotive Gear Lubricants & Fluids.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published February 2012. Originally
ϵ1
6. Apparatus
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4998–95(2003) .
DOI: 10.1520/D4998-11.
6.1 FZG Gear Oil Test Machine—The test machine is
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
described in Annex A1 and illustrated in Fig. A2.1 and Fig.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on A3.1.
the ASTM website.
3
6.2 Precision Test Gears—The test gears are standard FZG
DIN standards are available from American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. toothprofileAgearsasdescribedinAnnexA1andTableA1.1.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4998 − 11
NOTE 1—In addition to other precautions, machinery guards are
6.3 Gear Case Heater—A 750 W gear case heater capable
supplied with the FZG test machine to protect personnel from hazards
of bringing the oil to test temperature in 20 to 25 min.
associated with rotat
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D4998–95 (Reapproved 2003) Designation: D4998 – 11
Standard Test Method for
1
Evaluating Wear Characteristics of Tractor Hydraulic Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4998; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Warning notes were editorially moved into the standard text in July 2003.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method is used to screen lubricants for gear wear. It is primarily applicable to tractor hydraulic fluids but may be
suitable for other applications.
1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific warning information is given in Sections 7 and 9.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: D216Method of Test for Distillation of Natural Gasoline
D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
D329 Specification for Acetone Specification for Acetone
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants
3
2.2 Deutsches Institut fur Normung (DIN):
DIN 17210 Part 1: Tolerances for Spur Gears; Tolerances for the Deviation of Singly Determined Values
DIN 3962 Casehardened Steel; Material Specifications
DIN 50150 Testing of Steel and Cast Steel Conversion Table for Vickers Hardness, Brinell Hardness, Rockwell Hardness and
Tensile Strength
DIN Standard51354,Mechanical51354 Mechanical Testing of Gear Oils in the FZG Gear Test Machine
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 abrasion—wear by displacement of material caused by hard particles or hard protuberances. abrasive wear, n—wear due
to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface. D4175
3.1.2 scoring—the formation of severe scratches in the direction of sliding.
3.1.2.1Discussion—Scoring may be due to local solid phase welding or to abrasion. The term scuffıng is sometimes used as a
synonym for scoring. scoring, n—in tribology, a severe form of wear characterized by the formation of extensive grooves and
scratches in the direction of sliding. D4175
3.1.3 scratching—the formation of fine lines in the direction of sliding that may be due to asperities on the harder slider or to
hard particles between the surface or embedded in one of them.
3.1.3.1Discussion—Scratching is considered less damaging than scoring or scuffing. scratches, n—the result of mechanical
removalordisplacement,orboth,ofmaterialfromasurfacebytheactionofabrasiveparticlesorprotuberancesslidingacrossthe
surfaces. D4175
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.B0.03
on Automotive Gear Lubricants and Fluids.
Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as D4998–95. DOI:
10.1520/D4998-95R03E01.on Automotive Gear Lubricants & Fluids.
´1
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published February 2012. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4998–95(2003) . DOI:
10.1520/D4998-11.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
3
DIN standards are available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D4998 – 11
3.1.4 scuffıng—localized damage caused by
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