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ASTM G99-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus

Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a laboratory procedure for determining the wear of materials during sliding using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to measure wear are described. The coefficient of friction may also be determined.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2003
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
G02 - Wear and Erosion
Drafting Committee
G02.40 - Non-Abrasive Wear
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G99-03 - Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Replaced By
ASTM G99-04a - Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM G133-22 - Standard Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM G204-21 - Standard Test Method for Damage to Contacting Solid Surfaces under Fretting Conditions
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM D7027-20 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Scratch Resistance of Polymeric Coatings and Plastics Using an Instrumented Scratch Machine
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM G132-96(2018) - Standard Test Method for Pin Abrasion Testing
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM G115-10(2018) - Standard Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004

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ASTM G99-04 - Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:G99–04
Standard Test Method for
1
Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG99;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope dicular to the other, usually a flat circular disk. A ball, rigidly
held, is often used as the pin specimen. The test machine
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for
causes either the disk specimen or the pin specimen to revolve
determining the wear of materials during sliding using a
about the disk center. In either case, the sliding path is a circle
pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under
on the disk surface. The plane of the disk may be oriented
nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of
either horizontally or vertically.
experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to
measure wear are described. The coefficient of friction may
NOTE 1—Wear results may differ for different orientations.
also be determined.
3.1.1 The pin specimen is pressed against the disk at a
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
specifiedloadusuallybymeansofanarmorleverandattached
standard.
weights. Other loading methods have been used, such as
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
hydraulic or pneumatic.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
NOTE 2—Wear results may differ for different loading methods.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2 Wear results are reported as volume loss in cubic
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
millimetres for the pin and the disk separately. When two
different materials are tested, it is recommended that each
2. Referenced Documents
material be tested in both the pin and disk positions.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.3 The amount of wear is determined by measuring appro-
E122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate,With
priatelineardimensionsofbothspecimensbeforeandafterthe
a Specified Tolerable Error, theAverage for Characteristic
test,orbyweighingbothspecimensbeforeandafterthetest.If
of a Lot or Process
linear measures of wear are used, the length change or shape
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
change of the pin, and the depth or shape change of the disk
ASTM Test Methods
wear track (in millimetres) are determined by any suitable
E178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations
metrological technique, such as electronic distance gaging or
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
stylusprofiling.Linearmeasuresofwearareconvertedtowear
G117 Guide for Calculating and Reporting Measures of
volume (in cubic millimetres) by using appropriate geometric
PrecisionusingDatafromInterlaboratoryWearorErosion
relations. Linear measures of wear are used frequently in
Tests
practicesincemasslossisoftentoosmalltomeasureprecisely.
3
2.2 Other Standard:
Iflossofmassismeasured,themasslossvalueisconvertedto
DIN-50324 Testing of Friction and Wear
volume loss (in cubic millimetres) using an appropriate value
for the specimen density.
3. Summary of Test Method
3.4 Wear results are usually obtained by conducting a test
3.1 For the pin-on-disk wear test, two specimens are re-
for a selected sliding distance and for selected values of load
quired. One, a pin with a radiused tip, is positioned perpen-
and speed. One set of test conditions that was used in an
interlaboratory measurement series is given in Table 1 and
1
Table 2 as a guide. Other test conditions may be selected
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.40 on Non- depending on the purpose of the test.
Abrasive Wear.
3.5 Wear results may in some cases be reported as plots of
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published January 2004. Originally
wear volume versus sliding distance using different specimens
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as G99–03.
2
for different distances. Such plots may display non-linear
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
relationships between wear volume and distance over certain
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
portions of the total sliding distance, and linear relationships
the ASTM website.
3 over other portions. Causes for such differing relationships
Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 6, 1000 Berlin 30,
Germany.
Copyright © ASTM Inter
...

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5.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general, depend upon the number of system factors such as the applied load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance, the environment, and the material properties. The value of any wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of material combinations. Since the pin-on-disk test method does not attempt to duplicate all the conditions that may be experienced in service (for example, lubrication, load, pressure, contact geometry, removal of wear debris, and presence of corrosive environment), there is no insurance that the test will predict the wear rate of a given material under conditions differing from those in the test.  
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1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for determining the wear of materials and friction during sliding using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to measure wear are described.  
1.2 This test method standard uses a specific set of test parameters (load, sliding speed, materials, etc.) that were then used in an interlaboratory study (ILS), the results of which are given here (Tables 1 and 2). (This satisfies the ASTM form in that “The directions for performing the test should include all of the essential details as to apparatus, test specimen, procedure, and calculations needed to achieve satisfactory precision and bias.”) Any user should report that they “followed the requirements of ASTM G99,” where that is true.  
1.3 Now it is often found in practice that users may follow all instructions given here, but choose other test parameters, such as load, speed, materials, environment, etc., and thereby obtain different test results. Such a use of this standard is encouraged as a means to improve wear testing methodology. However, it must be clearly stated in any report that, while the directions and protocol in Test Method G99 were followed (if true), the choices of test parameters were different from Test Method G99 values, and the test results were therefore also different from the Test Method G99 results. This use should be described as having “followed the procedure of ASTM G99.” All test parameters that were used in such case must be stated.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to rank material couples, surface treatments, and lubricants by CFT and in their resistance to adhesive wear. Since adhesive wear is a complex phenomenon and stochastic in nature, it is essential to evaluate surfaces to confirm the presence of adhesion.  
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5.1 The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape, and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this practice these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 3). The value of the practice lies in predicting the relative ranking of various materials of construction in an abrasive environment. Since the practice does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact, or corrosive elements), it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. Its value lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
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Note 1: In order to attain uniformity among laboratories, it is the intent of this test method to require that volume loss due to abrasion be reported only in the metric system as cubic millimetres. 1 mm3 = 6.102 × 10−5 in.3.  
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1.3.2 Procedure B—A short-term variation of Procedure A. It may be used for highly abrasive resistant materials but is particularly useful in the ranking of medium- and low-abrasive-resistant materials. Procedure B should be used when the volume–loss values developed by Procedure A exceeds 100 mm3.  
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1.3.5 Procedure E—A short-term variation of Procedure B that is useful in the ranking of materials with medium- or low-abrasion resistance.  
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5.1 The significance of this test method in any overall measurements program to assess the erosion behavior of materials will depend on many factors concerning the conditions of service applications. The users of this test method should determine the degree of correlation of the results obtained with those from field performance or results using other test systems and methods. This test method may be used to rank the erosion resistance of materials under the specified conditions of testing.
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1.1 This test method is concerned with the determination of material loss by gas-entrained solid particle impingement erosion with jet nozzle type erosion equipment. This test method can be used in the laboratory to measure the solid particle erosion of different materials and has been used as a screening test for ranking solid particle erosion rates of materials in simulated service environments. Erosion service takes place under conditions where particle sizes, chemistry, microstructure, velocity, attack angles, temperature, environments, etc., vary over a wide range. Hence, any single laboratory test may not be sufficient to evaluate expected service performance. This test method describes one well characterized procedure for solid particle impingement erosion measurement for which interlaboratory test results are available from multiple laboratories.  
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Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test

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5.1 A number of types of jaw crushers have been used for laboratory abrasion tests, see Refs (1-5)4 and a limited amount of data has been published (6-10). With emphasis on the crusher described in Section 6, this test method ranks materials and also indicates differences in wear life for that type of abrasion defined as gouging abrasion, as is found in crushing equipment and in many mining and earthmoving applications. This test method is considered useful for research and development purposes, but not to specify universal wear ratios, since the wear ranking and severity of wear may change dramatically with a change of the characteristics (chemistry, shape, angularity, etc.) of the crushed material or type of machinery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure to determine the relative gouging abrasion resistance of materials. Materials homogeneous in structure and properties are the most appropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and composite materials can also be tested. The test involves a small laboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rock materials, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some other crushable substance.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on Safety Precautions.)  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM G115-10(2018)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In this guide, factors that shall be considered in conducting a valid test for the determination of the coefficient of friction of a tribosystem are covered, and the use of a standard reporting format for friction data is encouraged.  
5.2 The factors that are important for a valid test may not be obvious to non-tribologists, and the friction tests referenced will assist in selecting the apparatus and test technique that is most appropriate to simulate a tribosystem of interest.  
5.3 The tribology literature is replete with friction data that cannot readily be used by others because specifics are not presented on the tribosystem that was used to develop the data. The overall goal of this guide is to provide a reporting format that will enable computer databases to be readily established. These databases can be searched for material couples and tribosystems of interest. Their use will significantly reduce the need for each laboratory to do its own testing. Sufficient information on test conditions will be available to determine applicability of the friction data to the engineer's specific needs.
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1.1 This guide covers information to assist in the selection of a method for measuring the frictional properties of materials. Requirements for minimum data and a format for presenting these data are suggested. The use of the suggested reporting form will increase the long-term usefulness of the test results within a given laboratory and will facilitate the exchange of test results between laboratories. It is hoped that the use of a uniform reporting format will provide the basis for the preparation of handbooks and computerized databases.  
1.2 This guide applies to most solid materials and to most friction measuring techniques and test equipment.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM G194-08(2018)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Rolling Friction Characteristics of a Spherical Shape on a Flat Horizontal Plane

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rolling friction like sliding friction depends upon many factors. It is a system effect that involves the nature of the rolling surface and the counterface. The sliding friction force (F) is usually considered to be the sum of forces arising from deformations of surface features (Fs), from attractive forces (atomic, molecular, etc.) at contact points (Fa) and force from interaction of films and particulates on the rubbing surfaces (Ff):
The rolling friction force includes these force contributions plus effects from the relative stiffness of the contacting surfaces, the diameter (curvature) of the spherical shape (ball, orange, etc.) and other factors. Because there are so many factors involved in a rolling tribosystem, rolling resistance can best be quantified by an actual test of the sphere of interest on the intended counterface, as in this test method.  
5.2 There are countless applications where it is important to quantify the rolling characteristics of a particular spherical shape on a particular surface. The interlaboratory tests conducted for this test method were performed on hardened steel balls like those used in ball bearings. This test method could be used to assess the effect of different counterface surfaces on the rolling characteristics of balls for ball bearings. Conversely, it could be used as a quality control test on balls. Surface imperfections/defects/films, etc. on the balls can affect how they roll: the distance traveled on a common counterface.  
5.3 Industrial applications of this test method can include assessing conveying surfaces for spherical or nearly special parts: check valve balls, cabinet knobs, Christmas ornaments, toilet floats, etc. Many medical devices use special shapes where rolling characteristics are a consideration. Similarly, many pharmaceutical products (pills) are spherical or nearly spherical in shape, and this test method can be used to assess rolling characteristics for conveying or other reasons such ...
SCOPE
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1.1.1 Steel balls on a surface plate were used in interlaboratory tests (see Appendix X1). Golf balls on a green, soccer and lacrosse balls on playing surfaces, bowling balls on an a lane, basketballs on hardwood, and marbles on composite surface were tested in the development of this test method, but the test applies to any sphere rolling on any flat horizontal surface.  
1.1.2 The rolling friction of spheres on horizontal surfaces is affected by the spherical shape’s stiffness, radius of curvature, surface texture, films on the surface, the nature of the counterface surface; there are many factors to consider. This test method takes all of these factors into consideration. The spherical shape of interest is rolled on the surface of interest using a standard ramp to initiate rolling and standard techniques to measure and treat the rolled distance after leaving the ramp.  
1.1.3 This test method produces a rolling resistance number on a specific spherical shape on a specific surface. It is intended for comparing similar tribosystems. For example, the rolling resistances of marbles on a particular surface are not to be compared with the rolling resistance of soccer balls on grass, because their masses and diameters are very different as are the counterface surfaces on which they roll.  
1.1.4 Different launch ramps are appropriate for different types of spherical shapes. If a sphere of interest cannot be accommodated with using one of the launch ramps discussed in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2, a different launch ramp can be developed and added with future revisions to this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measu...

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ASTM
ASTM G171-03(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a Diamond Stylus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to measure the resistance of solid surfaces to permanent deformation under the action of a single point (stylus tip). It is a companion method to quasi-static hardness tests in which a stylus is pressed into a surface under a certain normal load and the resultant depth or impression size is used to compute a hardness number. Scratch hardness numbers, unlike quasi-static hardness numbers, involve a different combination of properties of the surface because the indenter, in this case a diamond stylus, moves tangentially along the surface. Therefore, the stress state under the scratching stylus differs from that produced under a quasi-static indenter. Scratch hardness numbers are in principle a more appropriate measure of the damage resistance of a material to surface damage processes like two-body abrasion than are quasi-static hardness numbers.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to a wide range of materials. These include metals, alloys, and some polymers. The main criteria are that the scratching process produces a measurable scratch in the surface being tested without causing catastrophic fracture, spallation, or extensive delamination of surface material. Severe damage to the test surface, such that the scratch width is not clearly identifiable or that the edges of the scratch are chipped or distorted, invalidates the use of this test method to determine a scratch hardness number. Since the degree and type of surface damage in a material may vary with applied load, the applicability of this test to certain classes of materials may be limited by the maximum load at which valid scratch width measurements can be made.  
5.3 The resistance of a material to abrasion by a single point may be affected by its sensitivity to the strain rate of the deformation process. Therefore, this test is conducted under low stylus traversing speeds. Use of a slow scratching speed also minimizes the possible effects of frictional heating.  
5.4 This...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the scratch hardness of the surfaces of solid materials. Within certain limitations, as described in this guide, this test method is applicable to metals, ceramics, polymers, and coated surfaces. The scratch hardness test, as described herein, is not intended to be used as a means to determine coating adhesion, nor is it intended for use with other than specific hemispherically-tipped, conical styli.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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