ASTM D3427-07
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic system performance or failure.
This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2 % volume under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic systems. This test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where residence times are short and gas contents are high.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.
Note 1—This test method was developed for mineral based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies only to petroleum oils.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3427 − 07
Designation313–01
Standard Test Method for
1
Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* flowisstopped,thetimerequiredfortheairentrainedintheoil
toreduceinvolumeto0.2%isrecordedastheairreleasetime.
1.1 Thistestmethodcoverstheabilityofturbine,hydraulic,
and gear oils to separate entrained air.
NOTE2—Byagreementbetweenthecustomerandthelaboratory,theoil
may be heated at other temperatures. However, the precision at these
NOTE1—Thistestmethodwasdevelopedformineralbasedoils.Itmay
different temperatures is not known at present.
beusedforsomesyntheticfluids;however,theprecisionstatementapplies
only to petroleum oils.
5. Significance and Use
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will
circulate through the lubricating oil system.This may result in
2. Referenced Documents
aninabilitytomaintainoilpressure(particularlywithcentrifu-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
gal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
poor hydraulic system performance or failure.
D1401TestMethodforWaterSeparabilityofPetroleumOils
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air
and Synthetic Fluids
content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2% volume
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits
3
2.2 DIN Standard:
the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air
DIN 51381
under conditions where a separation time is available. The
significance of this test method has not been fully established.
3. Terminology
However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
sensitivityofthecontrolofturbineandhydraulicsystems.This
3.1.1 air release time, n—thenumberofminutesneededfor
test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where
air entrained in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2% under the
residence times are short and gas contents are high.
conditions of this test and at the specified temperature.
6. Apparatus
4. Summary of Test Method
6.1 AschematicdiagramoftheapparatusisshowninFig.1.
4.1 Compressed air is blown through the test oil, which has
The component parts are described as follows:
been heated to a temperature of 25, 50, or 75°C. After the air
6.1.1 TestVessel,madeofborosilicateglassasshowninFig.
2, consisting of a jacketed sample tube fitted with an air inlet
capillary,baffleplate,andairoutlettube.Thetwopartsofeach
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
test vessel should be marked and preferably used as a pair.
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
D02.C0.02 on Corrosion and Water/Air Separability.
Interchanged parts may be used so long as the resultant test
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originally
vessel conforms to the stated dimensions.
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D3427–06.
6.1.2 Pressure Gage, covering the range from 0 to 35 kPa,
Adopted as a joint ASTM/IP standard in 2006. DOI: 10.1520/D3427-07.
2
withdivisionsatleastevery2kPa,andanaccuracyof1.5kPa.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.1.3 Thermometers:
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
6.1.3.1 Air Thermometer, for measuring compressed air
the ASTM website.
3
temperature. ASTM Precision Thermometer having a range
Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 6, 1000 Berlin 30,
Germany. from−20 to 102°C, graduated in 0.2°C and conforming to the
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D3427 − 07
valve set
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D3427–06 Designation:D3427–07
Designation 313–01
Standard Test Method for
1
Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.
NOTE 1—This test method was developed for mineral based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies
only to petroleum oils.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1401 Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
3
2.2 DIN Standard:
DIN 51 381
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 air release time, n—the number of minutes needed for air entrained in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2% under the
conditions of this test and at the specified temperature.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Compressed air is blown through the test oil, which has been heated to a temperature of 25, 50, or 75°C.After the air flow
is stopped, the time required for the air entrained in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2% is recorded as the air release time.
NOTE 2—Byagreementbetweenthecustomerandthelaboratory,theoilmaybeheatedatothertemperatures.However,theprecisionatthesedifferent
temperatures is not known at present.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may
produceadispersionoffinelydividedairbubblesintheoil.Iftheresidencetimeinthereservoiristooshorttoallowtheairbubbles
to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability
to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic
system performance or failure.
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2% volume under
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.C0.02
on Turbine Oils. Corrosion and Water/Air Separability.
Current edition approved JulyNov. 1, 2006.2007. Published August 2006.December 2007. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 20032006 as
D3427–036.
Adopted as a joint ASTM/IP standard in 2006.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 6, 1000 Berlin 30, Germany.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3427–07
a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under
conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However,
entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic systems. This test may not be
suitable for ranking oils in applications where residence times are short and gas contents are high.
6. Apparatus
6.1 A schematic diagram of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. The component parts are described as follows:
6.1.1 Test Vessel, made of borosilicate glass as shown in Fig. 2, consisting of a jacketed sample tube fitted with an air inlet
capillary, baffle plate, and air outlet tube. The two parts of each test vessel should be marked and preferably used as a pair.
Int
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