ASTM D7747/D7747M-11(2018)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip Tensile Method
Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip Tensile Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749, or the 2-in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1-in. and 2-in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.
4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to values obtained with grab methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melts the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7747/D7747M − 11 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-
Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip
Tensile Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7747/D7747M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).
made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).
described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using
strip specimens. 1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming tech-
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
niques used to construct geomembrane seams include the
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother.
following:
Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature
formance with the standard.
air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomem-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
brane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
seams or double-track seams.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two
overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency
dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.
D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon
Textiles
meltsthesheetsclampedbetweenthem.Acoolingperiodwhile
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being
D7003/D7003M Test Method for Strip Tensile Properties of
released.
Reinforced Geomembranes
D7004/D7004M Test Method for Grab Tensile Properties of
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method
Reinforced Geomembranes
include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made
D7749 Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams
from the following polymers:
Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).
Geomembranes by the Grab Method
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
GeosyntheticsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD35.10onGeomem-
branes. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7747/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
ɛ1
D7747M – 11 . DOI: 10.1520/D7747_D7747M-11R18. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7747/D7747M − 11 (2018)
3. Terminology 6.2.1 Specimens—Rectangular test specimens shall be a
minimum of 150 mm [6.0 in.] plus the seam width in the
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology D4439 for defini-
direction perpendicular to the seam. For Method A, the
tions of terms applying to this test method.
specimens shall be 25.4 mm [1.00 in.] in the direction parallel
4. Significance and Use
to the seam. For Method B, specimens shall be 50.8 mm
[2.00 in.] in the direction parallel to the seam.The seam should
4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materi-
be centered in the specimen.
als has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the
quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods.This test
7. Conditioning
method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to
provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with 7.1 Conditioning—Specimens may be tested once they have
data to evaluate seam quality. equilibrated at standard laboratory temperature. The time
required to reach temperature equilibrium may vary according
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test
to the material type and thickness.
method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes.
7.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests at the standard atmo-
Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced
geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) appli- sphere for testing geosynthetics, a temperature of 21 6 2°C
[70 64 °F]andarelativehumiditybetween50to70 %,unless
cable to reinforced geomembranes.
otherwise specified.
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than
machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges,
8. Procedure
generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this,
8.1 Shear Test:
testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749,or
8.1.1 Set the grip separation equal to the width of the seam
the 2-in. wide strip specimen specifie
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7747/D7747M − 11 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-
Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip
Tensile Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7747/D7747M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).
made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).
described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using
strip specimens. 1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming tech-
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
niques used to construct geomembrane seams include the
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
following:
Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature
formance with the standard.
air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomem-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
brane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
seams or double-track seams.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two
overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency
dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.
D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon
Textiles
melts the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being
D7003/D7003M Test Method for Strip Tensile Properties of
released.
Reinforced Geomembranes
D7004/D7004M Test Method for Grab Tensile Properties of
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method
Reinforced Geomembranes
include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made
D7749 Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams
from the following polymers:
Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).
Geomembranes by the Grab Method
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-
branes. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7747/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
ɛ1
D7747M – 11 . DOI: 10.1520/D7747_D7747M-11R18. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7747/D7747M − 11 (2018)
3. Terminology 6.2.1 Specimens—Rectangular test specimens shall be a
minimum of 150 mm [6.0 in.] plus the seam width in the
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology D4439 for defini-
direction perpendicular to the seam. For Method A, the
tions of terms applying to this test method.
specimens shall be 25.4 mm [1.00 in.] in the direction parallel
4. Significance and Use
to the seam. For Method B, specimens shall be 50.8 mm
[2.00 in.] in the direction parallel to the seam. The seam should
4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materi-
be centered in the specimen.
als has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the
quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test
7. Conditioning
method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to
provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with 7.1 Conditioning—Specimens may be tested once they have
data to evaluate seam quality. equilibrated at standard laboratory temperature. The time
required to reach temperature equilibrium may vary according
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test
to the material type and thickness.
method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes.
Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced 7.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests at the standard atmo-
sphere for testing geosynthetics, a temperature of 21 6 2 °C
geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) appli-
cable to reinforced geomembranes. [70 6 4 °F] and a relative humidity between 50 to 70 %, unless
otherwise specified.
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than
machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges,
8. Procedure
generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this,
8.1 Shear Test:
testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749, or
8.1.1 Set the grip separation equal to the width of the seam
the 2-in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be
plus 76.2 mm [3.00 in.]. Set the crosshead speed to
ut
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D7747/D7747M − 11 D7747/D7747M − 11 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-
Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip
Tensile Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7747/D7747M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Designation was corrected and editorial changes were made throughout in October 2013.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with
reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting.
Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between
them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with
dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two
overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High frequency High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and
pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melts the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still
clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the
following polymers:
1.3.1 Very Low Density Polyethylene low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).
1.3.2 Linear Low Density Polyethylene low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).
1.3.3 Flexible Polypropylenepolypropylene (fPP).
1.3.4 Polyvinyl Chloridechloride (PVC).
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).
1.3.6 Ethylene Interpolymer Alloyinterpolymer alloy (EIA).
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated
in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values
from the two systems may result in non-conformancenonconformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011Feb. 1, 2018. Published October 2011February 2018. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as
ɛ1
D7747/D7747M – 11 . DOI: 10.1520/D7747_D7747M–11E01.10.1520/D7747_D7747M-11R18.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7747/D7747M − 11 (2018)
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D7003/D7003M Test Method for Strip Tensile Properties of Reinforced Geomembranes
D7004/D7004M Test Method for Grab Tensile Properties of Reinforced Geomembranes
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D7749 Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomem-
branes by the Grab Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology for Geosynthetics, D4439, for definitions of terms applying to this test method.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality
of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide
quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards
written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all Break Codesbreak codes (Fig. 1) applicable to
reinforced geomembranes.
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross machine, cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen
edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749, or
the 2 in. 2-in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. 1-in. and 2-in. specimens is
Method A and Method B, respectively.
4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method
D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be
compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to
values obtained with grab methods.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Tensile Testing Machine—Constant Raterate of Extensionextension (CRE) equipment meeting the requirements of
Specification D76/D76M. The load cell shall be accurate to within 61 % of the applied force. The drive mechanism shall be able
to control the rate of extension to within 61 % of the targeted rate. The maximum allowable error in recorded grip displacement
shall be 61 % of the recorded values. The maximum allowable variation in nominal gage length on repeated return of the clamps
to their starting position shall be less than 0.25 mm [0.01 in.].
...
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