ASTM D5573-99(2019)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Classifying Failure Modes in Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic (FRP) Joints
Standard Practice for Classifying Failure Modes in Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic (FRP) Joints
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a simple means of classifying failure modes for adhesively bonded FRP joints.
4.2 Each failure mode classification is based solely on a visual observation of the failure surface without the aid of a microscope or other means to magnify the surface.
4.3 Except for the line-drawing representations given, this practice does not contain descriptions of failure modes possible when using adhesion promoters. However, similar analogies to the failure modes described herein can be made.
4.4 This practice does not address the acceptability of any specific failure mode.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the method of classifying, identifying, and characterizing the failure modes in adhesively bonded fiber-reinforced-plastic (FRP) joints. The FRP used in developing this practice consists of glass fibers in a thermoset-polyester-resin matrix, commonly referred to as sheet-molding compound, or SMC.
1.2 One objective of this practice is to present comprehensive definitions of possible failure modes to serve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications, and product performance.
Note 1: Figures 2 through 11 referred to in the practice are contained in the ASTM adjunct, Color Photographs of Failure Modes.2
Fig. 2—Side-by Side Comparison of Failure Modes
Fig. 3—Adhesive Failure
Fig. 4—Cohesive Failure
Fig. 5—Thin-Layer Cohesive Failure
Fig. 6—Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 7—Light-Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 8—Stock-Break Failure
Fig. 9—Mixed Failure—40 % Fiber-Tear Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear Fiber
Fig. 10—Mixed Failure—32 % Adhesive Failure, 68 % Fiber-Tear Failure
Fig. 11—Mixed Failure—20 % Adhesive Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-Tear Failure, 20 % Fiber-Tear Failure
Note 2: This practice may be used to describe the failure modes generated from testing, using procedures such as Test Methods D3163, D3164, D3165, D3807, D5041, D5868, and SAE J1525.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5573 − 99 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Practice for
Classifying Failure Modes in Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic (FRP)
Joints
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5573; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This practice covers the method of classifying,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
identifying, and characterizing the failure modes in adhesively
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
bonded fiber-reinforced-plastic (FRP) joints. The FRP used in
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
developing this practice consists of glass fibers in a thermoset-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
polyester-resin matrix, commonly referred to as sheet-molding
compound, or SMC.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 One objective of this practice is to present comprehen-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sivedefinitionsofpossiblefailuremodestoserveasaguidefor
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
contracts, drawings, product specifications, and product perfor-
D3163 Test Method for Determining Strength ofAdhesively
mance.
Bonded Rigid Plastic Lap-Shear Joints in Shear by Ten-
NOTE 1—Figures 2 through 11 referred to in the practice are contained
sion Loading
in the ASTM adjunct, Color Photographs of Failure Modes.
D3164 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesively
Fig. 2—Side-by Side Comparison of Failure Modes
Bonded Plastic Lap-Shear Sandwich Joints in Shear by
Fig. 3—Adhesive Failure
Tension Loading
Fig. 4—Cohesive Failure
Fig. 5—Thin-Layer Cohesive Failure D3165 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives in
Fig. 6—Fiber-Tear Failure
Shear by Tension Loading of Single-Lap-Joint Laminated
Fig. 7—Light-Fiber-Tear Failure
Assemblies
Fig. 8—Stock-Break Failure
D3807 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives in
Fig. 9—Mixed Failure—40 % Fiber-Tear Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-
Cleavage Peel by Tension Loading (Engineering Plastics-
Tear Fiber
Fig. 10—Mixed Failure—32 % Adhesive Failure, 68 % Fiber-Tear to-Engineering Plastics)
Failure
D5041 Test Method for Fracture Strength in Cleavage of
Fig. 11—Mixed Failure—20 % Adhesive Failure, 60 % Light-Fiber-
Adhesives in Bonded Joints
Tear Failure, 20 % Fiber-Tear Failure
D5868 Test Method for Lap Shear Adhesion for Fiber
NOTE 2—This practice may be used to describe the failure modes
Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Bonding
generated from testing, using procedures such as Test Methods D3163,
D3164, D3165, D3807, D5041, D5868, and SAE J1525.
2.2 SAE Standard:
SAE J1525 SAE Recommended Practice—Lap Shear Test
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
for Automotive-Type Adhesives for Fiber Reinforced
standard.
Plastic (FRP) Bonding
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.3 ASTM Adjuncts:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Color Photographs of Failure Modes
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3. Terminology
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions:
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on Adhesives
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.40 on Adhesives for Plastics. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D5573 – 99 (2012). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D5573-99R19. the ASTM website.
2 4
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale,
ADJD5573. Original adjunct produced in 1993. PA 15096-0001, http://aerospace.sae.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5573 − 99 (2019)
3.1.1 Definitions may not appear outside of this practice characterized by the appearance of reinforcing fibers on both
unless the following delimiting phrase is included: “relating to ruptured surfaces. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 6.)
testing FRP bonded joints and ASTM Practice D5573.”
3.2.1.8 interphase failure, n—see thin-layer cohesive fail-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ure.
3.2.1 failure-mode classification, n—relating to testing FRP
3.2.1.9 interfacial failure, n—see adhesive failure.
bonded joints, a classification that includes the seven classes of
3.2.1.10 light-fiber-tear failure, LFT, n—failure occurring
failure modes identified here: (1) adhesive failure, (2) cohesive
within the FRP substrate, near the surface, characterized by a
failure, (3) thin-layer cohesive failure, (4) fiber-tear failure, (5)
thin layer of the FRPresin matrix visible on the adhesive, with
light-fiber-tear failure, (6) stock-break failure, and (7) mixed
few or no glass fibers transferred from the substrate to the
failure (see 3.2.1.2 through 3.2.1.10).
adhesive. (See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 7.)
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Failure of a tested specimen is seldom
3.2.1.11 stock-break failure, SB, n—a
...
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