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ASTM E328-13

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Stress Relaxation Tests for Materials and Structures

Standard Test Methods for Stress Relaxation Tests for Materials and Structures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Relaxation test data are necessary when designing most mechanically fastened joints to assure the permanent tightness of bolted or riveted assemblies, press or shrink-fit components, rolled-in tubes, etc. Other applications include predicting the decrease in the tightness of gaskets, in the hoop stress of solderless wrapped connections, in the constraining force of springs, and the stability of wire tendons in prestressed concrete.  
5.2 The ability of a material to relax at high-stress concentrations such as are present at notches, inclusions, cracks, holes, fillets, etc., may be predicted from stress relaxation data. Such test data are also useful to judge the heat-treatment condition necessary for the thermal relief of residual internal stresses in forgings, castings, weldments, machined or cold-worked surfaces, etc. The tests outlined in these methods are limited to conditions of approximately constant constraint and environment.  
5.3 The general stress relaxation test is performed by isothermally applying a force to a specimen with fixed value of constraint. The constraint is maintained constant, and the constraining force is determined as a function of time. The major problem in the stress relaxation test is that constant constraint can be very difficult to maintain. The effects on test results are very significant, and considerable attention must be given to minimize the constraint variation. Also, experimenters should determine and report the extent of variation in each stress relaxation test so that this factor can be taken into consideration.  
5.4 There are many methods of performing the stress relaxation test, each with a different starting procedure. However, the constraint is usually obtained initially by the application of an external force at either a specific force application rate or a specific strain rate. The two methods will produce the characteristic behavior shown in Fig. 1 when the initial stress, σ0, exceeds the proportional limit. ...
SCOPE
Note 1—The method of testing for the stress relaxation of plastics has been withdrawn from this standard, and the responsibility has been transferred to Practice D2991.  
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the time dependence of stress (stress relaxation) in materials and structures under conditions of approximately constant constraint, constant environment, and negligible vibration. In the procedures recommended, the material or structure is initially constrained by externally applied forces, and the change in the external force necessary to maintain this constraint is determined as a function of time.  
1.2 Specific methods for conducting stress relaxation tests on materials subjected to tension, compression, bending and torsion stresses are described in Parts A, B, C, and D, respectively. These test methods also include recommendations for the necessary testing equipment and for the analysis of the test data.  
1.3 It is recognized that the long time periods required for these types of tests are often unsuited for routine testing or for specification in the purchase of material. However, these tests are valuable tools in obtaining practical design information on the stress relaxation of materials subjected to the conditions enumerated, and in investigations of the fundamental behavior of materials.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2013
ICS
19.020 - Test conditions and procedures in general
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.04 - Uniaxial Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E328 − 13
Standard Test Methods for
1
Stress Relaxation for Materials and Structures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E328; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
These test methods cover a broad range of testing activities. To aid in locating the subject matter
pertinent to a particular test, the standard is divided into a general section, which applies to all stress
relaxationtestsformaterialsandstructures.Thisgeneralsectionisfollowedbyletter-designatedparts
that apply to tests for material characteristics when subjected to specific, simple stresses, such as
uniform tension, uniform compression, bending or torsion. To choose from among these types of
stress, three factors should be considered:
(1) When the material data are to be applied to the design of a particular class of component, the
stress during the relaxation test should be similar to that imposed on the component. For example,
tension tests are suitable for bolting applications and bending tests for leaf springs.
(2) Tension and compression relaxation tests have the advantage that the stress can be reported
simply and unequivocally. During bending relaxation tests, the state of stress is complex, but can be
accurately determined when the initial strains are elastic. If plastic strains occur on application of
force, stresses can usually be determined within a bounded range only.Tension relaxation tests, when
compared to compression tests, have the advantage that it is unnecessary to guard against buckling.
Therefore,whenthetestmethodisnotrestrictedbythetypeofstressinthecomponent,tensiontesting
is recommended.
(3) Bending tests for relaxation, when compared to tension and compression tests, have the
advantage of using lighter and simpler apparatus for specimens of the same cross-sectional area.
Strains are usually calculated from deflection or curvature measurements. Since the specimens can
usually be designed so that these quantities are much greater than the axial deformation in a direct
stress test, strain is more easily measured and more readily used for machine control in the bending
tests.Duetothesmallforcesnormallyrequiredandthesimplicityoftheapparatuswhenstaticfixtures
are sufficient, many specimens can be placed in a single oven or furnace when tests are made at
elevated temperatures.
1. Scope* 1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the time
NOTE 1—The method of testing for the stress relaxation of plastics has
dependence of stress (stress relaxation) in materials and
been withdrawn from this standard, and the responsibility has been
structures under conditions of approximately constant
transferred to Practice D2991.
constraint, constant environment, and negligible vibration.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on
Uniaxial Testing.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published May 2014. Originally
approved in 1967. Last previous approved in 2008 as E328–02(2008). DOI:
10.1520/E0328-13.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E328 − 13
In the procedures recommended, the material or structure is E8/E8MTest Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
initially constrained by externally applied forces, and the terials
change in the external force necessary to maintain this con- E9Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Mate-
straint is determined as a function of time. rials at Room Temperature
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
1.2 Specific methods for conducting stress relaxation tests
someter Systems
on materials subjected to tension, compression, bending and
E139Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture,
torsion stresses are described in Parts A, B, C, and D,
and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials
respectively.Thesetestmethodsalsoincluderecommendations
E1012Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-
for the necessary testing equipment and for the analysis of the
men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial
test data.
Force Application
1.3 It is recognized that the long time periods required for
these types of tests are often unsuited for routine testing or for
3. Terminology
specification in the purchase of material. However, these tests
3.1 Definitions:Terms common to mechanical testing.
are valuable too
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E328 − 02 (Reapproved 2008) E328 − 13
Standard Test Methods for
1
Stress Relaxation for Materials and Structures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E328; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
These test methods cover a broad range of testing activities. To aid in locating the subject matter
pertinent to a particular test, the standard is divided into a general section, which applies to all stress
relaxation tests for materials and structures. This general section is followed by letter-designated parts
that apply to tests for material characteristics when subjected to specific, simple stresses, such as
uniform tension, uniform compression, bending or torsion. To choose from among these types of
stress, the following three factors should be considered:
(1) When the material data are to be applied to the design of a particular class of component, the
stress during the relaxation test should be similar to that imposed on the component. For example,
tension tests are suitable for bolting applications and bending tests for leaf springs.
(2) Tension and compression relaxation tests have the advantage that the stress can be reported
simply and unequivocally. During bending relaxation tests, the state of stress is complex, but can be
accurately determined when the initial strains are elastic. If plastic strains occur on application of
force, stresses can usually be determined within a bounded range only. Tension relaxation tests, when
compared to compression tests, have the advantage that it is unnecessary to guard against buckling.
Therefore, when the test method is not restricted by the type of stress in the component, tension testing
is recommended.
(3) Bending tests for relaxation, when compared to tension and compression tests, have the
advantage of using lighter and simpler apparatus for specimens of the same cross-sectional area.
Strains are usually calculated from deflection or curvature measurements. Since the specimens can
usually be designed so that these quantities are much greater than the axial deformation in a direct
stress test, strain is more easily measured and more readily used for machine control in the bending
tests. Due to the small forces normally required and the simplicity of the apparatus when static fixtures
are sufficient, many specimens can be placed in a single oven or furnace when tests are made at
elevated temperatures.
1. Scope Scope*
NOTE 1—The method of testing for the stress relaxation of plastics has been withdrawn from this standard, and the responsibility has been transferred
to Practice D2991.
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the time dependence of stress (stress relaxation) in materials and structures
under conditions of approximately constant constraint, constant environment, and negligible vibration.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on Uniaxial
Testing.
Current edition approved May 1, 2008Nov. 1, 2013. Published December 2008May 2014. Originally approved in 1967. Last previous approved in 20022008 as
E328E328–02(2008).–02. DOI: 10.1520/E0328-02R08.10.1520/E0328-13.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E328 − 13
In the procedures recommended, the material or structure is initially constrained by externally applied forces, and the change in
the external force necessary to maintain this constraint is determined as a function of time.
1.2 Specific methods for conducting stress relaxation tests on materials subjected to tension, compression, bending and torsion
stresses are described in Parts A, B, C, and D, respectively. These test methods also include recommendations for the necessary
testing equipment and for the analysis of the test data.
1.3 It is recognized that the long time periods required for these types of tests are often unsuited for routine testing or for
specification in the purchase of material. However, these tests are valuable tools in obtaining practical design information on the
stress relaxation of
...

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5.1 Stress-relaxation test data are necessary when designing most mechanically fastened joints to ensure the permanent tightness of bolted or riveted assemblies, press or shrink-fit components, rolled-in tubes, etc. Other applications include predicting the decrease in the tightness of gaskets, in the hoop stress of solderless wrapped connections, in the constraining force of springs, and in the stability of wire tendons in prestressed concrete.  
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5.4 There are many methods of performing the stress-relaxation test, each with a different starting procedure. However, the constraint is usually obtained initially by the application of an external force at either a specific force-application rate or a specific strain rate. The two methods will produce the characteristic behavior shown in Fig. 1 when the initial stress, σ0, exceeds the proporti...
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Note 1: The method of testing for the stress relaxation of plastics has been withdrawn from this standard, and the responsibility has been transferred to Practice D2991.  
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the time dependence of stress (stress relaxation) in materials and structures under conditions of approximately constant constraint, constant test environment, and negligible vibration. In the procedures, the material or structure is initially constrained by externally applied forces, and the change in the external force necessary to maintain this constraint is determined as a function of time.  
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ABSTRACT
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4.1.1 When a test method is applied to a large number of portions of a material that are as nearly alike as possible, the test results obtained will not all have the same value. A measure of the degree of agreement among these test results describes the precision of the test method for that material. Numerical measures of the variability between such test results provide inverse measures of the precision of the test method. Greater variability implies smaller (that is, poorer) precision and larger imprecision.  
4.1.2 Precision is reported as a standard deviation, coefficient of variation (relative standard deviation), variance, or a precision limit (a data range indicating no statistically significant difference between test results).  
4.1.3 This practice is designed only to estimate the precision of a test method. However, when accepted reference values are available for the property levels, the test result data obtained according to this practice may be used in estimating the bias of the test method. For a discussion of bias estimation and the relationships between precision, bias, and accuracy, see Practice E177.  
4.2 The procedures presented in this practice consist of three basic steps: planning the interlaboratory study, guiding the testing phase of the study, and analyzing the test result data.  
4.2.1 The planning phase includes forming the ILS task group, the study design, selection, and number of participating laborato...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, analyzing, and treating the results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) of a test method. The statistical techniques described in this practice provide adequate information for formulating the precision statement of a test method.  
1.2 This practice does not concern itself with the development of test methods but rather with gathering the information needed for a test method precision statement after the development stage has been successfully completed. The data obtained in the interlaboratory study may indicate, however, that further effort is needed to improve the test method.  
1.3 Since the primary purpose of this practice is the development of the information needed for a precision statement, the experimental design in this practice may not be optimum for evaluating materials, apparatus, or individual laboratories.  
1.4 Field of Application—This practice is concerned exclusively with test methods which yield a single numerical figure as the test result, although the single figure may be the outcome of a calculation from a set of measurements.  
1.4.1 This practice ...

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ASTM
ASTM D6646-03(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of the Accelerated Hydrogen Sulfide Breakthrough Capacity of Granular and Pelletized Activated Carbon

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method compares the performance of granular or pelletized activated carbons used in odor control applications, such as sewage treatment plants, pump stations, etc. The method determines the relative breakthrough performance of activated carbon for removing hydrogen sulfide from a humidified gas stream. Other organic contaminants present in field operations may affect the H2S breakthrough capacity of the carbon; these are not addressed by this test. This test does not simulate actual conditions encountered in an odor control application, and is therefore meant only to compare the hydrogen sulfide breakthrough capacities of different carbons under the conditions of the laboratory test.  
5.2 This test does not duplicate conditions that an adsorber would encounter in practical service. The mass transfer zone in the 23 cm column used in this test is proportionally much larger than that in the typical bed used in industrial applications. This difference favors a carbon that functions more rapidly for removal of H2S over a carbon with slower kinetics. Also, the 1 % H2S challenge gas concentration used here engenders a significant temperature rise in the carbon bed. This effect may also differentiate between carbons in a way that is not reflected in the conditions of practical service.  
5.3 This standard as written is applicable only to granular and pelletized activated carbons with mean particle diameters less than 2.5 mm. Application of this standard to activated carbons with mean particle diameters (MPD) greater than 2.5 mm will require a larger diameter adsorption column. The ratio of column inside diameter to MPD should be greater than 10 in order to avoid wall effects. In these cases it is suggested that bed superficial velocity and contact time be held invariant at the conditions specified in this standard (4.77 cm/s and 4.8 s). Although not covered by this standard, data obtained from these tests may be reported as in paragraph 12 along with additional ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the performance of virgin, newly impregnated or in-service, granular or pelletized activated carbon for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from an air stream, under the laboratory test conditions described herein. A humidified air stream containing 1 % (by volume) hydrogen sulfide is passed through a carbon bed until 50 ppm breakthrough of H2S is observed. The H2S adsorption capacity of the carbon per unit volume at 99.5 % removal efficiency (g H2S/cm3 carbon) is then calculated. This test is not necessarily applicable to non-carbon adsorptive materials.  
1.2 This standard as written is applicable only to granular and pelletized activated carbons with mean particle diameters (MPD) less than 2.5 mm. See paragraph 5.3 if activated carbons with larger MPDs are to be tested.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5818-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Exposure and Retrieval of Samples to Evaluate Installation Damage of Geosynthetics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ability to maintain design function (for example, reinforcement, separation, barrier, etc.) or design properties (for example, tensile strength, chemical resistance, etc.), or both, of a geosynthetic may be affected by damage to the physical structure of the geosynthetic due to the rigors of field installation. The effect of damage may be assessed by analyzing specimens cut from sample(s) retrieved after installation in a representative test section. Analysis may be performed with visual examination or laboratory testing of specimens from the control sample(s), and from the exhumed sample(s).  
5.2 A uniform practice for installing and retrieving representative sample(s) from a test section is needed to assess installation damage using project-specific or generally accepted, representative materials and procedures. Damage of a specific grade and type of geosynthetic under specific installation procedures may be assessed with sample(s) exhumed from a full-scale test section.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers standardized procedures for obtaining samples of geosynthetics from a test section for use in assessment of the effects of damage immediately after installation caused only by the installation techniques. The assessment may include physical testing. This practice is applicable to any geosynthetic except those installed between layers of aggregate or soil modified by a binder.
Note 1: The binder would inhibit the retrieval of the geosynthetic without inflicting further damage to the geosynthetic. Other practices may be suitable for retrieving geosynthetics used in these applications but are out of the scope of this practice.  
1.2 This practice is limited to full-scale test sections and does not address laboratory modeling of field conditions. This practice does not address which test method(s) to use for quantifying installation damage.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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