ASTM D7243-11(2020)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Measuring the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Paper Industry Sludges
Standard Guide for Measuring the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Paper Industry Sludges
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to supplement the methods and procedures described in Test Methods D5084. When following the recommendations in this guide to test paper sludges, all assumptions and limitations described in Test Methods D5084 apply.
4.2 This guide only applies to hydraulic conductivity tests on paper industry sludges where one-dimensional laminar flow of water is imposed using a flexible-wall permeameter.
4.3 The hydraulic conductivity of sludges, and other porous materials, generally decreases as the degree of water saturation decreases. This guide applies only to water-saturated sludge containing negligible amounts of gas.
4.4 This guide applies only to permeation of paper industry sludges with water. Information on testing porous materials with liquids other than water can be found in Test Method D7100.
4.5 The hydraulic conductivity of paper sludge measured in the laboratory following Test Methods D5084 and the recommendations in this guide may or may not be comparable to the hydraulic conductivity of in-place sludge. The issue has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the results should be applied to field situations with caution and by qualified personnel.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced when using the recommendations in this guide depends on the competence of the personnel performing the testing and the suitability of the equipment and facilities that are employed. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this guide are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 Paper industry sludges are industrial by-products derived from wastewater treatment operations at plants associated with the manufacturing of paper. These sludges typically consist of clay and organic matter. They may also contain low levels of inorganic and organic contaminants and can be rich in microbes. Traditionally, paper industry sludges have been disposed in municipal solid waste landfills or solid waste monofills. However, in the interest of sustainability, applications are being developed where sludges can be used beneficially. One application is using sludge to construct hydraulic barriers (for example, for use in a landfill cap). Such applications generally require that the hydraulic conductivity of the sludge be measured.
1.2 Compacted paper industry sludges generally behave like soils and are amenable to geotechnical testing methods. However, several of their attributes require special attention during testing. Compacted industry sludges generally are highly compressible due to their organic component. Thus, their hydraulic conductivity can be more sensitive to the effective stress and hydraulic gradient applied during testing than most soils. The microbes in paper sludge can also produce gas during testing, confounding testing methods.
1.3 This guide is intended to supplement ASTM D5084, Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter. The purpose of the guide is to provide additional guidance on issues relevant to testing sludges using Test Methods D5084. The guide applies to specimens compacted in the laboratory using procedures such as those described in Test Methods D698 and D1557 or undisturbed specimens collected from the field using procedures such as Practice D1587/D1587M or Practice D7015/D7015M.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safet...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7243 − 11 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Guide for
Measuring the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Paper
Industry Sludges
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 Paper industry sludges are industrial by-products de-
standard.
rivedfromwastewatertreatmentoperationsatplantsassociated
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
with the manufacturing of paper. These sludges typically
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
consist of clay and organic matter. They may also contain low
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
levelsofinorganicandorganiccontaminantsandcanberichin
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
microbes. Traditionally, paper industry sludges have been
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
disposed in municipal solid waste landfills or solid waste
This standard contains a hazards section regarding the use of
monofills. However, in the interest of sustainability, applica-
biocides (Section 10).
tions are being developed where sludges can be used benefi-
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information
cially. One application is using sludge to construct hydraulic
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
barriers (for example, for use in a landfill cap). Such applica-
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
tions generally require that the hydraulic conductivity of the
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
sludge be measured.
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
1.2 Compactedpaperindustrysludgesgenerallybehavelike
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
soils and are amenable to geotechnical testing methods.
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
However, several of their attributes require special attention
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
during testing. Compacted industry sludges generally are
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
highly compressible due to their organic component. Thus,
document means only that the document has been approved
their hydraulic conductivity can be more sensitive to the
through the ASTM consensus process.
effective stress and hydraulic gradient applied during testing
thanmostsoils.Themicrobesinpapersludgecanalsoproduce 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
gas during testing, confounding testing methods.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.3 This guide is intended to supplement ASTM D5084,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeame-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ter. The purpose of the guide is to provide additional guidance
on issues relevant to testing sludges using Test Methods
2. Referenced Documents
D5084. The guide applies to specimens compacted in the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
laboratory using procedures such as those described in Test
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Methods D698 and D1557 or undisturbed specimens collected
Fluids
from the field using procedures such as Practice D1587/
D698Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
D1587M or Practice D7015/D7015M.
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600
kN-m/m ))
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic Properties
and Hydraulic Barriers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2020. Published March 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7243–11. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7243-11R20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7243 − 11 (2020)
D1557Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character- 4.3 The hydraulic conductivity of sludges, and other porous
istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft materials,generallydecreasesasthedegreeofwatersaturation
(2,700 kN-m/m )) decreases. This guide applies only to water-saturated sludge
D1587/D1587MPractice forThin-WalledTube Sampling of containing negligible amounts of gas.
Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical Purposes
4.4 This guide applies only to permeation of paper industry
D2216Test Methods for Laboratory Determination ofWater
sludges with water. Information on testing porous materials
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
with liquids other than water can be found in Test Method
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
D7100.
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
4.5 The hydraulic conductivity of paper sludge measured in
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
the laboratory following Test Methods D5084 and the recom-
D5084Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-
mendations in this guide may or may not be comparable to the
ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible
hydraulic conductivity of in-place sludge. The issue has not
Wall Permeameter
beenfullyinvestigated.Therefore,theresultsshouldbeapplied
D7015/D7015MPractices for Obtaining Intact Block (Cubi-
to field situations with caution and by qualified personnel.
cal and Cylindrical) Samples of Soils
NOTE1—Thequalityoftheresultproducedwhenusingtherecommen-
D7100Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibil-
dations in this guide depends on the competence of the personnel
ity Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions
performing the testing and the suitability of the equipment and facilities
that are employed. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are
3. Terminology
generally considered capable of competent and objective testing,
sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this guide are cautioned that compli-
3.1 Definitions:
ance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results.
3.1.1 For common definitions of other terms in this
Reliableresultsdependonmanyfactors;PracticeD3740providesameans
standard, see Terminology D653.
of evaluating some of those factors.
3.1.2 paper industry sludge—porous solid material derived
from clarification of water during wastewater treatment opera-
5. Reagents
tions at plants producing paper and similar materials. Also
5.1 Permeant Water:
referred to as paper sludge, papermill sludge, fiber clay, paper
5.1.1 Selection of the permeant water should follow the
clay, or sludge.
instructions in Section 6 ofTest Methods D5084. Comparative
3.1.3 head loss, h orh—the change in total head of water
L testing has been conducted to assess whether the hydraulic
across a given distance.
conductivityofsludgeissensitivetothetypeofwaterusedfor
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Typically the change in total head is
testing. Tests conducted by Nelson and Benson indicate that
across the influent and effluent lines connected to the
essentially the same hydraulic conductivity is obtained if
permeameter,whilethegivendistanceistypicallythelengthof
hydraulic conductivity tests on paper sludge are conducted
the test specimen.
withtapwater,deionizedwater,0.005MCaCl ,0.01MCaCl ,
2 2
or0.01MCaSO .Thesepermeantwatersshouldbeconsidered
3.1.4 permeameter—the apparatus (cell) containing the test
specimen in a hydraulic conductivity test. equivalent when testing paper sludge.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Theapparatusinthiscaseistypicallya 5.1.2 Insomecases,abiocidemaybeaddedtothepermeant
triaxial-type cell with all of its components (top and bottom water to prevent generation of gases associated with microbial
specimen caps, stones, and filter paper; membrane; chamber; activity. Testing conducted previously suggests that biocides
do not alter the hydraulic conductivity of paper sludges when
top and bottom plates; valves; etc.). However, the cell gener-
ally does not have a loading piston. used at concentrations recommended by the manufacturer.
However, comprehensive testing has not been conducted to
3.1.5 hydraulic conductivity, k—the rate of discharge of
assess how all biocides affect the hydraulic conductivity of
water under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-
papersludges(forexample,throughchemicalinteractionswith
sectional area of porous medium under a unit hydraulic
the solid phase). If chemical interactions are a concern, an
gradient and standard temperature conditions (20°C).
assessment can be made with side-by-side testing using an
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Theterm coeffıcient of permeability(or
alternative method to prevent gas generation.
permeability) is often used instead of hydraulic conductivity,
but hydraulic conductivity is used exclusively in this standard.
6. Procedures to Minim
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