ASTM D217-21
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
Standard Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These cone penetration tests not only evaluate the consistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGI numbers from 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency of stiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. In contrast, Test Method D937 is aimed at petrolatums and Test Method D1403 uses less precise 1/4 and 1/2-scale equipment intended for use when the sample quantity is limited.
5.2 Cone penetration test results provide one measure of the consistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are required to determine to which NLGI consistency grade a grease belongs. Undisturbed penetration results provide a means of evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consistency.
5.3 Although no correlation has been developed between cone penetration results and field service, the cone penetrations obtained by the four procedures are widely used for specification purposes, such as in users' material specifications and suppliers' manufacturing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for measuring the consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of a cone of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetration is measured in tenths of a millimetre.
Note 1: The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI)2 classified greases according to their consistency as measured by the worked penetration. The classification system is as follows:
NLGI
Consistency Number
Worked Penetration Range,
25 °C (77 °F)
000
445 to 475
00
400 to 430
0
355 to 385
1
310 to 340
2
265 to 295
3
220 to 250
4
175 to 205
5
130 to 160
6
85 to 115
1.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolonged worked penetration are applicable to greases having penetrations between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistency numbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbed penetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to the unworked penetration test.
1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable to greases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Such greases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of a millimetre.
1.1.3 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked penetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspecting lubricating greases.
1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable for the measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetration. Test Method D937 should be used for such products.
1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these test methods are given in SI units as the primary unit of measure with equivalent imperial units as accetpable alternatives where applicable. In cases where equivalent SI conversions are not known, notes are added for clarification. Temperatures and other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the values shown in parentheses are provided for information.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D217-21 is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 These cone penetration tests not only evaluate the consistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGI numbers from 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency of stiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. In contrast, Test Method D937 is aimed at petrolatums and Test Method D1403 uses less precise 1/4 and 1/2-scale equipment intended for use when the sample quantity is limited. 5.2 Cone penetration test results provide one measure of the consistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are required to determine to which NLGI consistency grade a grease belongs. Undisturbed penetration results provide a means of evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consistency. 5.3 Although no correlation has been developed between cone penetration results and field service, the cone penetrations obtained by the four procedures are widely used for specification purposes, such as in users' material specifications and suppliers' manufacturing specifications. SCOPE 1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for measuring the consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of a cone of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetration is measured in tenths of a millimetre. Note 1: The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI)2 classified greases according to their consistency as measured by the worked penetration. The classification system is as follows: NLGI Consistency Number Worked Penetration Range, 25 °C (77 °F) 000 445 to 475 00 400 to 430 0 355 to 385 1 310 to 340 2 265 to 295 3 220 to 250 4 175 to 205 5 130 to 160 6 85 to 115 1.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolonged worked penetration are applicable to greases having penetrations between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistency numbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbed penetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to the unworked penetration test. 1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable to greases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Such greases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of a millimetre. 1.1.3 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked penetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspecting lubricating greases. 1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable for the measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetration. Test Method D937 should be used for such products. 1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these test methods are given in SI units as the primary unit of measure with equivalent imperial units as accetpable alternatives where applicable. In cases where equivalent SI conversions are not known, notes are added for clarification. Temperatures and other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the values shown in parentheses are provided for information. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 These cone penetration tests not only evaluate the consistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGI numbers from 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency of stiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. In contrast, Test Method D937 is aimed at petrolatums and Test Method D1403 uses less precise 1/4 and 1/2-scale equipment intended for use when the sample quantity is limited. 5.2 Cone penetration test results provide one measure of the consistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are required to determine to which NLGI consistency grade a grease belongs. Undisturbed penetration results provide a means of evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consistency. 5.3 Although no correlation has been developed between cone penetration results and field service, the cone penetrations obtained by the four procedures are widely used for specification purposes, such as in users' material specifications and suppliers' manufacturing specifications. SCOPE 1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for measuring the consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of a cone of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetration is measured in tenths of a millimetre. Note 1: The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI)2 classified greases according to their consistency as measured by the worked penetration. The classification system is as follows: NLGI Consistency Number Worked Penetration Range, 25 °C (77 °F) 000 445 to 475 00 400 to 430 0 355 to 385 1 310 to 340 2 265 to 295 3 220 to 250 4 175 to 205 5 130 to 160 6 85 to 115 1.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolonged worked penetration are applicable to greases having penetrations between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistency numbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbed penetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to the unworked penetration test. 1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable to greases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Such greases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of a millimetre. 1.1.3 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked penetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspecting lubricating greases. 1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable for the measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetration. Test Method D937 should be used for such products. 1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these test methods are given in SI units as the primary unit of measure with equivalent imperial units as accetpable alternatives where applicable. In cases where equivalent SI conversions are not known, notes are added for clarification. Temperatures and other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the values shown in parentheses are provided for information. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D217-21 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D217 − 21
Designation: 50/17
Standard Test Methods for
Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable for
the measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetra-
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverfourproceduresformeasuring
tion. Test Method D937 should be used for such products.
the consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of a
coneofspecifieddimensions,mass,andfinish.Thepenetration 1.3 Thedimensionsoftheequipmentdescribedinthesetest
is measured in tenths of a millimetre. methods are given in SI units as the primary unit of measure
with equivalent imperial units as accetpable alternatives where
NOTE 1—The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) classified
applicable. In cases where equivalent SI conversions are not
greases according to their consistency as measured by the worked
known, notes are added for clarification. Temperatures and
penetration. The classification system is as follows:
other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the values
NLGI Worked Penetration Range,
Consistency Number 25 °C (77 °F)
shown in parentheses are provided for information.
000 445 to 475
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
00 400 to 430
0 355 to 385
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1 310 to 340
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2 265 to 295
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3 220 to 250
4 175 to 205
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5 130 to 160
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
6 85to115
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolonged
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
worked penetration are applicable to greases having penetra-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tions between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistency
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
numbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbed
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
penetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to the
unworked penetration test.
2. Referenced Documents
1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
greases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Such
D937Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
greases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of a
D1403Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
millimetre.
Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone
1.1.3 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the
Equipment
consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked
D4175Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
penetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspecting
Fuels, and Lubricants
lubricating greases.
3. Terminology
1 3.1 Definitions:
ThesetestmethodsarethejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD02onPetroleum
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of
3.1.1 consistency, n—of lubricating grease, the degree of
Subcommittee D02.G0.02 on Consistency and Related Rheological Tests. In the IP,
resistance to movement under stress.
these test methods are under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.
These test methods were adopted as a joint ASTM-IP standard in 1969.
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2021.PublishedJuly2021.Originallyapproved
in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D217 – 19b. DOI: 10.1520/ For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D0217-21. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
National Lubricating Grease Institute, 4635 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, MO Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
64112-1596. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D217 − 21
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Thetermconsistencyisusedsomewhat
synonymously with penetration. Generally, consistency refers
to the worked penetration of a grease.
3.1.2 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two
surfacesthatreducesthefrictionorwearbetweenthem. D4175
3.1.3 lubricating grease, n—a semi-fluid to solid product of
a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Thedispersionofthethickenerformsa
two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by
surfacetensionandotherphysicalforces.Otheringredientsare
commonly included to impart special properties.
3.1.4 penetration, n—of lubricating grease, the depth that
thestandardconeentersthesamplewhenreleasedtofallunder
its own weight for 5s.
3.1.5 penetrometer, n—an instrument that measures the
consistencyorhardnessofsemiliquidtosemisolidmaterialsby
measuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle under
a given force falls into the material.
3.1.6 prolonged worked penetration, n—of lubricating
grease, the penetration of a sample after it has been worked
more than 60 double strokes in a standard grease worker at a
temperature of 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F).
3.1.6.1 Discussion—After the prescribed number of double
strokes, the worker and contents are brought to 25°C (77°F),
workedanadditional60doublestrokes,andpenetratedwithout
delay.
FIG. 1 Penetrometer
3.1.7 semi-solid, n—aseeminglysolidmaterialthatdeforms
under a force equal to or greater than the force of gravity and
that can be made to flow by the application of such a force so
3.2.1 block penetration, n—of lubricating grease, the pen-
long as it exceeds the yield stress of the material.
etration at 25°C (77°F) determined on the freshly prepared
faceofacubecutfromasamplethatissufficientlyhardtohold
3.1.7.1 Discussion—In the petroleum industry, lubricating
its shape.
grease, petrolatum, slack wax, and bitumen are recognized as
3.2.2 penetrometer, n—an instrument (see Fig. 1) designed
semi-solids. (Synonyms—semi-liquid and semi-fluid.)
to measure the depth to which the standard cone falls into the
3.1.8 thickener, n—in lubricating grease, a substance com-
grease.
posed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricant
to form the product’s structure.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—In this test method, either a standard
3.1.8.1 Discussion—The thickener can be fibers (such as
penetrometer(6.2)oranoptionalpenetrometercone(A1.3)can
various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certain
be used to determine the consistency of lubricating greases.
non-soapthickeners)whichareinsolubleor,atmost,onlyvery
The penetration force is determined by the mass of the cone
slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general require-
and the shaft.
mentsarethatthesolidparticlesbeextremelysmall,uniformly
4. Summary of Test Method
dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-like
structure with the liquid lubricant.
4.1 For unworked penetration, the sample is brought to
25°C 6 0.5°C (77°F 6 1°F) using a temperature bath. The
3.1.9 unworked penetration, n—of lubricating grease, the
sample is then transferred with as little manipulation as
penetration at 25°C (77°F) of a sample that has received only
possible into a worker cup (or other suitable container), if not
minimum disturbance in transferring to a grease worker cup or
placedtherebeforethetemperaturestabilizationstep.Thecone
dimensionally equivalent rigid container.
assembly of the penetrometer is released and allowed to drop
3.1.10 worked penetration, n—of lubricating grease, the
freely into the grease for 5s 6 0.1s. Three determinations are
penetration at 25°C (77°F), without delay, of a sample after
made and averaged to give the reported result.
60 double strokes in a standard grease worker.
4.2 For worked penetration, the sample is brought to 25°C
3.1.11 working, n—of lubricating grease,thesubjectionofa
6 0.5°C (77°F 6 1°F) and placed in the worker cup. The
sample to the shearing action of the standard grease worker.
sample is subjected to 60 double strokes in the grease worker.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: The penetration is determined immediately by releasing the
D217 − 21
coneassemblyfromthepenetrometerandallowingtheconeto 6.3.2 Grease Worker Drive, Motorized, in accordance with
drop freely into the grease for 5s 6 0.1s. Three determina- A1.6,whichallowsforworkingthegreaseatarateof60 610
tions are made and averaged to give the reported result. double strokes per minute. This apparatus is essential for the
working step of the prolonged worked penetration procedure.
4.3 For prolonged worked penetration, the sample is placed
in the worker cup and subjected to a predetermined number of 6.4 Grease Cutter, in accordance with A1.7, is used for
double strokes in the grease worker. Following completion of preparation of samples for block penetration.
the prolonged working, the grease and worker assembly are
6.5 Temperature Bath, capable of controlling the bath tem-
brought to 25°C 6 0.5°C (77°F 6 1°F) and the grease is
perature at 25°C 6 0.5°C (77°F 6 1°F) and designed to
worked an additional 60 double strokes in the grease worker.
bring the assembled grease worker to test temperature conve-
The penetration is determined immediately by releasing the
niently.Examplesofsuitabletemperaturebathsincludeawater
coneassemblyfromthepenetrometerandallowingtheconeto
bath, air bath, constant temperature test room, or a
dropfreelyintothegreasefor5s 60.1s.Threedeterminations
temperature-controlled metal block. If a water bath is to be
are made and averaged to give the reported result.
used for samples for unworked penetration, means should be
4.4 For block penetration, a cube of the grease is prepared provided for protecting the grease surface from water and for
by slicing off a thin layer using the grease cutter. The cube of maintainingtheairabovethesampleattesttemperature.Anair
grease is brought to 25°C 6 0.5°C (77°F 6 1°F) and placed bathispreferredforbringingblockgreasestotesttemperature,
on the penetrometer table with the prepared face upward. The butatightlysealedcontainerplacedinawaterbathwillsuffice.
penetration is determined by releasing the cone assembly from
6.6 Spatula, corrosion-resistant, having a stiff blade nomi-
the penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into the
nally 32mm (1.25in.) wide and at least 150mm (6in.) long.
grease for 5s 6 0.1s. Three determinations are made and
6.7 Temperature-Measuring Device, with a sheath length of
averaged to give the reported result.
approximately 200mm (8in.) and a sheath diameter of ap-
5. Significance and Use
proximately 3.7mm (0.145in.) (small enough to fit through
the vent cock). The temperature range of the device should be
5.1 These cone penetration tests not only evaluate the
wide enough to allow it to be immersed in grease at approxi-
consistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGI
mately 38°C (100°F) without damage. The scale should have
numbers from 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency of
small enough divisions (or digital resolution) to allow the user
stiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. In
to read 60.5°C (61°F).Aspacer can be applied to the upper
contrast, Test Method D937 is aimed at petrolatums and Test
1 1 portion of the sheath to hold the tip just above the perforated
Method D1403 uses less precise ⁄4 and ⁄2-scale equipment
plate of the grease worker and in the bulk of the sample (see
intended for use when the sample quantity is limited.
A1.3).
5.2 Conepenetrationtestresultsprovideonemeasureofthe
6.8 Overflow Ring (optional), in accordance with A1.8,isa
consistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are re-
useful device for catching grease scraped from the sample
quired to determine to which NLGI consistency grade a grease
surface as well as any grease forced by the penetrometer cone
belongs. Undisturbed penetration results provide a means of
to overflow from the cup. This grease can be returned to the
evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consis-
worker cup for subsequent testing.
tency.
5.3 Although no correlation has been developed between
7. Reagents and Materials
conepenetrationresultsandfieldservice,theconepenetrations
7.1 Appropriate Volatile Gum-free Solvent, for example,
obtained by the four procedures are widely used for specifica-
light petroleum naphtha.
tion purposes, such as in users’ material specifications and
suppliers’ manufacturing specifications. 7.2 Cloth or Paper Wiper, for wiping grease from the
penetrometer cone. The wiper should be soft, so as not to
6. Apparatus
scratch the cone.
6.1 Penetrometer, in accordance with A1.1. The instrument
8. Sampling
shallbecapableofindicatingdepthintenthsofamillimetre.A
sketch of a generic penetrometer is shown in Fig. 1.
8.1 Sample Size—Sufficient sample (at least 0.45 kg
6.2 Standard Penetrometer Cone, in accordance with A1.2, (1.1lb)) to overfill the cup of the standard grease worker is
is suitable for all penetrations.An optional penetrometer cone, required. If the sample size is insufficient and penetration
in accordance with A1.3, is suitable only for penetrations less ranges from NLGI 0 to 4, use Test Method D1403.
than 400.The optional cone should not be used to measure the 8.1.1 For block penetration, obtain a sufficient size sample
penetration of 00 and 000 grade greases. of the grease, which must be hard enough to hold its shape, to
permit cutting from it a 50mm (2in.) cube as a test specimen.
6.3 Grease Worker, comprising a grease cup, cover, and
plunger assembly, in accordance with A1.4, constructed for 8.2 Sample Preparation—Samples are prepared for the
either manual or mechanical operation. various cone penetration test methods as follows:
6.3.1 Grease Worker Drive, Manual, in accordance with 8.2.1 Unworked Penetration—Prior to performing the test,
A1.5,whichallowsforworkingthegreaseatarateof60 610 thegreasesample(ifnecessary,inasuitablecontainerorinthe
double strokes per minute. worker cup) and the test equipment (worker cup and cone)
D217 − 21
(77°F 6 1°F). This can be achieved by the use of a
temperature bath (6.5) or a combination of different tempera-
ture baths. Additional time will be required to achieve a
consistent temperature of 25°C 6 0.5°C (77°F 6 1°F) if the
sample is larger than 0.45kg (1.1lb), or if the initial sample
temperature differs from 25°C by more than about 8°C
(15°F). If the grease sample and equipment are already at the
correcttemperaturebeforethesampleisplacedintotheworker
cup, there is no need to further stabilize the sample once it has
been placed in the cup. Transfer sufficient specimen to the cup
of the clean grease worker to fill it heaping full (mound up
about 13mm (0.5in.) at the center), avoiding the inclusion of
air by packing with the spatula. Jar the cup from time to time
asitisbeingpackedtoremoveanyairinadvertentlyentrapped.
Assembletheworkerand,withtheventcockopen,depressthe
plunger to the bottom.
FIG. 2 Preparing Sample for Penetration Measurement
If an air bath or water bath is used to bring grease and
equipment to 25°C 6 0.5°C (77°F 6 1°F) after assembly,
then insert a thermometer through the vent cock so that its tip
must all be at a standard temperature of 25°C 6 0.5°C (77°F
isinthecenterofthegrease.Placetheassembledworkerinthe
6 1°F).This can be achieved by the use of a temperature bath
temperature bath maintained at 25°C 6 0.5°C (77°F 6 1°F)
(6.5) or a combination of different temperature baths, It is
(Note 2) until the temperature of the worker and its contents is
important to allow sufficient time for the grease and test
25°C 6 0.5°C as indicated by the thermometer. If the initial
equipment to reach 25°C 6 0.5°C (77°F 6 1°F).Additional
sample temperature differs from 25°C by more than about
time will be required to achieve a consistent temperature of
8°C(15°F),orifanalternativemethodofbringingthesample
25°C 6 0.5°C (77°F 6 1°F) if the sample is larger than
to 25°C is used, allow sufficient additional time to ensure that
0.45kg (1.1lb), or if the initial sample temperature differs
the specimen is at 25°C 6 0.5°C before proceeding. Testing
from 25°C by more than about 8°C (15°F). If the grease
mayproceedwhenthespecimenisatauniformtemperatureof
sample and equipment are already at the correct temperature
25°C 6 0.5°C. Remove the worker from the bath. If a water
before the sample is placed into the worker cup, there is no
bath was used, wipe any excess water from the outer surfaces
need to further stabilize the sample once it has been placed in
of the worker. Remove the thermometer and close the vent
the cup. Testing may proceed if the specimen is at a uniform
cock.
temperature of 25°C 6 0.5°C. Transfer the specimen, prefer-
8.2.2.1 Working—Subject the grease to 60 full (63mm to
ably in one lump, to overfill the cup of the grease worker or
7 13
71.5mm (2 ⁄16in. to 2 ⁄16in.)) double strokes of the plunger,
other container. Make this transfer in such a manner that the
completed in about 60s, and return the plunger to its top
grease will be worked as little as possible.
position. Open the vent cock, remove the cover and plunger,
8.2.1.1 Preparing Sample for Measurement—Jar the cup to
and return to the cup as much of the grease clinging to the
drive out trapped air and pack the grease with the spatula, with
plunger as can readily be removed.
aslittlemanipulationaspossible,toobtainacupfulwithoutair
NOTE 2—If it is desired to immerse the worker into a water bath, above
pockets. Scrape off the excess grease extending over the rim,
the joint between the cup and cover, take care that the joint is watertight
creatingaflatsurface,bymovingthebladeofthespatula,held
in order to prevent the entrance of water to the worker.
inclined toward the direction of motion at an angle of approxi-
mately 45°, across the rim of the cup (Fig. 2). This excess 8.2.2.2 Preparing Sample for Measurement—Jar the cup
sharply on the bench or floor and pack the grease down with a
grease will be retained to repair the surface for the second and
third determinations. Do not perform any further leveling or spatula to fill the holes left by the plunger and to remove any
air pockets (Note 3). Scrape off the excess grease extending
smoothing of the surface throughout the determination of
overtherim,creatingaflatsurface,bymovingthebladeofthe
unworked penetration and determine the measurement imme-
spatula, held inclined toward the direction of motion at an
diately.
angle of approximately 45°, across the rim of the cup (Fig. 2),
8.2.1.2 The penetrations of soft greases are dependent upon
retaining the portion removed (Note 4).
the diameter of the container. Therefore, greases having un-
worked penetrations greater than 265 should be tested in
NOTE 3—The jarring should be only as vigorous as required to remove
containershavingthesamediameterlimitationsasthoseofthe
the entrapped air without splashing the specimen from the cup. In
worker cup. The results on greases having penetrations less
performing these operations, a minimum of manipulation should be used,
as any agitation of the grease may have the effect of increasing the
than 265 are not significantly affected if the diameter of the
working beyond the specified 60 strokes.
container exceeds that of the worker cup.
NOTE 4—Particularly when testing soft greases, retain the grease
8.2.2 Worked Penetration—Prior to performing the test, the
removed from the cup in scraping to provide a full cup for subsequent
grease sample (if necessary, in a suitable container or in the
tests.Keeptheoutsideoftherimofthecupcleansothatthegreaseforced
worker cup) and the test equipment (worker cup, plunger and
by the penetrometer cone to overflow the cup may be returned to the cup
cone) must all be at a standard temperature of 25°C 6 0.5°C prior to preparing the specimen for the next test.
D217
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D217 − 19b D217 − 21
Designation: 50/8850/17
Standard Test Methods for
Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for measuring the consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of a cone
of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetration is measured in tenths of a millimetre.
NOTE 1—The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) classified greases according to their consistency as measured by the worked penetration. The
classification system is as follows:
NLGI Worked Penetration Range,
Consistency Number 25 °C (77 °F)
000 445 to 475
00 400 to 430
0 355 to 385
1 310 to 340
2 265 to 295
3 220 to 250
4 175 to 205
5 130 to 160
6 85 to 115
1.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolonged worked penetration are applicable to greases having penetrations
between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistency numbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbed penetration test,
described in Appendix X1, is similar to the unworked penetration test.
1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable to greases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Such greases usually
have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of a millimetre.
1.1.3 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked penetrations.
The latter are usually preferred for inspecting lubricating greases.
1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable for the measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetration. Test
Method D937 should be used for such products.
These test methods are the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.G0.02 on Consistency and Related Rheological Tests. In the IP, these test methods are under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. These test methods were
adopted as a joint ASTM-IP standard in 1969.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019July 1, 2021. Published November 2019July 2021. Originally approved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D217
– 19a.19b. DOI: 10.1520/D0217-19B.10.1520/D0217-21.
National Lubricating Grease Institute, 4635 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, MO 64112-1596.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D217 − 21
1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these test methods are given in SI units as the primary unit of measure with
equivalent imperial units as accetpable alternatives where applicable. In cases where equivalent SI conversions are not known,
notes are added for clarification. Temperatures and other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the values shown in
parentheses are provided for information.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
D1403 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone Equipment
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 consistency, n—of lubricating grease, the degree of resistance to movement under stress.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
The term consistency is used somewhat synonymously with penetration. Generally, consistency refers to the worked penetration
of a grease.
3.1.2 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them. D4175
3.1.3 lubricating grease, n—a semi-fluid to solid product of a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
The dispersion of the thickener forms a two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by surface tension and other
physical forces. Other ingredients are commonly included to impart special properties.
3.1.4 penetration, n—of lubricating grease, the depth that the standard cone enters the sample when released to fall under its own
weight for 5 s.
3.1.5 penetrometer, n—an instrument that measures the consistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials by measuring
the depth to which a specified cone or needle under a given force falls into the material.
3.1.6 prolonged worked penetration, n—of lubricating grease, the penetration of a sample after it has been worked more than 60
double strokes in a standard grease worker at a temperature of 15 °C to 30 °C (59 °F to 86 °F).
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
After the prescribed number of double strokes, the worker and contents are brought to 25 °C (77 °F), worked an additional 60
double strokes, and penetrated without delay.
3.1.7 semi-solid, n—a seemingly solid material that deforms under a force equal to or greater than the force of gravity and that
can be made to flow by the application of such a force so long as it exceeds the yield stress of the material.
3.1.7.1 Discussion—
In the petroleum industry, lubricating grease, petrolatum, slack wax, and bitumen are recognized as semi-solids. (Synonyms—
semi-liquid and semi-fluid.)
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
D217 − 21
FIG. 1 Penetrometer
3.1.8 thickener, n—in lubricating grease, a substance composed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricant to form
the product’s structure.
3.1.8.1 Discussion—
The thickener can be fibers (such as various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certain non-soap thickeners) which are
insoluble or, at most, only very slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general requirements are that the solid particles be
extremely small, uniformly dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant.
3.1.9 unworked penetration, n—of lubricating grease, the penetration at 25 °C (77 °F) of a sample that has received only minimum
disturbance in transferring to a grease worker cup or dimensionally equivalent rigid container.
3.1.10 worked penetration, n—of lubricating grease, the penetration at 25 °C (77 °F), without delay, of a sample after 60 double
strokes in a standard grease worker.
3.1.11 working, n—of lubricating grease, the subjection of a sample to the shearing action of the standard grease worker.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 block penetration, n—of lubricating grease, the penetration at 25 °C (77 °F) determined on the freshly prepared face of a
cube cut from a sample that is sufficiently hard to hold its shape.
3.2.2 penetrometer, n—an instrument (see Fig. 1) designed to measure the depth to which the standard cone falls into the grease.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
In this test method, either a standard penetrometer (6.2) or an optional penetrometer cone (A1.3) can be used to determine the
consistency of lubricating greases. The penetration force is determined by the mass of the cone and the shaft.
D217 − 21
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 For unworked penetration, the sample is brought to 25 °C 6 0.5 °C (77 °F 6 1 °F) using a temperature bath. The sample is
then transferred with as little manipulation as possible into a worker cup (or other suitable container), if not placed there before
the temperature stabilization step. The cone assembly of the penetrometer is released and allowed to drop freely into the grease
for 5 s 6 0.1 s. Three determinations are made and averaged to give the reported result.
4.2 For worked penetration, the sample is brought to 25 °C 6 0.5 °C (77 °F 6 1 °F) and placed in the worker cup. The sample
is subjected to 60 double strokes in the grease worker. The penetration is determined immediately by releasing the cone assembly
from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into the grease for 5 s 6 0.1 s. Three determinations are made and
averaged to give the reported result.
4.3 For prolonged worked penetration, the sample is placed in the worker cup and subjected to a predetermined number of double
strokes in the grease worker. Following completion of the prolonged working, the grease and worker assembly are brought to 25 °C
6 0.5 °C (77 °F 6 1 °F) and the grease is worked an additional 60 double strokes in the grease worker. The penetration is
determined immediately by releasing the cone assembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into the grease
for 5 s 6 0.1 s. Three determinations are made and averaged to give the reported result.
4.4 For block penetration, a cube of the grease is prepared by slicing off a thin layer using the grease cutter. The cube of grease
is brought to 25 °C 6 0.5 °C (77 °F 6 1 °F) and placed on the penetrometer table with the prepared face upward. The penetration
is determined by releasing the cone assembly from the penetrometer and allowing the cone to drop freely into the grease for 5 s
6 0.1 s. Three determinations are made and averaged to give the reported result.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 These cone penetration tests not only evaluate the consistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGI numbers from
000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency of stiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. In contrast, Test Method D937
1 1
is aimed at petrolatums and Test Method D1403 uses less precise ⁄4 and ⁄2-scale equipment intended for use when the sample
quantity is limited.
5.2 Cone penetration test results provide one measure of the consistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are required to
determine to which NLGI consistency grade a grease belongs. Undisturbed penetration results provide a means of evaluating the
effect of storage conditions on grease consistency.
5.3 Although no correlation has been developed between cone penetration results and field service, the cone penetrations obtained
by the four procedures are widely used for specification purposes, such as in users’ material specifications and suppliers’
manufacturing specifications.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Penetrometer, in accordance with A1.1. The instrument shall be capable of indicating depth in tenths of a millimetre. A sketch
of a generic penetrometer is shown in Fig. 1.
6.2 Standard Penetrometer Cone, in accordance with A1.2, is suitable for all penetrations. An optional penetrometer cone, in
accordance with A1.3, is suitable only for penetrations less than 400. The optional cone should not be used to measure the
penetration of 00 and 000 grade greases.
6.3 Grease Worker, comprising a grease cup, cover, and plunger assembly, in accordance with A1.4, constructed for either manual
or mechanical operation.
6.3.1 Grease Worker Drive, Manual, in accordance with A1.5, which allows for working the grease at a rate of 60 6 10 double
strokes per minute.
6.3.2 Grease Worker Drive, Motorized, in accordance with A1.6, which allows for working the grease at a rate of 60 6 10 double
strokes per minute. This apparatus is essential for the working step of the prolonged worked penetration procedure.
D217 − 21
6.4 Grease Cutter, in accordance with A1.7, is used for preparation of samples for block penetration.
6.5 Temperature Bath, capable of controlling the bath temperature at 25 °C 6 0.5 °C (77 °F 6 1 °F) and designed to bring the
assembled grease worker to test temperature conveniently. Examples of suitable temperature baths include a water bath, air bath,
constant temperature test room, or a temperature-controlled metal block. If a water bath is to be used for samples for unworked
penetration, means should be provided for protecting the grease surface from water and for maintaining the air above the sample
at test temperature. An air bath is preferred for bringing block greases to test temperature, but a tightly sealed container placed in
a water bath will suffice.
6.6 Spatula, corrosion-resistant, having a stiff blade nominally 32 mm (1.25 in.) wide and at least 150 mm (6 in.) long.
6.7 Temperature-Measuring Device, with a sheath length of approximately 200 mm (8 in.) and a sheath diameter of approximately
3.7 mm (0.145 in.) (small enough to fit through the vent cock). The temperature range of the device should be wide enough to allow
it to be immersed in grease at approximately 38 °C (100 °F) without damage. The scale should have small enough divisions (or
digital resolution) to allow the user to read 60.5 °C (61 °F). A spacer can be applied to the upper portion of the sheath to hold
the tip just above the perforated plate of the grease worker and in the bulk of the sample (see A1.3).
6.8 Overflow Ring (optional), in accordance with A1.8, is a useful device for catching grease scraped from the sample surface as
well as any grease forced by the penetrometer cone to overflow from the cup. This grease can be returned to the worker cup for
subsequent testing.
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Appropriate Volatile Gum-free Solvent, for example, light petroleum naphtha.
7.2 Cloth or Paper Wiper, for wiping grease from the penetrometer cone. The wiper should be soft, so as not to scratch the cone.
8. Sampling
8.1 Sample Size—Sufficient sample (at least 0.45 kg (1.1 lb)) to overfill the cup of the standard grease worker is required. If the
sample size is insufficient and penetration ranges from NLGI 0 to 4, use Test Method D1403.
8.1.1 For block penetration, obtain a sufficient size sample of the grease, which must be hard enough to hold its shape, to permit
cutting from it a 50 mm (2 in.) cube as a test specimen.
8.2 Sample Preparation—Samples are prepared for the various cone penetration test methods as follows:
8.2.1 Unworked Penetration—Prior to performing the test, the grease sample (if necessary, in a suitable container or in the worker
cup) and the test equipment (worker cup and cone) must all be at a standard temperature of 25 °C 6 0.5 °C (77 °F 6 1 °F). This
can be achieved by the use of a temperature bath (6.5) or a combination of different temperature baths, It is important to allow
sufficient time for the grease and test equipment to reach 25 °C 6 0.5 °C (77 °F 6 1 °F). Additional time will be required to
achieve a consistent temperature of 25 °C 6 0.5 °C (77 °F 6 1 °F) if the sample is larger than 0.45 kg (1.1 lb), or if the initial
sample temperature differs from 25 °C by more than about 8 °C (15 °F). If the grease sample and equipment are already at the
correct temperature before the sample is placed into the worker cup, there is no need to further stabilize the sample once it has
been placed in the cup. Testing may proceed if the specimen is at a uniform temperature of 25 °C 6 0.5 °C. Transfer the specimen,
preferably in one lump, to overfill the cup of the grease worker or other container. Make this transfer in such a manner that the
grease will be worked as little as possible.
8.2.1.1 Preparing Sample for Measurement—Jar the cup to drive out trapped air and pack the grease with the spatula, with as little
manipulation as possible, to obtain a cupful without air pockets. Scrape off the excess grease extending over the rim, creating a
flat surface, by moving the blade of the spatula, held inclined toward the direction of motion at an angle of approximately 45°,
across the rim of the cup (Fig. 2). This excess grease will be retained to repair the surface for the second and third determinations.
Do not perform any further leveling or smoothing of the surface throughout the determination of unworked penetration and
determine the measurement immediately.
D217 − 21
FIG. 2 Preparing Sample for Penetration Measurement
8.2.1.2 The penetrations of soft greases are dependent upon the diameter of the container. Therefore, greases having unworked
penetrations greater than 265 should be tested in containers having the same diameter limitations as those of the worker cup. The
results on greases having penetrations less than 265 are not significantly affected if the diameter of the container exceeds that of
the worker cup.
8.2.2 Worked Penetration—Prior to performing the test, the grease sample (if necessary, in a suitable container or in the worker
cup) and the test equipment (worker cup, plunger and cone) must all be at a standard temperature of 25 °C 6 0.5 °C (77 °F 6 1 °F).
This can be achieved by the use of a temperature bath (6.5) or a combination of different temperature baths. Additional time will
be required to achieve a consistent temperature of 25 °C 6 0.5 °C (77 °F 6 1 °F) if the sample is larger than 0.45 kg (1.1 lb), or
if the initial sample temperature differs from 25 °C by more than about 8 °C (15 °F). If the grease sample and equipment are
already at the correct temperature before the sample is placed into the worker cup, there is no need to further stabilize the sample
once it has been placed in the cup. Transfer sufficient specimen to the cup of the clean grease worker to fill it heaping full (mound
up about 13 mm (0.5 in.) at the center), avoiding the inclusion of air by packing with the spatula. Jar the cup from time to time
as it is being packed to remove any air inadvertently entrapped. Assemble the worker and, with the vent cock open, depress the
plunger to the bottom.
If an air bath or water bath is used to bring grease and equipment to 25 °C 6 0.5 °C (77 °F 6 1 °F) after assembly, then insert
a thermometer through the vent cock so that its tip is in the center of the grease. Place the assembled worker in the temperature
bath maintained at 25 °C 6 0.5 °C (77 °F 6 1 °F) (Note 2) until the temperature of the worker and its contents is 25 °C 6 0.5 °C
as indicated by the thermometer. If the initial sample temperature differs from 25 °C by more than about 8 °C (15 °F), or if an
alternative method of bringing the sample to 25 °C is used, allow sufficient additional time to ensure that the specimen is at 25 °C
6 0.5 °C before proceeding. Testing may proceed when the specimen is at a uniform temperature of 25 °C 6 0.5 °C. Remove the
worker from the bath. If a water bath was used, wipe any excess water from the outer surfaces of the worker. Remove the
thermometer and close the vent cock.
7 13
8.2.2.1 Working—Subject the grease to 60 full (63 mm to 71.5 mm (2 ⁄16 in. to 2 ⁄16 in.)) double strokes of the plunger, completed
in about 60 s, and return the plunger to its top position. Open the vent cock, remove the cover and plunger, and return to the cup
as much of the grease clinging to the plunger as can readily be removed.
NOTE 2—If it is desired to immerse the worker into a water bath, above the joint between the cup and cover, take care that the joint is watertight in order
to prevent the entrance of water to the worker.
8.2.2.2 Preparing Sample for Measurement—Jar the cup sharply on the bench or floor and pack the grease down with a spatula
to fill the holes left by the plunger and to remove any air pockets (Note 3). Scrape off the excess grease extending over the rim,
creating a flat surface, by moving the blade of the spatula, held inclined toward the direction of motion at an angle of approximately
45°, across the rim of the cup (Fig. 2), retaining the portion removed (Note 4).
NOTE 3—The jarring should be only as vigorous as required to remove the entrapped air without splashing the specimen from the cup. In pe
...
ASTM D217-21は、潤滑グリースのコーン浸透試験方法に関する標準文書であり、その重要性と使用方法を詳細に規定しています。この標準は、NLGI（National Lubricating Grease Institute）によって分類された潤滑グリースの一貫性を測定するための4つの手法を提供しており、000から6までの全範囲にわたるNLGI番号の一貫性を評価するだけでなく、浸透数が85未満の硬いグリースの一貫性も評価します。この点において、ASTM D217-21は異なる試験法の比較を通じて、潤滑剤の品質管理における強力なツールとなっています。 この標準の強みは、作業浸透試験の結果を使用することにより、潤滑グリースの一貫性グレードを特定できる点です。さらに、未操作浸透試験によって貯蔵条件がグリースの一貫性に与える影響を評価する手段を提供し、実用的な適用性を持ています。これにより、ユーザーの材料仕様やサプライヤーの製造仕様における、コーン浸透値の使用が促進されます。 また、標準に記載された手順は、浸透が85から475の範囲のグリースに適用され、浸透が85未満のグリースについてもブロック浸透手順が適用可能であることから、幅広い潤滑グリースに対応可能です。さらに、試験方法の詳細な設備寸法や温度がSI単位で提供されている点も、国際的な標準としての透明性と整合性を持っています。 ASTM D217-21は、潤滑グリースの科学的評価とその仕様に対する信頼性を向上させるため、特に業界における標準化の重要性を強調しています。この標準は、潤滑グリースの評価を必要とする様々な分野において、品質管理の一助となることが期待されます。
ASTM D217-21 표준 문서는 윤활 그리스의 원추 침투를 측정하기 위한 테스트 방법을 규명하고 있습니다. 이 표준의 주요 강점은 NLGI 번호 000에서 6까지의 다양한 일관성을 평가할 수 있다는 점입니다. 특히, 85 미만의 침투 숫자를 가진 강직한 그리스의 일관성 평가에도 유용합니다. 이는 다른 테스트 방법들과의 차별성으로, ASTM D937은 페트롤라툼에 초점을 맞추고 있으며, ASTM D1403는 제한된 샘플 수량에 사용되는 덜 정밀한 장비를 사용합니다. ASTM D217-21의 중요한 측면 중 하나는 그리스의 일관성을 평가하기 위한 신뢰할 수 있는 수단을 제공한다는 것입니다. 작업 침투 결과는 그리스가 어느 NLGI 일관성 등급에 속하는지를 결정하는 데 필수적입니다. 이와 더불어, undisturbed 침투 결과를 통해 보관 조건이 그리스의 일관성에 미치는 영향을 평가할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있습니다. 이 표준은 그리스의 일관성 측정을 위해 네 가지 절차를 명확히 제시하고 있으며, 각 절차는 특정 크기와 마감의 원추 같은 형상을 가진 장비를 사용합니다. 이러한 표준화된 절차는 85에서 475 침투 범위의 그리스에 적용될 수 있으며, 이는 NLGI 번호 6부터 000까지의 그리스까지 포괄하여 평가합니다. 비작업 침투는 그리스 사용 중 일관성을 효과적으로 나타내지 않지만, 작업 침투는 윤활 그리스를 검사하는 데 일반적으로 선호됩니다. 또한, ASTM D217-21은 SI 단위를 기본 측정 단위로 사용하고, 필요할 경우 제국 단위를 보조적으로 제공합니다. 이는 국제적으로 공인된 표준화 원칙에 따라 개발된 국제 표준이기 때문에, 전 세계적으로 널리 인정받고 있으며, 사용자는 이 표준을 사용할 때 적절한 안전, 건강, 환경 관행을 설정해 주의해야 합니다. 이 표준은 윤활 그리스의 일관성을 평가하는 데 있어 매우 중요하며, 사용자가 물질 사양을 작성하거나 공급자의 제조 사양에 사용할 수 있는 신뢰성 있는 기준으로 자리잡고 있습니다.
Die Norm ASTM D217-21 umfasst standardisierte Prüfmethoden zur Bestimmung der Cone-Penetration von Schmierfetten. Die Reichweite dieses Standards ist bemerkenswert, da sie die Konsistenz von Schmierstoffen über den gesamten Bereich der NLGI-Zahlen von 000 bis 6 sowie die Konsistenz von steifen Fetten mit einer Penetration unterhalb 85 bewertet. Dies hebt die ASTM D217-21 von anderen Prüfmethoden ab, die auf spezifischere Anwendungen wie Testmethode D937 für Petrolate oder D1403 für kleinere Proben ausgelegt sind. Ein wesentlicher Vorteil der ASTM D217-21 liegt in der Bereitstellung präziser Messungen der Konsistenz von Schmierfetten. Die Ergebnisse der Cone-Penetrationstests bieten eine verlässliche Kennzahl zur Bestimmung der NLGI-Konsistenzgrade. Während der ungestörte Penetrationstest eine Möglichkeit bietet, den Einfluss von Lagerbedingungen auf das Fettverhalten zu bewerten, liefern die bearbeiteten Penetrationsergebnisse genauere Informationen für die Kostenspezifikation und Qualitätskontrolle. Die in der Norm beschriebenen vier Verfahren zur Messung der Konsistenz von Schmierfetten sind klar strukturiert und bieten eine umfassende Anleitung zur Durchführung der Tests. Das Berücksichtigen von verschiedenen Penetrationsbereichen, einschließlich der Unterscheidung zwischen ungestörten und bearbeiteten Penetrationen, verdeutlicht die Vielseitigkeit und Technik dieser Norm. Darüber hinaus stellt die ASTM D217-21 sicher, dass die Messungen in SI-Einheiten angegeben werden, mit den entsprechenden imperialen Alternativen, was die internationale Anwendbarkeit und Verständlichkeit der Norm unterstützt. Die Norm betont auch, dass bestimmte Hersteller- und Materialanforderungen auf die Cone-Penetrationsergebnisse angewiesen sind, selbst wenn keine direkte Korrelation zwischen den Ergebnissen und der tatsächlichen Dienstleistung im Feld besteht. Dies zeigt die Relevanz der ASTM D217-21 für die Industrie, da sie Herstellerspezifikationen und Materialauswahlen unterstützt und so einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Qualitätssicherung in der Schmierstoffproduktion leistet. Insgesamt bietet die ASTM D217-21 eine robuste und verlässliche Grundlage für die Evaluation der Konsistenz von Schmierfetten, wobei ihre differenzierten Testmethoden und die klare Einteilung in Konsistenzklassifikationen starken praktischen Nutzen für Hersteller und Anwender von Schmierstoffen schaffen.
The ASTM D217-21 standard provides a comprehensive set of test methods for evaluating the cone penetration of lubricating greases. With a clear focus on measuring the consistency across a broad range of NLGI consistency numbers from 000 to 6, this standard addresses both unworked and worked penetration tests, thus offering valuable insights into grease behavior under various conditions. One of the notable strengths of ASTM D217-21 is its extensive scope, which encompasses not only the typical greases but also stipulates methods for evaluating stiff greases with penetration numbers under 85. This completeness ensures that users can assess a wide variety of lubricating greases, aiding manufacturers and consumers alike in meeting specific performance criteria. The standard emphasizes the importance of worked penetration results, promoting their use for determining appropriate NLGI consistency grades. This is crucial for users looking to specify lubricating greases that perform reliably under operational stresses. The inclusion of undisturbed penetration tests further enhances the standard’s relevance by allowing an evaluation of how storage conditions affect grease consistency. Additionally, the ASTM D217-21 establishes a clear relationship between the test results and potential specifications used by material suppliers and manufacturers. While it notes the absence of a direct correlation between cone penetration results and field service, the widespread adoption of its findings for specification purposes demonstrates its practicality and importance within the industry. Moreover, the standard’s design incorporates modern considerations, aligning with internationally recognized principles for standardization. This adherence to global best practices adds an extra layer of credibility, potentially facilitating international trade and harmonization of product standards. In summary, ASTM D217-21 represents a critical resource for the lubrication industry, delivering precise methodologies for cone penetration testing and ensuring the consistency and quality of lubricating greases. Its thorough framework and practical applications make it an essential reference for manufacturers and users alike, reinforcing its significance in maintaining performance standards across multiple applications.
La norme ASTM D217-21, intitulée "Méthodes d'essai standard pour la pénétration à cône de graisses lubrifiantes", présente une portée importante pour l'évaluation de la consistance des graisses lubrifiantes. Elle couvre quatre procédures qui permettent de mesurer la consistance des graisses par la pénétration d'un cône de dimensions, de masse et de finition spécifiées, mesurée en dixièmes de millimètre. Cela permet de classer les graisses selon les numéros de consistance NLGI allant de 000 à 6, incluant aussi les graisses plus dures ayant des numéros de pénétration inférieurs à 85. Un des points forts de cette norme réside dans sa capacité à fournir une mesure objective de la consistance des graisses lubrifiantes, ce qui est crucial pour les spécifications des utilisateurs et des fabricants. Les résultats des essais de pénétration travaillée sont essentiels pour déterminer à quel grade de consistance NLGI une graisse appartient, tandis que les résultats de pénétration indurée permettent d’évaluer l'impact des conditions de stockage sur la consistance de la graisse. La norme D217-21 est particulièrement pertinente dans le contexte industriel actuel, car elle répond à des besoins spécifiques en matière de contrôle qualité des graisses lubrifiantes. Bien qu'aucune corrélation entre les résultats de pénétration à cône et le service de terrain n'ait été établie, les résultats obtenus via les quatre procédures sont largement utilisés pour des fins de spécification, renforçant ainsi leur importance. De plus, il est essentiel de noter que la norme s’assure de fournir des unités de mesure en unités SI comme unités principales, tout en offrant des unités impériales comme alternatives acceptables. Cela favorise l'utilisation à l'échelle internationale, assurant ainsi une standardisation et une compréhension communes dans divers contextes régionaux et sectoriels. En conclusion, la norme ASTM D217-21 est une ressource indispensable pour les professionnels du secteur des lubrifiants, offrant des méthodes précises pour évaluer la consistance des graisses lubrifiantes, optimiser les pratiques de contrôle qualité et garantir la conformité avec les exigences réglementaires.
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