ASTM D6001/D6001M-20
(Guide)Standard Guide for Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental Site Characterization
Standard Guide for Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental Site Characterization
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Direct-push groundwater sampling and profiling are economical methods for obtaining discrete interval groundwater quality samples in many soils and unconsolidated formations without the expense of permanent monitoring well installation (1-10).4 Many of these devices can be used to profile groundwater quality or contamination and/or hydraulic conductivity with depth by performing repetitive sampling and testing events. DP groundwater sampling is often used in expedited site characterization (Practice D6235) and as a means to accomplish high resolution site characterization (HRSC) (11, 12). The formation to be sampled should be sufficiently permeable to allow filling of the sampler in a relatively short time. The zone to be sampled and/or slug tested can be isolated by matching sampler screen length to obtain discrete samples of thin saturated, permeable layers. Use of these sampling and hydraulic testing techniques will result in more detailed characterization of sites containing multiple aquifers. The field conditions, sampler design and data quality objectives should be reviewed to determine if development (Guide D5521/D5521M) of the screened formation is appropriate. The samplers do not have a filter pack designed to retain fines like conventional wells, but only a slotted screen or wire-mesh covered ports. So, obtaining low turbidity samples may be difficult or even impossible in formations with a significant proportion of fine-grained materials. With most systems turbidity will always be high so consult Guide D6564/D6564M if field filtration of samples is required. Discrete water sampling, combined with knowledge of location and thickness of target aquifers, may better define conditions in thin multiple aquifers than monitoring wells with long screened intervals that can intersect and allow for intercommunication of multiple aquifers (4, 6, 11-15). DP sampling performed without knowledge of the location and thickness of target aquifers can result in sampling...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for sampling groundwater at discrete points or in increments by insertion of groundwater sampling devices using Direct Push Methods (D6286/D6286M, see 3.3.2). By directly pushing the sampler, the soil is displaced and helps to form an annular seal above the sampling zone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiple sampling events. Knowledge of site specific geology and hydrogeologic conditions is necessary to successfully obtain groundwater samples with these devices.
1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for groundwater quality and geohydrologic studies. Water quality and permeability may vary at different depths below the surface depending on geohydrologic conditions. Incremental sampling or sampling at discrete depths is used to determine the distribution of contaminants and to more completely characterize geohydrologic environments. These explorations are frequently advised in characterization of hazardous and toxic waste sites and for geohydrologic studies.
1.3 This guide covers several types of groundwater samplers; sealed screen samplers, profiling samplers, dual tube sampling systems, and simple exposed screen samplers. In general, sealed screen samplers driven to discrete depth provide the highest quality water samples. Profiling samplers using an exposed screen(s) which are purged between sampling events allow for more rapid sample collection at multiple depths. Simple exposed screen samplers driven to a test zone with no purging prior to sampling may result in more questionable water quality if exposed to upper contaminated zones, and in that case, would be considered screening devices.
1.4 Methods for obtaining groundwater samples for water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented. These methods include use of related standards such as; selection of purging and sampling devices (Guide D6452 and D6634/D6634M), samp...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6001/D6001M − 20
Standard Guide for
Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental Site
1
Characterization
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6001/D6001M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D6771) and sampling preparation and handling (Guides
D5903, D6089, D6517, D6564/D6564M, and D6911).
1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for sampling
groundwater at discrete points or in increments by insertion of 1.5 When appropriately installed and developed many of
groundwater sampling devices using Direct Push Methods these devices may be used to perform pneumatic slug testing
(D6286/D6286M, see 3.3.2). By directly pushing the sampler, (PracticeD7242/D7242M)toquantitativelyevaluateformation
thesoilisdisplacedandhelpstoformanannularsealabovethe hydraulic conductivity over discrete intervals of unconsoli-
samplingzone.Direct-pushwatersamplingcanbeonetime,or dated formations. These slug tests provide reliable determina-
multiple sampling events. Knowledge of site specific geology tions of hydraulic conductivity and can be performed after
and hydrogeologic conditions is necessary to successfully water quality sampling is completed.
obtain groundwater samples with these devices.
1.6 Direct-push water sampling is limited to unconsolidated
formations that can be penetrated with available equipment. In
1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for
groundwater quality and geohydrologic studies. Water quality strong soils damage may result during insertion of the sampler
from rod bending or assembly buckling. Penetration may be
and permeability may vary at different depths below the
surface depending on geohydrologic conditions. Incremental limited, or damage to samplers or rods can occur in certain
groundconditions,someofwhicharediscussedin5.7.Drilling
sampling or sampling at discrete depths is used to determine
the distribution of contaminants and to more completely equipment such as sonic drilling (Practice D6914/D6914M)or
rotary drilling (Guide D6286/D6286M) can be used to advance
characterize geohydrologic environments. These explorations
are frequently advised in characterization of hazardous and holes past formations difficult to penetrate using typical Direct
Push equipment. Some soil formations do not yield water in a
toxic waste sites and for geohydrologic studies.
timely fashion for direct-push sampling. In the case of unyield-
1.3 This guide covers several types of groundwater sam-
ing formations, direct-push soil sampling can be performed
plers; sealed screen samplers, profiling samplers, dual tube
(Guide D6282/D6282M).
sampling systems, and simple exposed screen samplers. In
general, sealed screen samplers driven to discrete depth pro- 1.7 Direct push water sampling with one-time sealed screen
samplers can also be performed using cone penetrometer
vide the highest quality water samples. Profiling samplers
usinganexposedscreen(s)whicharepurgedbetweensampling equipment (Guide D6067/D6067M).
events allow for more rapid sample collection at multiple
1.8 This guide does not address installation of permanent
depths. Simple exposed screen samplers driven to a test zone
water sampling systems such as those presented in Practice
with no purging prior to sampling may result in more ques-
D5092/D5092M. Direct-push monitoring wells for long term
tionable water quality if exposed to upper contaminated zones,
monitoring are addressed in Guide D6724/D6724M and Prac-
and in that case, would be considered screening devices.
tice D6725/D6725M.
1.4 Methods for obtaining groundwater samples for water
1.9 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented.
pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded sepa-
These methods include use of related standards such as;
rately as standard.The values stated in each system may not be
selection of purging and sampling devices (Guide D6452 and
exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used inde-
D6634/D6634M), sampling methods (Guide D4448 and
pendentlyoftheother.Combiningvaluesfromthetwosystems
may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of
test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock
nonconformance with this standard.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Gr
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6001 − 05 (Reapproved 2012) D6001/D6001M − 20
Standard Guide for
Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental Site
1
Characterization
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6001;D6001/D6001M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for sampling groundwater at discrete points or in increments by insertion of
groundwater sampling devices by static force or impactusing Direct Push Methods (D6286/D6286M without drilling and removal
of cuttings. , see 3.3.2). By directly pushing the sampler, the soil is displaced and helps to form an annular seal above the sampling
zone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiple sampling events. Methods for obtaining water samples for water
quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented.Knowledge of site specific geology and hydrogeologic conditions is
necessary to successfully obtain groundwater samples with these devices.
1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for groundwater quality and geohydrologic studies. Water quality and
permeability may vary at different depths below the surface depending on geohydrologic conditions. Incremental sampling or
sampling at discrete depths is used to determine the distribution of contaminants and to more completely characterize
geohydrologic environments. These investigationsexplorations are frequently requiredadvised in characterization of hazardous and
toxic waste sites.sites and for geohydrologic studies.
1.3 This guide covers several types of groundwater samplers; sealed screen samplers, profiling samplers, dual tube sampling
systems, and simple exposed screen samplers. In general, sealed screen samplers driven to discrete depth provide the highest
quality water samples. Profiling samplers using an exposed screen(s) which are purged between sampling events allow for more
rapid sample collection at multiple depths. Simple exposed screen samplers driven to a test zone with no purging prior to sampling
may result in more questionable water quality if exposed to upper contaminated zones, and in that case, would be considered
screening devices.
1.4 Methods for obtaining groundwater samples for water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented. These
methods include use of related standards such as; selection of purging and sampling devices (Guide D6452 and D6634/D6634M),
sampling methods (Guide D4448 and D6771) and sampling preparation and handling (Guides D5903, D6089, D6517,
D6564/D6564M, and D6911).
1.5 Direct-push methods can provide accurate information on the distribution of water quality if provisions are made to ensure
that cross-contamination or linkage between water bearing strata are not made. Discrete point sampling with a sealed (protected)
screen sampler, combined with on-site analysis of water samples, can provide the most accurate depiction of water quality
conditions at the time of sampling. Direct-push water sampling with exposed-screen sampling When appropriately installed and
developed many of these devices may be useful and are considered as screening tools depending on precautions taken during
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and Vadose
Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2012Sept. 1, 2020. Published December 2012November 2020. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20052012
as D6001 – 05.D6001 – 05(2012). DOI: 10.1520/D6001-05R12.10.1520/D6001_D6001M-20.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D6001/D6001M − 20
testing. Exposed screen samplers may require development or purging depending on sampling and quality assurance plans. Results
from direct-push investigations can be used to guide placement used to perform pneumatic slug testing (Practice D7242/D7242Mof
permanent groundwater monitoring wells and direct remediation efforts. Multiple sampling events ) to quantitatively evaluate
formation hydraulic conductivity over discrete in
...
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