ASTM D279-02(2019)

Standard Test Methods for Bleeding of Pigments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Test Method A determines the amount of color produced when the pigment is in direct contact with a selected solvent such as toluene. It is useful as a rapid, easily conducted test of the general bleeding characteristics of pigments.  
4.2 Test Method B determines the amount of color migration into a white film applied over a base coat containing the pigment. It may give a more practical evaluation of whether a pigment will meet specific requirements for bleed resistance.  
4.3 Both Test Method A and Test Method B measure the extent of bleed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the bleeding characteristics of dry pigments by direct solvent extraction of the pigment and by overstriping a film with a white coating and observing for the color migration from the base coat containing the pigment.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-May-2019
• ICS: 87.060.10 - Pigments and extenders
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.31 - Pigment Specifications

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D279 − 02 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Bleeding of Pigments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D279; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.2 Test Method B—A coating using the pigment under test
is prepared and applied to one half of a panel. A white finish is
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining
applied over the dried colored coating and extended to the
the bleeding characteristics of dry pigments by direct solvent
uncoated portion of the panel. The dried overstripe coating is
extraction of the pigment and by overstriping a film with a
examined for color migration from the base coat.
white coating and observing for the color migration from the
base coat containing the pigment.
4. Significance and Use
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4.1 Test Method A determines the amount of color produced
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
when the pigment is in direct contact with a selected solvent
only.
such as toluene. It is useful as a rapid, easily conducted test of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the general bleeding characteristics of pigments.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 Test Method B determines the amount of color migra-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tion into a white film applied over a base coat containing the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
pigment. It may give a more practical evaluation of whether a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
pigment will meet specific requirements for bleed resistance.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.3 Both Test Method A and Test Method B measure the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
extent of bleed.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
TEST METHOD A, DIRECT SOLVENT CONTACT
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
WITH PIGMENT
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5. Procedure
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 Place 0.50 g of pigment (Note 1) in a test tube or vial
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and add 20-mL of reagent grade toluene (Note 2). Close with
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
a stopper, shake well for 10 s, and let stand 15 min. Repeat the
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
10-s shake and let stand 45 min.
Coordinates
NOTE 1—Additional amounts of pigment may be used by prior
D2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-
agreement for denser inorganic pigments. A maximum of 1.5 g is
ence With a Gray Scale
recommended for even the dense lead chromate pigments.
NOTE 2—Other solvents may be used, by mutual agreement between the
3. Summary of Test Methods
parties involved, in place of toluene in a specific pigment bleed evaluation.
3.1 Test Method A—The pigment is shaken with toluene,
5.2 Filter through a glass funnel using double filter paper
filtered, and the filtrate observed for color.
that has first been wet with toluene and collect approximately
10 mL of filtrate in a 23 mm outer diameter flat bottom vial. If
the filtrate is cloudy, refilter to get a clear filtrate.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
NOTE 3—In the case of colloidal particles, it may be necessary to
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.31 on Pigment Specifications.
centrifuge the filtrate.
Current edition approved June 1, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally
5.3 Hold the vial containing the filtrate above a white
approved in 1928. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D279 – 02 (2012).
DOI: 10.1520/D0279-02R19.
background and look down through the filtrate for coloration
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
caused by pigment bleed. Describe the degree or severity of
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
bleed according to the following terminology or use the Gray
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Scale (Test Method D2616):
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D279 − 02 (Reapproved 2012) D279 − 02 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Bleeding of Pigments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D279; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the bleeding characteristics of dry pigments by direct solvent
extraction of the pigment and by overstriping a film with a white coating and observing for the color migration from the base coat
containing the pigment.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
D2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a Gray Scale
3. Summary of Test Methods
3.1 Test Method A—The pigment is shaken with toluene, filtered, and the filtrate observed for color.
3.2 Test Method B—A coating using the pigment under test is prepared and applied to one half of a panel. A white finish is
applied over the dried colored coating and extended to the uncoated portion of the panel. The dried overstripe coating is examined
for color migration from the base coat.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Test Method A determines the amount of color produced when the pigment is in direct contact with a selected solvent such
as toluene. It is useful as a rapid, easily conducted test of the general bleeding characteristics of pigments.
4.2 Test Method B determines the amount of color migration into a white film applied over a base coat containing the pigment.
It may give a more practical evaluation of whether a pigment will meet specific requirements for bleed resistance.
4.3 Both Test Method A and Test Method B measure the extent of bleed.
TEST METHOD A, DIRECT SOLVENT CONTACT WITH PIGMENT
5. Procedure
5.1 Place 0.50 g of pigment (Note 1) in a test tube or vial and add 20-mL of reagent grade toluene (Note 2). Close with a stopper,
shake well for 10 s, and let stand 15 min. Repeat the 10-s shake and let stand 45 min.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.31 on Pigment Specifications.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012June 1, 2019. Published November 2012June 2019. Originally approved in 1928. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 as
D279 – 02 (2007).(2012). DOI: 10.1520/D0279-02R12.10.1520/D0279-02R19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D279 − 02 (2019)
NOTE 1—Additional amounts of pigment may be used by prior agreement for denser inorganic pigments. A maximum of 1.5 g is recommended for
even the dense lead chromate pigments.
NOTE 2—Other solvents may be used, by mutual agreement between the parties involved, in place of toluene in a specific pigment bleed evaluation.
5.2 Filter through a glass funnel using double filter paper that has first been wet with toluene and collect approximately 10 mL
of filtrate in a 23 mm outer diameter flat bottom vial. If the filtrate is cloudy, refilter to get a clear
...