ASTM C1781/C1781M-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Surface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Unit Pavement Systems
Standard Test Method for Surface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Unit Pavement Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used for acceptance of surface infiltration of new permeable unit pavement systems.
5.2 Tests performed at the same location across a span of years may be used to detect a reduction of infiltration rate of the permeable surface, thereby identifying the need for any remedial maintenance intended to increase the infiltration rates to predefined levels.
5.3 The infiltration rate obtained by this method is valid only for the localized area of the pavement where the test is conducted. To determine the surface infiltration rate of the entire permeable pavement, multiple locations must be tested and the results averaged.
5.4 The minimum acceptable infiltration rate is typically established by the design engineer of record or the municipality and can be a function of the design precipitation event.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the field surface infiltration rate of in place permeable unit pavement systems surfaced with solid interlocking concrete paving units, concrete grid paving units, or clay paving brick.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 The text of this test method references notes that provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the test method.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:C1781/C1781M −13
StandardTest Method for
Surface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Unit Pavement
Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1781/C1781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 Other Standards:
Federal Specification A-A-3110 (TT-P-1536A) Plumbing
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the field
Fixture Setting Compound
surface infiltration rate of in place permeable unit pavement
systems surfaced with solid interlocking concrete paving units,
3. Terminology
concrete grid paving units, or clay paving brick.
3.1 Definitions—The terms used in this test method are
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
defined in Terminology C1232.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
4. Summary of Test Method
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
4.1 An infiltration ring is temporarily sealed to the surface
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
of a permeable unit pavement system. These pavements
with the standard.
typically consist of solid concrete paving units conforming to
1.3 Thetextofthistestmethodreferencesnotesthatprovide
Specification C936, concrete grid paving units conforming to
explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as
Specification C1319, or clay paving brick conforming to
requirements of the test method.
Specification C902 or C1272.These pavements allow drainage
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
through joints between the units or through voids formed by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the intersection of two or more units or intentionally manufac-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tured into the units. The results of this test method for unit
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
pavement systems can be compared to that using Test Method
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
C1701 for pervious concrete. After pre-wetting the test
location, a given mass of water is introduced into the ring and
2. Referenced Documents
the time for the water to infiltrate the pavement is recorded.
The infiltration rate is calculated in accordance with 9.1.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic Paving
5. Significance and Use
Brick
C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
5.1 This test method can be used for acceptance of surface
C936 Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving
infiltration of new permeable unit pavement systems.
Units
5.2 Tests performed at the same location across a span of
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
years may be used to detect a reduction of infiltration rate of
C1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick
the permeable surface, thereby identifying the need for any
C1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving Units
remedial maintenance intended to increase the infiltration rates
C1701 Test Method for Infiltration Rate of In Place Pervious
to predefined levels.
Concrete
5.3 The infiltration rate obtained by this method is valid
only for the localized area of the pavement where the test is
conducted. To determine the surface infiltration rate of the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee entire permeable pavement, multiple locations must be tested
C15.04 on Research.
and the results averaged.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013. Published September 2013. DOI:
10.1520/C1781_C1781M–13.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
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C1781/C1781M−13
5.4 The minimum acceptable infiltration rate is typically 8.2 Take a photograph of the immediate area to be tested to
establishedbythedesignengineerofrecordorthemunicipality document the pavement pattern and layout. Move the ring over
and can be a function of the design precipitation event. the surface of the pavement until the pattern, drainage joints
and drainage voids framed within the infiltration ring are
6. Apparatus
representative of the entire paving pattern, drainage joints and
6.1 Infiltration Ring—A cylindrical ring, open at both ends
drainage voids across the pavement surface. Set the ring on the
(See Fig. 1). The ring shall be watertight, sufficiently rigid to
pavement surface and mark its location by circumscribing it
retainitsformwhenfilledwithwater,andshallhaveadiameter
with chalk or other temporary marking. Take a photograph of
of 300 6 10 mm [12.0 6 0.5 in.] with a minimum height of 50
the circumscribed chalk or temporary marking to document the
mm [2.0 in.]. The bottom edge of the ring shall be even. The
placement of the ring relative to the pavement pattern and
inner surface of the ring shall be marked or scored with two
layout (see Note 2).
linesatadistanceof10and15mm[0.40and0.60in.]fromthe
NOTE 2—The procedure in 8.2 for selecting and documenting the
bottom of the ring. Measure and record the inner diameter of
placement of the infiltration ring on a representative area of the pavement
the ring to the nearest 1 mm [0.05 in.].
is sufficient in most cases for determining the infiltration rate of the
pavement.The drainage area within the infiltration ring is typically within
NOTE 1—Ring materials that have been found to be suitable include
620 % of the average drainage area of the pavement as a whole. This
steel, aluminum, rigid plastic, and PVC.
accuracy is adequate for most situations. If a more accurate quantification
6.2 Balance—A balance or scale accurate to 10 g [0.02 lb].
of the infiltration rate is needed, the procedure detailed in Appendix X1
can be used to normalize the drainage area within the infiltration ring to
6.3 Container—A cylindrical container typically made of
the average drainage area of the pavement as a whole.
plastichavingavolumeofatleast20L[5gal],andfromwhich
8.3 For solid interlocking concrete paving units and clay
water may be easily poured at a controlled rate into the
brickpaving,removeaggregatetoadepthofnogreaterthan10
infiltration ring.
mm [0.5 in.] in any joint or drainage void that will be directly
6.4 Stop Watch—Accurate to 0.1 s.
below the test ring and fill these areas with plumbers putty so
6.5 Plumbers Putty (Non-Hardening)—Meeting Specifica- that a positive seal can be made to the test ring once it is placed
tion C920 or Federal Specification A-A-3110. onthesurface.Takecarenottoextendtheplumbersputtymore
than 10 mm [0.5 in.] inside the perimeter of the chalk line or
6.6 Water—Potable water.
other temporary marking. For concrete grid paving units,
7. Test Locations
center as much of the ring as possible on the webs. For ring
locations over openings, remove any vegetation, if present,
7.1 Perform tests at multiple locations at a site as requested
directly below the test ring to a depth of no greater than 10 mm
by the purchaser of testing services. Unless otherwise
[0.5 in] and apply plumbers putty to the surface of the soil, or
specified, use the following to determine the number of tests to
to the aggregate, if present, so that a positive seal can be made
perform:
to the test ring once it is placed on the surface. Take care not
7.1.1 Three test locations for areas up to 2500 m [25 000
to extend the plumbers putty more than 10 mm [0.5 in.] inside
ft ].
the perimeter of the chalk line or other temporary marking.
7.1.2 Add one test location for each additional 1000 m [10
000 ft ] or fraction thereof.
8.4 Apply plumbers putty around the bottom edge of the
ring and place the ring onto the surface being tested. Press the
7.2 Provide at least 1 m [3 ft] clear distance between test
putty into the surface and around the bottom edge of the ring
locations, unless at least 24 h have elapsed between tests.
to create a watertight seal making sure that the putty does not
7.3 Do not test if there is standing water on top of the
extend more than 10 mm [0.5 in] inside the perimeter of the
permeable pavement. Do not test within 24 h of the last
ring. Place additional putty as needed to ensure a watertight
precipitation.
seal.
8. Procedure
NOTE 3—In a hot environment or when the surface temperature is over
38°C [100°F] plumbers putty may not adhere to the surface of the
8.1 Infiltration Ring Installation—Clean the pavement sur-
pavement easily. Therefore it is advisable to perform this test during a
face by only sweeping off trash, debris, and other non-seated
cooler temperature.
material.
8.5 Prewetting—Pour water into the ring at a rate sufficient
to maintain a head between the two marked lines. Take care to
pour the water such that it falls directly on the surface of a
paving unit and not onto the joints. This minimizes displace-
ment of jointing aggregate and any accumulated sediment in
the joints during the test (see Note 4). Use a total of 3.60 6
0.05 kg [8.0 6 0.1 lb] of water. Begin timing as soon as the
water impacts the permeable pavement surface. Stop timing
when free water is no longer present on the surface. Record the
amount of elapsed time to the nearest 0.1 second.
FIG. 1Dimensions of Infiltration Ring NOTE 4—It is recommended that the pour height be limited to a
C1781/C1781M−13
maximum of 150 mm [6.0 in.] above the surface of the paving units to
K = 4 583 666 000 in SI units or 126 870 in [inch-pound]
minimize disruption.
units.
3 3
8.6 Test—The test shall be started within 2 min after the
NOTE 6—The factor K has units of (mm s)/(kgh) [(in. s)/(lbh)] and is
completion of the prewetting. If the elapsed time in the needed to convert the recorded data (W, D, and t) to the infiltration rate I
in mm/h [in./h].
prewetting stage is less than 30 s, then use a total of 18.00 6
0.05 kg [40.00 6 0.1 lb] of water. If the elapsed time in the
10. Report
prewettingstageisgreaterthanorequalto30s,thenuseatotal
10.1 Report the following information:
of 3.60 6 0.05 kg [8.0 6 0.1 lb] of water. Record the weight
10.1.1 Identification number,
of water to the nearest 10 g [0.02 lb]. Pour the water onto the
10.1.2 Location,
ring at a rate sufficient to maintain a head between the two
10.1.3 Date of test,
marked lines and until the measured amount of water has been
10.1.4 Age, type and thickness of paving units (label Un-
used. Take care to pour the water such that it falls directly on
known if not known),
the surface of a paving unit and not onto the joints. This
10.1.5 Include a photograph of the immediate area that was
minimizes displacement of jointing aggregate and any accu-
tested to document the pavement pattern and layout and a
mulated sediment in the joints during the test (see Note 5).
photograph of the circumscribed chalk or temporary marking
Begin timing as soon as the water impacts the permeable
to document the placement of the ring relative to the pavement
pavement surface. Stop timing when free water is no longer
pattern and layout,
present on the surface. Record the testing duration (t)tothe
10.1.6 Time elapsed during prewetting, s,
nearest 0.1 second.
10.1.7 Amountofrainduringlastevent,ifknown,mm[in.],
NOTE 5—If a sloped pavement is being measured, maintain head
10.1.8 Weight of infiltrated water, kg [lb],
between the two marked lines at the lowest point of the slope.
10.1.9 Inside diameter of infiltration ring, mm [in.],
8.7 If a test is repeated at the same location, the repeat test
10.1.10 Time elapsed during infiltration test, s,
does not require pre-wetting if conducted within 5 min after
10.1.11 Infiltration rate, mm/h [in./h], and
completion of the first test. If more than one test is conducted
10.1.12 Number of tests performed at each location, if
at a location on a given day, the infiltration rate at that location
applicable.
on that day shall be calculated as the average of the two tests.
11. Precision and Bias
Do not repeat this test more than twice at the same location on
a given day.
11.1 It is not possible to specify the precision of the
procedure in this test method for measuring water infiltration
8.8 When completed with testing, remove plumbers putty
rate of permeable unit pavement systems that is universally
from the joints and surface, reinstate the removed aggregate
correct because this test method can be applied to many
jointing materials, and sweep test area clean.
different paving unit shapes with different size drainage joints
9. Calculation
or openings filled with different aggregate sizes, and because
the extent of in-situ surface clogging during their service life is
9.1 Calculatetheinfiltrationrate(I)usingconsistentunitsas
follows: not controlled.
I 5KM⁄ D *t (1) 11.2 This test method has no bias because the infiltration
~ !
rate of permeable unit pavement systems is defined only in
where:
terms of this test method.
I = Infiltration rate, mm/h [in./h],
12. Keywords
M = Mass of infiltrated water, kg [lb],
D = Inside diameter of infiltration ring, mm [in.],
12.1 clay paving units; concrete grid paving units; concrete
t = time required for measured amount of water to infiltrate
paving units; infiltration; permeable; unit pavement systems;
the surface, s, and
water
C1781/C1781M−13
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. PROCEDURE FOR NORMALIZATION OF DRAINAGE AREA WITHIN THE INFILTRATION RING TO THE AVERAGE
DRAINAGE AREA OF THE PAVEMENT AS A WHOLE
X1.1 Scope marked off region. Measure and record as Wa in cm [in.] the
widthofthemarkedoffregion.Measureandrecordas L incm
d
X1.1.1 The procedure in 8.2 for selecting and documenting
[in.] the total linear drainage joint length in the marked off
the placement of the infiltration ring on a representative area of
region. Calculate the amount of linear drainage joint length per
the pavement is sufficient in most cases for determining the
area as follows:
infiltration rate of the pavement. The drainage area within the
infiltration ring is typically within 620 % of the average
LDPA 5 L □⁄□ ~L 3W ! (X1.1)
d a a
drainage area of the pavement as a whole.
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