ASTM B909-21a
(Guide)Standard Guide for Plane Strain Fracture Toughness Testing of Non-Stress Relieved Aluminum Products
Standard Guide for Plane Strain Fracture Toughness Testing of Non-Stress Relieved Aluminum Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The property KIc, determined by Test Method E399 or ISO 12135, characterizes a material's resistance to fracture in a neutral environment and in the presence of a sharp crack subjected to an applied opening force or moment within a field of high constraint to lateral plastic flow (plane strain condition). A KIc value is considered to be a lower limiting value of fracture toughness associated with the plane strain state.
4.1.1 Thermal quenching processes used with precipitation hardened aluminum alloy products can introduce significant residual stresses.5 Mechanical stress relief procedures (stretching, compression) are commonly used to relieve these residual stresses in products with simple shapes. However, in the case of mill products with thick cross-sections (for example, heavy gauge plate or large hand forgings) or complex shapes (for example, closed die forgings, complex open die forgings, stepped extrusions, castings), complete mechanical stress relief is not always possible. In other instances residual stresses may be introduced into a product during fabrication operations such as straightening, forming, or welding operations.
Note 1: For the purposes of this guide, only bulk residual stress is considered (that is, of the type typically created during a quench process for thermal heat treatment) and not engineered residual stress, such as from shot peening or cold hole expansion.
4.1.2 Specimens taken from such products that contain residual stress will likewise themselves contain residual stress. While the act of specimen extraction in itself partially relieves and redistributes the pattern of original stress, the remaining magnitude can still be appreciable enough to cause significant error in the test result.
4.1.3 Residual stress is a non-proportional internal stress that is superimposed on the applied stress and results in an actual crack-tip stress-intensity factor that is different from one based solely on externally applied forces or di...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers supplementary guidelines for plane-strain fracture toughness testing of aluminum products for which complete stress relief is not practicable. Guidelines for recognizing when residual stresses may be significantly biasing test results are presented, as well as methods for minimizing the effects of residual stress during testing. This guide also provides guidelines for an empirical correction as well as interpretation of data produced during the testing of these products. Test Method E399 is the standard test method to be used for plane-strain fracture toughness testing of aluminum alloys.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: B909 − 21a
Standard Guide for
Plane Strain Fracture Toughness Testing of Non-Stress
1
Relieved Aluminum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B909; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
4
1. Scope 2.3 ISO Standard:
ISO 12135 Unified method of test for the determination of
1.1 This guide covers supplementary guidelines for plane-
quasistatic fracture toughness
strain fracture toughness testing of aluminum products for
which complete stress relief is not practicable. Guidelines for
3. Terminology
recognizingwhenresidualstressesmaybesignificantlybiasing
3.1 Definitions:
test results are presented, as well as methods for minimizing
3.1.1 Terms in Test Method E399 and Terminology E1823
the effects of residual stress during testing. This guide also
are applicable herein.
provides guidelines for an empirical correction as well as
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
interpretation of data produced during the testing of these
3.2.1 corrected plane-strain fracture toughness—a test
products. Test Method E399 is the standard test method to be
result, designated K (corrected), which has been corrected for
Q
used for plane-strain fracture toughness testing of aluminum
residual stress bias by one of the methods outlined in this
alloys.
guide.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2.1.1 Discussion—The corrected result is an estimation of
the K or K thatwouldhavebeenobtainedinaresidualstress
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Q Ic
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- freespecimen.Thecorrectedresultmaybeobtainedfromatest
record which yielded either an invalid K or valid K , but for
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Q Ic
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor- which there is evidence that significant residual stress is
present in the test coupon.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 3.2.2 invalid plane-strain fracture toughness—a test result,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- designated K , that does not meet one or more validity
Q
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical requirements in Test Method E399 or ISO 12135 and may or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. may not be significantly influenced by residual stress.
3.2.3 valid plane-strain fracture toughness—a test result,
2. Referenced Documents
designated K , meeting the validity requirements in Test
Ic
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Method E399 or ISO 12135 that may or may not be signifi-
E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture
cantly influenced by residual stress.
Toughness of Metallic Materials
4. Significance and Use
E561 Test Method forK Curve Determination
R
E1823 TerminologyRelatingtoFatigueandFractureTesting
4.1 The property K , determined by Test Method E399 or
Ic
3
2.2 ANSI Standard:
ISO 12135, characterizes a material’s resistance to fracture in
ANSI H35.1 Alloy and Temper Designations for Aluminum
a neutral environment and in the presence of a sharp crack
subjected to an applied opening force or moment within a field
1 of high constraint to lateral plastic flow (plane strain condi-
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee B07 on Light Metals
and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.05 on Testing.
tion).A K value is considered to be a lower limiting value of
Ic
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021. Published December 2021. Originally
fracture toughness associated with the plane strain state.
approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as B909 – 21. DOI:
4.1.1 Thermal quenching processes used with precipitation
10.1520/B0909-21A.
2
hardened aluminum alloy products can introduce significant
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4
the ASTM website. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
3
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: B909 − 21 B909 − 21a
Standard Guide for
Plane Strain Fracture Toughness Testing of Non-Stress
1
Relieved Aluminum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B909; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers supplementary guidelines for plane-strain fracture toughness testing of aluminum products for which
complete stress relief is not practicable. Guidelines for recognizing when residual stresses may be significantly biasing test results
are presented, as well as methods for minimizing the effects of residual stress during testing. This guide also provides guidelines
for an empirical correction as well as interpretation of data produced during the testing of these products. Test Method E399 is the
standard test method to be used for plane-strain fracture toughness testing of aluminum alloys.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials
E561 Test Method forK Curve Determination
R
E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
3
2.2 ANSI Standard:
ANSI H35.1 Alloy and Temper Designations for Aluminum
4
2.3 ISO Standard:
ISO 12135 Unified method of test for the determination of quasistatic fracture toughness
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Terms in Test Method E399 and Terminology E1823 are applicable herein.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B07 on Light Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.05 on Testing.
Current edition approved May 1, 2021Dec. 1, 2021. Published June 2021December 2021. Originally approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 20172021 as
B909 – 17.21. DOI: 10.1520/B0909-21.10.1520/B0909-21A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
4
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland,
https://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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B909 − 21a
3.2.1 corrected plane-strain fracture toughness—a test result, designated K (corrected), which has been corrected for residual
Q
stress bias by one of the methods outlined in this guide.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
The corrected result is an estimation of the K or K that would have been obtained in a residual stress free specimen. The
Q Ic
corrected result may be obtained from a test record which yielded either an invalid K or valid K , but for which there is evidence
Q Ic
that significant residual stress is present in the test coupon.
3.2.2 invalid plane-strain fracture toughness—a test result, designated K , that does not meet one or more validity requirements
Q
in Test Method E399 or ISO 12135 and may or may not be significantly influenced by residual stress.
3.2.3 valid plane-strain fracture toughness—a test result, designated K , meeting the validity requirements in Test Method E399
Ic
or ISO 12135 that may or may not be significantly influenced by residual stress.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The property K , determined by Test Method E399 or ISO 12135, characterizes a material’s resistance to fracture in
...
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