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ASTM D6196-23

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in Air

Standard Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in Air

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is recommended for use in measuring the concentration of VOCs in ambient, indoor, and workplace atmospheres. It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers for material emission testing or human exposure assessment.  
5.2 Such measurements in ambient air are of importance because of the known role of VOCs as ozone precursors, and in some cases (for example, benzene), as toxic pollutants in their own right.  
5.3 Such measurements in indoor air are of importance because of the association of VOCs with air quality problems in indoor environments, particularly in relation to sick building syndrome and emissions from building materials. Many volatile organic compounds have the potential to contribute to air quality problems in indoor environments and in some cases toxic VOCs may be present at such elevated concentrations in home or workplace atmospheres as to prompt serious concerns over human exposure and adverse health effects (5).  
5.4 Such measurements in workplace air are of importance because of the known toxic effects of many such compounds.
Note 1: While workplace air monitoring has traditionally been carried out using disposable sorbent tubes, typically packed with charcoal and extracted using chemical desorption (solvent extraction) prior to GC analysis – for example following NIOSH and OSHA reference methods – routine thermal desorption (TD) technology was originally developed specifically for this application area. TD overcomes the inherent analyte dilution limitation of solvent extraction improving method detection limits by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude and making methods easier to automate. Relevant international standard methods include ISO 16017-1 and ISO 16017-2. For a detailed history of the development of analytical thermal desorption and a comparison with solvent extraction methods see Ref (6).  
5.5 In order to protect the environment as a whole and human health in part...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient (1),2 indoor (2), and workplace (3, 4) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment.  
1.2 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled conditions, onto the sorbent surface at the sampling end of the tube (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.  
1.3 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial passive (diffusive) samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one sorbent); and (3) radial passive (diffusive) samplers.  
1.4 This practice recommends a number of sorbents that can be packed in sorbent tubes for use in the sampling of vapor-phase organic chemicals; including volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds which, generally speaking, boil in the range 0 °C to 400 °C (v.p. 15 kPa to 0.01 kPa at 25 °C).  
1.5 This practice can be used for the measurement of airborne vapors of these organic compounds over a wide concentration range.  
1.5.1 With pumped sampling, this practice can be used for the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of VOCs in a concentration range of approximately 0.1 μg/m3 to 1 g/m3, for individual organic compounds in 1 L to 10 L air samples. Quantitative measurements are possible when using validated procedures with appropri...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2022
ICS
13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.05 - Indoor Air
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D3686-20 - Standard Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Organic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption Method)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2020
Refers
ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Sep-2020
Refers
ASTM D1356-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020

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ASTM D6196-23 - Standard Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in AirASTM D6196-23 - Standard Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in Air
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ASTM D6196-23 - Standard Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in Air
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REDLINE ASTM D6196-23 - Standard Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in AirREDLINE ASTM D6196-23 - Standard Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in Air
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REDLINE ASTM D6196-23 - Standard Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in Air
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6196 − 23
Standard Practice for
Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal
Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile
1
Organic Chemicals in Air
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5.1 With pumped sampling, this practice can be used for
the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of VOCs in a
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of
3 3
concentration range of approximately 0.1 μg/m to 1 g/m , for
sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of
2 individual organic compounds in 1 L to 10 L air samples.
ambient (1), indoor (2), and workplace (3, 4) atmospheres for
Quantitative measurements are possible when using validated
a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It
procedures with appropriate quality control measures.
may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in
1.5.2 With axial diffusive sampling, this practice is valid for
small or full scale environmental chambers or for human
the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of volatile
exposure assessment.
organic compounds in a concentration range of approximately
3 3
1.2 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air
100 μg/m to 100 mg/m for individual organic compounds for
3 3
onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled
an exposure time of 8 h or 1 μg/m to 1 mg/m for individual
air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of
organic compounds for an exposure time of four weeks.
sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under
1.5.3 With radial diffusive sampling, this practice is valid
controlled conditions, onto the sorbent surface at the sampling
for the measurement of airborne vapors of volatile organic
3
end of the tube (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed
compounds in a concentration range of approximately 5 μg/m
3
VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and
to 5 mg/m for individual organic compounds for exposure
analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.
times of one to six hours.
1.5.4 The upper limit of the useful range is almost always
1.3 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers
set by the linear dynamic range of the gas chromatograph
that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped
sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial column and detector, or by the sample splitting capability of
the analytical instrumentation used.
passive (diffusive) samplers (typically of the same physical
dimensions as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing 1.5.5 The lower limit of the useful range depends on the
noise level of the detector and on blank levels of analyte or
only one sorbent); and (3) radial passive (diffusive) samplers.
interfering artifacts (or both) on the sorbent tubes.
1.4 This practice recommends a number of sorbents that can
1.6 This procedure can be used for personal and fixed
be packed in sorbent tubes for use in the sampling of
location sampling. It cannot be used to measure instantaneous
vapor-phase organic chemicals; including volatile and semi-
or short-term fluctuations in concentration. Alternative ‘grab
volatile organic compounds which, generally speaking, boil in
sampling’ procedures using canister air samplers (for example,
the range 0 °C to 400 °C (v.p. 15 kPa to 0.01 kPa at 25 °C).
Test Method D5466) may be suitable for monitoring instanta-
1.5 This practice can be used for the measurement of
neous or short term fluctuations in air concentration. Alterna-
airborne vapors of these organic compounds over a wide
tives for on-site measurement include, but are not limited to,
concentration range.
gas chromatography, real-time mass spectrometry detectors
and infrared spectrometry.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality
1.7 The sampling method gives a time-weighted average
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.
result.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2023. Published March 2023. Originally
ɛ1
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D6196 – 15 . DOI:
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
10.1520/D6196-23.
2
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
The bold face numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end
of this practice. standard.
Copyright © ASTM Inte
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D6196 − 15 D6196 − 23
Standard Practice for
Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Parameters and Thermal
Desorption Analytical Conditions for Monitoring Volatile
1
Organic Chemicals in Air
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in July 2018.
1. Scope
2
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient (1),
indoor (2), and workplace (3, 4) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used
for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment.
1.2 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air is
either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled
conditions, onto the sorbent surface at the sampling end of the tube (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are
subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.
1.3 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped sorbent tubes
containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial passive (diffusive) samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions as standard
pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one sorbent); and (3) radial passive (diffusive) samplers.
1.4 This practice recommends a number of sorbents that can be packed in sorbent tubes for use in the sampling of vapor-phase
organic chemicals; including volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds which, generally speaking, boil in the range 0 to 400°C
(v.p. 15 to 0.01 kPa at 25°C).0 °C to 400 °C (v.p. 15 kPa to 0.01 kPa at 25 °C).
1.5 This practice can be used for the measurement of airborne vapors of these organic compounds over a wide concentration range.
1.5.1 With pumped sampling, this practice can be used for the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of VOCs in a
3 3
concentration range of approximately 0.1 μg/m to 1 g/m , for individual organic compounds in 1–10 L 1 L to 10 L air samples.
Quantitative measurements are possible when using validated procedures with appropriate quality control measures.
1.5.2 With axial diffusive sampling, this practice is valid for the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of volatile organic
3 3
compounds in a concentration range of approximately 100 μg/m to 100 mg/m for individual organic compounds for an exposure
3 3
time of 8 h or 1 μg/m to 1 mg/m for individual organic compounds for an exposure time of four weeks.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015Jan. 1, 2023. Published February 2016March 2023. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 as
ɛ1
D6196 – 03 (2009).D6196 – 15 . DOI: 10.1520/D6196-15E01.10.1520/D6196-23.
2
The bold face numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this practice.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6196 − 23
1.5.3 With radial diffusive sampling, this practice is valid for the measurement of airborne vapors of volatile organic compounds
3 3
in a concentration range of approximately 5 μg/m to 5 mg/m for individual organic compounds for exposure times of one to six
hours.
1.5.4 The upper limit of the useful range is almost always set by the linear dynamic range of the gas chromatograph column and
detector, or by the sample splitting capability of the analytical instrumentation used.
1.5.5 The lower limit of the useful range depends on the noise level of the detector and on blank levels of analyte or interfering
artifacts (or both) on the sorbent tubes.
1.6 This procedure can be used for personal and fixed location sampling. It cannot be used to measure instantaneous or short-term
fluctuations in concentration. Alternative ‘grab sampling’ procedures using canister air s
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant, commonly formed by the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards (7) that are designed to protect the public health and welfare.  
5.2 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has promulgated exposure limits for sulfur dioxide in workplace atmospheres (8).  
5.3 These methods have been found satisfactory for measuring sulfur dioxide in ambient and workplace atmospheres over the ranges pertinent in 5.1 and 5.2.  
5.4 Method A has been designed to correspond to the EPA-Designated Reference Method (7) for the determination of sulfur dioxide.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the bubbler collection and colorimetric determination of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the ambient or workplace atmosphere.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable for determining SO2 over the range from approximately 25 μg/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) to 1000 μg/m3 (0.4 ppm(v)), corresponding to a solution concentration of 0.03 μg SO2/mL to 1.3 μg SO2/mL. Beer's law is followed through the working analytical range from 0.02 μg SO2/mL to 1.4 μg SO2/mL.  
1.3 The lower limit of detection is 0.075 μg SO2/mL (1),2 representing an air concentration of 25 μg SO2/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) in a 30-min sample, or 13 μg SO2/m3 (0.005 ppm(v)) in a 24-h sample.  
1.4 These test methods incorporate sampling for periods between 30 min and 24 h.  
1.5 These test methods describe the determination of the collected (impinged) samples. A Method A and a Method B are described.  
1.6 Method A is preferred over Method B, as it gives the higher sensitivity, but it has a higher blank. Manual Method B is pH-dependent, but is more suitable with spectrometers having a spectral band width greater than 20 nm.
Note 1: These test methods are applicable at concentrations below 25 μg/m3 by sampling larger volumes of air if the absorption efficiency of the particular system is first determined, as described in Annex A4.
Note 2: Concentrations higher than 1000 μg/m3 can be determined by using smaller gas volumes, larger collection volumes, or by suitable dilution of the collected sample with absorbing solution prior to analysis.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 8.3.1, Section 9, and A3.1.3.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4323-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of Reflectance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hydrogen sulfide is an odorous substance which is offensive even at low concentrations in the atmosphere and toxic at higher levels. It may be a product of biological processes in the absence of oxygen, as may occur in municipal landfills. It is emitted from geothermal sources, occurs in oil and gas, and may be emitted from industrial processes. Measurement is required for air pollution studies, for pollution control, environmental justice based monitoring, and for plume characterization. This test method is intended for hydrogen sulfide content up to 3000 ppbv. Measurement of hydrogen sulfide above this concentration in gaseous fuels, carbon dioxide or other gaseous matrices is described in Test Method D4084. Equipment described is suitable for fixed site or for mobile monitoring.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the automatic continuous determination of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the atmosphere or in gaseous samples in the range from one part per billion by volume (1 ppb/v) to 3000 ppb/v. Information obtained may be used for air-pollution studies, fence-line monitoring, and other source emission monitoring.  
1.2 The range may be extended by appropriate dilution techniques or by equipment modification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Section 9 for specific safety precautionary statements.)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3162-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Determination of carbon monoxide is essential to evaluation of many air pollution concerns and pollution control strategies. This test method derives significance from providing such determination.  
5.2 Carbon monoxide is formed in the process of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, and is a constituent of the exhaust of gasoline engines. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards for CO that are designed to protect the public health and welfare (3, 4).  
5.3 This test method is suitable for measurements appropriate for the purposes noted in 5.1 and 5.2.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of the carbon monoxide (CO) concentration of the atmosphere between 0.6 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm(v)) and 115 mg/m3 (100 ppm(v)). The measuring principle is based on the absorption of infrared radiation by CO in the 4.7 μm region (1).2  
1.2 The test method has a limit of detection of about 0.6 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm(v)) carbon monoxide in air.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values and units in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for additional precautions.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7035-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Metals and Metalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The health of workers in many industries is at risk through exposure by inhalation to toxic metals and metalloids. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers’ exposures, and this is generally achieved by making workplace air measurements. This test method has been promulgated in order to make available a standard methodology for making valid exposure measurements for a wide range of metals and metalloids that are used in industry. It will be of benefit to agencies concerned with health and safety at work; industrial hygienists and other public health professionals; analytical laboratories; industrial users of metals and metalloids and their workers, and other groups.  
5.2 This test method specifies a generic method for determination of the mass concentration of metals and metalloids in workplace air using ICP-AES.  
5.3 The analysis results can be used for the assessment of workplace exposures to metals and metalloids in workplace air.  
5.4 When sampling and analysis is carried out in accordance with this test method, the overall procedure normally satisfies the performance requirements of ISO 20581.
Note 2: Refer to Guide E1370 for guidance on the development of appropriate exposure assessment and measurement strategies.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for collection, sample preparation, and analysis of airborne particulate matter for the content of metals and metalloids using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The method is generally applicable to occupational exposure monitoring.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to personal sampling of the inhalable or respirable fraction of airborne particles and to area sampling.  
1.3 This test method should be used by analysts experienced in the use of ICP-AES, the interpretation of spectral and matrix interferences, and procedures for their correction.  
1.4 This test method specifies a number of alternative methods for preparing test solutions from samples of airborne particulate matter. One of the specified sample preparation methods is applicable to the measurement of soluble metal or metalloid compounds. Other specified methods are applicable to the measurement of total metals and metalloids.  
1.5 It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for sampling materials of untested matrices.  
1.6 The following is a non-exclusive list of metals and metalloids for which one or more of the sample dissolution methods specified in this document is applicable. However, there is insufficient information available on the effectiveness of dissolution methods for those elements in italics.    
Aluminum  
Indium  
Sodium  
Antimony  
Iron  
Strontium  
Arsenic  
Lead  
Tantalum  
Barium  
Lithium  
Tellurium  
Beryllium  
Magnesium  
Thallium  
Bismuth  
Manganese  
Tin  
Boron  
Molybdenum  
Titanium  
Cadmium  
Nickel  
Tungsten  
Calcium  
Phosphorus  
Uranium  
Cesium  
Platinum  
Vanadium  
Chromium  
Potassium  
Yttrium  
Cobalt  
Rhodium  
Zinc  
Copper  
Selenium  
Zirconium  
Hafnium  
Silver  
1.7 This test method is not applicable to the sampling of elemental mercury, or to inorganic compounds of metals and metalloids that are present in the gaseous or vapor state.  
1.8 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable ICP-AES instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and model.  
1.9 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this test method.  
1.10 The values stated in S...

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