iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D36-95(2000)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)

Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the softening point of bitumen in the range from 30 to 157°C (86 to 315°F) using the ring-and-ball apparatus immersed in distilled water (30 to 80°C), USP glycerin (above 80 to 157°C), or ethylene glycol (30 to 110°C).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
29-Jun-2000
ICS
75.140 - Waxes, bituminous materials and other petroleum products
Technical Committee
D08 - Roofing and Waterproofing
Drafting Committee
D08.03 - Surfacing and Bituminous Materials for Membrane Waterproofing and Built-up Roofing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D36-06 - Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E28-18(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived from Pine Chemicals and Hydrocarbons, by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus
Effective Date
30-Jun-2000
Referred By
ASTM D3666-16 - Standard Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
Effective Date
30-Jun-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6493-11(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Softening Point of Hydrocarbon Resins and Rosin Based Resins by Automated Ring-and-Ball Apparatus
Effective Date
30-Jun-2000
Referred By
ASTM D3461-18 - Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Asphalt and Pitch (Mettler Cup-and-Ball Method)
Effective Date
30-Jun-2000

Buy Standard

ASTM D36-95(2000)e1 - Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)ASTM D36-95(2000)e1 - Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM D36-95(2000)e1 - Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)
English language
4 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation:D36–95 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD36;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
e NOTE—Editorially switched from English dominant to SI dominant.
1. Scope meanofthetemperaturesatwhichthetwodiskssoftenenough
to allow each ball, enveloped in bitumen, to fall a distance of
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the soft-
25 mm (1.0 in.).
ening point of bitumen in the range from 30 to 157°C (86 to
315°F) using the ring-and-ball apparatus immersed in distilled
4. Significance and Use
water (30 to 80°C), USP glycerin (above 80 to 157°C), or
4.1 Bitumens are viscoelastic materials without sharply
ethylene glycol (30 to 110°C).
defined melting points; they gradually become softer and less
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
viscous as the temperature rises. For this reason, softening
standard.
points must be determined by an arbitrary and closely defined
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
method if results are to be reproducible.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 The softening point is useful in the classification of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
bitumens, as one element in establishing the uniformity of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
shipments or sources of supply, and is indicative of the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tendency of the material to flow at elevated temperatures
2. Referenced Documents encountered in service.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Apparatus
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
2 5.1 Rings—Two square-shouldered brass rings conforming
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1(a).
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
3 5.2 Pouring Plate— A flat, smooth, brass plate approxi-
Open Cup
4 mately 50 by 75 mm (2 by 3 in.).
D140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials
5.3 Balls—Twosteelballs,9.5mm( ⁄8in.)indiameter,each
D3461 Test Method for Softening Point of Asphalt and
5 having a mass of 3.50 6 0.05 g.
Pitch (Mettler Cup-and-Ball Method)
6 5.4 Ball-Centering Guides—Two brass guides for centering
E1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
the steel balls, one for each ring, conforming to the general
3. Summary of Test Method shape and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 (b).
5.5 Bath—A glass vessel, capable of being heated, not less
3.1 Two horizontal disks of bitumen, cast in shouldered
than 85 mm in inside diameter and not less than 120 mm in
brassrings,areheatedatacontrolledrateinaliquidbathwhile
depth from the bottom of the flare.
eachsupportsasteelball.Thesofteningpointisreportedasthe
NOTE 1—An 800-mL, low-form Griffin beaker of heat-resistant glass
meets this requirement.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on
5.6 Ring Holder andAssembly—Abrass holder designed to
Roofing,Waterproofing,andBituminousMaterialsandisthedirectresponsibilityof
Subcommittee D08.03 on Surfacing and Bituminous Materials for Membrane
support the two rings in a horizontal position, conforming to
Waterproofing and Builtup Roofing.
the shape and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 (c), supported in the
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1995. Published December 1995. Originally
e1 assemblyillustratedinFig.1(d).Thebottomoftheshouldered
published as D36–62T. Last previous edition D36–86(1993) .
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. rings in the ring holder shall be 25 mm (1.0 in.) above the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
upper surface of the bottom plate, and the lower surface of the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
5 1
bottom plate shall be 1663mm( ⁄8 6 ⁄8 in.) from the bottom
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.04.
of the bath.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D36
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.
FIG. 1 Shouldered Ring, Ball-Centering Guide, Ring Holder, and Assembly of Apparatus Showing Two Rings
5.7 Thermometers: 6.1.2 USP Glycerin,or
5.7.1 AnASTM Low Softening PointThermometer, having
NOTE 3—Caution:Glycerin has a flash point of 160°C (320°F) in
a range from−2 to+80°C or 30 to 180°F, and conforming to
accordance with Test Method D92.
the requirements forThermometer 15C or 15F as prescribed in
6.1.3 EthyleneGlycol,withaboilingpointbetween195and
Specification E1.
197°C (383 and 387°F).
5.7.2 AnASTMHighSofteningPointThermometer,having
arangefrom30to200°Cor85to392°F,andconformingtothe
NOTE 4—Caution:Ethylene glycol is toxic when taken internally or
requirements for Thermometer 16C or 16F as prescribed in
inhaled as a vapor. Avoid prolonged or repeated skin contact and
inhalation of vapors. Its flash point is 115°C (239°F) in accordance with
Specification E1.
Test Method D92. When using this bath liquid, conduct the test in a
5.7.3 The appropriate thermometer shall be suspended in
vented laboratory hood with adequate exhaust fan capacity to ensure
the assembly as shown in Fig. 1 (d) so that the bottom of the
removal of toxic vapors.
bulb is level with the bottom of the rings and within 13 mm
(0.5 in.) of the rings, but not touching them or the ring holder. 6.2 Release Agents:
Substitution of other thermometers shall not be permittted. 6.2.1 To prevent adhesion of bitumen to the pouring plate
when casting disks, the surface of the brass pouring plate may
6. Reagents and Materials
be thinly coated just before use with silicone oil or grease
6.1 Bath Liquids:
(Note 5), a mixture of glycerin and dextrin, talc, or china clay.
6.1.1 Freshly Boiled Distilled Water.
NOTE 5—Caution:Isolate silicones from other bituminous testing
NOTE 2—The use of freshly boiled distilled water is essential to avoid equipment and samples to avoid contamination, and wear disposable
trapping air bubbles on the surface of the specimen which may affect the rubbergloveswheneverhandlingsiliconesorapparatuscoatedwiththem.
results. Siliconecontaminationcanproduceerroneousresultsinothertestssuchas
D36
1 1
those for penetration and flash point.
3mm(4 ⁄8 6 ⁄8 in.) with the apparatus in place. If using
ethylene glycol, make sure the hood exhaust fan is turned on
7. Sampling
and operating properly to remove toxic vapors. Using forceps,
7.1 Sample the material in accordance with Practice D140.
place the two steel balls in the bottom of the bath so they will
reachthesamestartingtemperatureastherestoftheassembly.
8. Test Specimens
9.3 Placethebathinicewater,ifnecessary,orgentlyheatto
8.1 Do not start unless it is planned to complete preparation establish and maintain the proper starting bath temperature for
and testing of all asphalt specimens within 6 h and all coal-tar 15 min with the apparatus in place. Take care not to contami-
pitch specimens within 4 ⁄2 h. Heat the bitumen sample with nate the bath liquid.
care, stirring frequently to prevent local overheating, until it
9.4 Again using forceps, place a ball from the bottom of the
has become sufficiently fluid to pour (Note 6). Stir carefully to
bath in each ball-centering guide.
avoid incorporation of air bubbles in the sample.
9.5 Heat the bath from below so that the temperature
indicated by the thermometer rises at a uniform rate of 5°C
NOTE 6—An electric hot plate having a minimum power to unit-
(9°F)/min (Note 7). Protect the bath from drafts, using shields
surface-area ratio of 37 kW/m has been found satisfactory for this
purpose. if necessary. Do not average the rate of temperature rise over
the test period. The maximum permissible variation for any
8.1.
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D5869/D5869M-07a(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Dark Oven Heat Exposure of Roofing and Waterproofing Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Roofing and waterproofing materials and systems undergo changes in physical properties as a result of being subjected to heat. They also undergo changes in physical properties as they age in service. Since service conditions vary widely, any relationship between changes observed in this practice and changes in service must be established by the user of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes a procedure and conditions of temperature and time for heat exposure of roofing and waterproofing materials and systems in the presence of air.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D2746/D2746M-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Staining Tendency of Asphalt (Stain Index)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method measures the tendency for oil components to separate spontaneously from asphalt. The separation of oil components can cause staining in asphalt roofing products and adjacent materials in storage and use.  
4.2 The stain index is related to the thermal stability of the asphalt. Higher stain index values indicate lower stability and greater tendency for staining.  
4.3 Use this procedure to determine the staining tendency of asphalt and to compare the results against a material for which the staining tendency is known.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the staining tendency of asphalt and the assignment of a stain index proportional to the extent of staining observed.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to asphalts having ring-and-ball softening points of 85 °C [185 °F] or greater.  
Note 1: This test method may be modified for use with other bituminous materials with softening points less than 85 °C [185 °F] by using a different temperature than specified in Section 7 by agreement of the interested parties. The report of results from such a test may cite this method but must clearly state the temperature employed in the exception and acknowledge that the interpretation of results in Section 9 and the precision and bias stated in Section 10 may not apply.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4799/D4799M-17(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Accelerated Weathering Test Conditions and Procedures for Bituminous Materials (Fluorescent UV, Water Spray, and Condensation Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This weathering apparatus is used for comparing the weathering characteristics of bituminous materials against a control material for which the outdoor weathering characteristics are known. It is not possible to establish a precise correlation between accelerated and natural weathering because (1) there are geographical climatic variations, local weather variations, and variations in local pollutants, and (2) the relation between accelerated and natural weathering is material dependent. Acceleration factors differ between materials as well as between formulations of the same material. Guide G141 provides guidance regarding this issue.
Note 1: This practice can be used for other than bituminous materials, but the significance and use have not been evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes test conditions and procedures for fluorescent UV and condensation exposures conducted according to Practices G151 and G154 for bituminous roofing and waterproofing materials. (See Terminology G113.)  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6805-02(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Infrared (IR) Procedure for Determination of Aromatic/ Aliphatic Ratio of Bituminous Emulsions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this practice may be used to distinguish tar-based emulsion from an asphalt-based emulsion for specification compliance purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice uses infrared analytical techniques to qualitatively determine in the laboratory a ratio of aromatic absorbance to aliphatic absorbance. This practice may be used to determine if the bitumen in the emulsion is predominantly aromatic or aliphatic in nature.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4798/D4798M-11(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Accelerated Weathering Test Conditions and Procedures for Bituminous Materials (Xenon-Arc Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests conducted according to this practice are used to compare the weathering characteristics of bituminous materials versus a control material of known outdoor durability. It is not possible to establish a single relationship that is applicable to all materials between time in accelerated tests conducted according to this practice and time in natural weathering because (1) there are geographical climatic variations, local weather variations, and variations in local pollutants, and (2) the relation between accelerated and natural weathering is material dependent with differences in acceleration factors between materials as well as for different formulations of the same material. Guide G141 provides guidance regarding variability in outdoor and accelerated weathering tests and about the use of control materials.  
Note 1: It is recommended that outdoor weathering be used to validate the laboratory accelerated test in terms of performance ranking.
Note 2: This practice can be used for other than bituminous materials, but the significance and use have not been evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers test conditions and procedures for xenon-arc exposures according to Practices G151 and G155 for bituminous roofing and waterproofing materials. (See Terminology G113.)  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6769/D6769M-02(2018)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Application of Fully Adhered, Cold-Applied, Prefabricated Reinforced Modified Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide outlines general procedures for the storage and application of various prefabricated sheets made using modified bituminous materials and intended for use as below-grade and below-wearing-surface waterproofing.  
4.2 The substrate used for applications described in this guide shall be concrete or masonry.  
4.3 This application consists of a prefabricated reinforced modified bituminous sheet applied to a suitable substrate using a bituminous-based, cold-applied adhesive or mastic. Application rates given are typical for such installations.  
4.4 This guide is intended to supplement instructions from designers and manufacturers.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide lists application and installation requirements for fully adhered, cold-applied, prefabricated modified bituminous membrane waterproofing systems for below-grade or below-wearing-surface (such as plaza decks) vertical or horizontal applications.  
1.2 For the purposes of this application guide, the substrate is assumed to be structurally sound, sloped to drain (if new construction), and meeting the local building code requirements. Similarly, the system components are assumed to comply with all federal, state, and local requirements in effect at the time of installation.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This guide may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6/D6M-95(2018)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Loss on Heating of Oil and Asphaltic Compounds

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in characterizing certain petroleum products by the determination of their loss of mass upon heating under standardized conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the loss in mass (exclusive of water) of oil and asphaltic compounds when heated as hereinafter prescribed.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability and regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5801-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Toughness and Tenacity of Asphalt Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in confirming that an asphalt cement has been modified with a material that provides a significant elastomeric component. Elastomer-modified asphalts can be characterized by their ability to be stretched to a large elongation while at the same time resisting further stretching. Toughness and tenacity are two parameters for measuring this ability.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for measuring the toughness and tenacity of asphalt materials. Typically, the test method has been used to characterize elastomer-modified asphalts, although values for toughness and tenacity may be obtained for any type of polymer-modified or non-modified asphalt.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Sample mass is given only in SI units. Sample mass as given in SI units should be regarded as standard. No other units of sample mass are included in this standard.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/index.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury-containing products in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D1321-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Petroleum waxes differ in hardness. Needle penetration is a measurement of hardness. Hardness may have a significant effect upon other physical properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not greater than 250.  
Note 1: This test method is similar to the needle method for determining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D5. Cone methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test Methods D217 and Test Method D937, respectively.  
1.2 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6752/D6752M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures Using Automatic Vacuum Sealing Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The results obtained from this method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted asphalt mixtures, and in conjunction with Test Method D3203/D3203M, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.  
4.2 Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.  
4.3 This method can be used for 100 mm [4 in.] and 150 mm [6 in.] diameter cylindrical as well as cubical asphalt mixture specimens to correct for inconsistencies in sample weight determinations resulting from drainage of water from samples and inaccuracy in saturated surface dry weight of absorptive coarse and open-graded mixes. Asphalt mixes such as stone matrix asphalt (SMA), porous friction course, and coarse-graded mixes with significant surface texture and interconnected voids can be tested with this method. Follow manufacturer recommendation for appropriate bag sizes to be utilized with cubical and abnormally shaped samples.4
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity of compacted asphalt mixtures by the vacuum sealing method.  
1.2 This method can be used for compacted cylindrical and cubical laboratory and field asphalt mixture specimens.  
1.3 The bulk specific gravity of the compacted asphalt mixtures may be used in calculating the unit weight of the mixture.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off