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ASTM E1106-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors

Standard Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as secondary standards for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
Note 1—The stated accuracy applies only if the transfer standard returns to quiescence, following the transient input, before any wave reflected from the boundary of the calibration block returns to the transfer standard (∼100 μs). For low frequencies with periods on the order of the time window, this condition is problematical to prove.
Applications Sensors—This test method may also be used for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. Some of these sensors are less well behaved than devices suitable for a transfer standard. The stated accuracy for such devices applies in the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz and with less accuracy below 100 kHz.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the requirements for the absolute calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The calibration yields the frequency response of a transducer to waves, at a surface, of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The transducer voltage response is determined at discrete frequency intervals of approximately 10 kHz up to 1 MHz. The input is a given well-established dynamic displacement normal to the mounting surface. The units of the calibration are output voltage per unit mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2007
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1106-86(2002)e1 - Standard Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Replaced By
ASTM E1106-12 - Standard Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
15-Jun-2012
Referred By
ASTM E1067/E1067M-18 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E2661/E2661M-20e1 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Plate-like and Flat Panel Composite Structures Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1118/E1118M-16(2020) - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E2863-17 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Welded Steel Sphere Pressure Vessels Using Thermal Pressurization
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E2981-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Composite Overwraps in Filament Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1930/E1930M-17 - Standard Practice for Examination of Liquid-Filled Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Metal Storage Tanks Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1316-23b - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1781/E1781M-20 - Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1888/E1888M-17 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Pressurized Containers Made of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic with Balsa Wood Cores
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E2076/E2076M-15(2022) - Standard Practice for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007

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ASTM E1106-07 - Standard Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission SensorsASTM E1106-07 - Standard Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
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ASTM E1106-07 - Standard Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1106 – 07
Standard Test Method for
1
Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1106; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer stan-
dard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and
1.1 This test method covers the requirements for the abso-
understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy
lute calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The cali-
should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
brationyieldsthefrequencyresponseofatransducertowaves,
at a surface, of the type normally encountered in acoustic
NOTE 1—The stated accuracy applies only if the transfer standard
emission work. The transducer voltage response is determined
returns to quiescence, following the transient input, before any wave
reflected from the boundary of the calibration block returns to the transfer
at discrete frequency intervals of approximately 10 kHz up to
standard (;100 µs). For low frequencies with periods on the order of the
1 MHz. The input is a given well-established dynamic dis-
time window, this condition is problematical to prove.
placement normal to the mounting surface. The units of the
calibration are output voltage per unit mechanical input (dis- 4.2 Applications Sensors—This test method may also be
usedforthecalibrationofAEsensorsforuseinnondestructive
placement, velocity, or acceleration).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the evaluation. Some of these sensors are less well behaved than
devicessuitableforatransferstandard.Thestatedaccuracyfor
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- such devices applies in the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz and
with less accuracy below 100 kHz.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. General Requirements
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 Aprimary difficulty in any calibration of a mechanical/
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: electrical transduction device is the determination of the
mechanical-motion input to the device. Using this calibration
E114 PracticeforUltrasonicPulse-EchoStraight-BeamEx-
amination by the Contact Method procedure, the motional input may be determined by two
different means: theoretical calculation and measurement with
E494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Mate-
rials an absolute displacement transducer.
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission 5.2 Theoretical Calculation—Elasticity theory has been
usedtocalculatethedynamicdisplacementofthesurfaceofan
Sensors
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations infinite half-space due to a normal point-force step function in
time. The solutions give the displacement of any point on the
3. Terminology
surface as a function of time, yielding a waveform for the
3.1 Refer to Terminology E1316 for terminology used in displacement called the seismic surface pulse.
this test method. 5.2.1 This calibration test method uses an approximation to
3
this theoretical solution. See also Breckenridge and Hsu and
4. Significance and Use 4
Breckenridge . The half-space is approximated by a large
4.1 Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is metalblockintheformofacircularcylinderandthepointforce
forthedirectcalibrationofdisplacementtransducersforuseas
stepfunctioniscloselyapproximatedbythebreakingofaglass
secondarystandardsforthecalibrationofAEsensorsforusein capillary against the plane surface of the block. The displace-
mentasafunctionoftimeshouldbecalculatedforthelocation
ofthedeviceundertest(onthesamesurfaceoftheblockasthe
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
input).This calculation should be performed using a measured
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on
value of the step function force and the elastic constants that
Acoustic Emission Method.
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2007.PublishedJuly2007.Originallyapproved
´1
in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E1106-86(2002) . DOI:
10.1520/E1106-07.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Breckenridge, F. R., “Acoustic Emission Transducer Calibration by Means of
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM the Seismic Surface Pulse,” Journal of Acoustic Emission Vol 1, pp. 87–94.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Hsu, N. N.
...

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FIG. 1 IEM Tabletop Testing System Using a Non-Instrumented Impactor
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FIG. 3 Schematic of Impact Excitation Approach
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1.1 This practice covers a general procedure for using the Impulse Excitation Method (IEM) to facilitate natural frequency measurement and detection of defects and material variations in metallic and non-metallic parts. This test method is also known as Impulse Excitation Technique (IET), Acoustic Resonance Testing (ART), ping testing, tap testing, and other names. IEM is listed as a Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) method. The method applies an impulse load to excite and then record resonance frequencies of a part. These recorded resonance frequencies are compared to a reference population or within subgroups/families of examples of the same part, or modeled frequencies, or both.  
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4.1 The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load.  
4.2 The applied load (on the examination object) may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional), internal pressure and thermal gradients. It may be short to long, random or cyclic. The applied load may be controlled by the examiner or may already exist as part of the process. In either case the applied load is measured along with the AE activity.  
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1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects) where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the examination region. This eliminates the consideration of complex attenuation factor corrections and multiple sensor and array placements based on overcoming signal losses over distances.  
1.2 The guide assumes a typical AE examination as one where there is a controlled or measured stress acting upon the part being monitored by AE. Particular emphasis is placed on sensor and system selection, sensor placements, stressing considerations, noise reduction/rejection techniques, spatial filtering, location determination, use of guard sensors, collection of AE data, AE data analysis and report. The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an object under evaluation is withstanding the applied load.  
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Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response

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3.1 Acoustic emission data is affected by several characteristics of the instrumentation. The most obvious of these is the system sensitivity. Of all the parameters and components contributing to the sensitivity, the acoustic emission sensor is the one most subject to variation. This variation can be a result of damage or aging, or there can be variations between nominally identical sensors. To detect such variations, it is desirable to have a method for measuring the response of a sensor to an acoustic wave. Specific purposes for checking sensors include: (1) checking the stability of its response with time; (2) checking the sensor for possible damage after accident or abuse; (3) comparing a number of sensors for use in a multichannel system to ensure that their responses are adequately matched; and (4) checking the response after thermal cycling or exposure to a hostile environment. It is very important that the sensor characteristics be always measured with the same sensor cable length and impedance as well as the same preamplifier or equivalent. This guide presents several procedures for measuring sensor response. Some of these procedures require a minimum of special equipment.  
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1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Acoustic Emission data acquisition can be affected by numerous factors associated with the electronic instrumentation, cables, sensors, sensor holders, couplant, the examination article on which the sensor is mounted, background noise, and the user's settings of the acquisition parameters (for example, threshold).  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as secondary standards for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
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4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.
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1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor's sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
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Standard Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units

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5.1 This practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating ultrasonic search units. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.  
5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
5.3 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.  
5.4 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this practice to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the practice may be used as determined by the user.  
5.5 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests.  
5.6 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like.  
5.7 Care must be taken to ensure that comparable measurements are made and that users of the practice follow similar procedures. The conditions specified or selected (if optional) may affect the test results and lead to apparent differences.  
5.8 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.9 Certain results obtained using the procedures outlined may differ from measurements made with ultrasonic test instruments. These differences may be attributed to differences in the nature of the experiment or the electrical characteristic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers measurement procedures for evaluating certain characteristics of ultrasonic search units (also known as “probes”) that are used with ultrasonic testing instrumentation. This practice describes means for obtaining performance data that may be used to define the acoustic and electric responses of ultrasonic search units.  
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4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system, whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening, may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a suitable acoustic emission sensor.  
4.2 With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the structure that may enhance the acoustic signals used to detect leakage.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for non-contact sensors see Test Method E1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E1316), and may be used for continuous in-service monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM E650/E650M-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensors.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    4 pages
    English language
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  • Guide
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off