iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM C773-88(2020)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength of Fired Whiteware Materials

Standard Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength of Fired Whiteware Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Resistance to compression is the measure of the greatest strength of a ceramic material. Ideally, ceramics should be stressed this way in use. This test is a measure of the potential load-bearing usefulness of a ceramic.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two test procedures (A and B) for the determination of the compressive strength of fired whiteware materials.  
1.2 Procedure A is generally applicable to whiteware products of low- to moderately high-strength levels (up to 150 000 psi or 1030 MPa).  
1.3 Procedure B is specifically devised for testing of high-strength ceramics (over 100 000 psi or 690 MPa).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2020
ICS
81.060.20 - Ceramic products
Technical Committee
C21 - Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
Drafting Committee
C21.03 - Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns
Current Stage
Ref Project

Buy Standard

ASTM C773-88(2020) - Standard Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength of Fired Whiteware MaterialsASTM C773-88(2020) - Standard Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength of Fired Whiteware Materials
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM C773-88(2020) - Standard Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength of Fired Whiteware Materials
English language
4 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C773 − 88 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Compressive (Crushing) Strength of Fired Whiteware
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C773; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope stressed this way in use. This test is a measure of the potential
load-bearing usefulness of a ceramic.
1.1 This test method covers two test procedures (A and B)
for the determination of the compressive strength of fired
PROCEDURE A
whiteware materials.
1.2 Procedure A is generally applicable to whiteware prod-
4. Apparatus
ucts of low- to moderately high-strength levels (up to
4.1 Testing Machine—Any testing machine conforming to
150 000 psi or 1030 MPa).
Practices E4 and to the requirements for speed of testing
1.3 Procedure B is specifically devised for testing of high-
prescribed in Sections 5 and 12 of this test method, may be
strength ceramics (over 100 000 psi or 690 MPa).
used.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.2 Spherical Bearing Block—In vertical testing machines,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the spherical bearing block shall be spring suspended from the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
upper head of the machine in such a manner that the upper
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
platen of the machine (lower face of the spherical bearing
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
block) remains in a central position (spherical surfaces in full
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
contact) when not loaded. The spherical surfaces shall be well
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
lubricated, and the center of curvature shall lie on the lower
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
face of the platen. The diagonal or diameter of the platen shall
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1
be only slightly greater than the diagonal of the 1 ⁄2-in.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
(38.1 mm)squarecontactblockstofacilitateaccuratecentering
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
of the specimens.
2. Referenced Documents
4.3 Contact Blocks—Cold-rolled steel contact blocks shall
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
be used between the test specimen and the platens of the
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines 1 5
machine. These blocks shall be 1 ⁄2 in. (38.1 mm) square by ⁄8
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
3
to ⁄4 in. (15.9 to 19.1 mm) thick, and the contact faces shall be
E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for Gen-
surface ground until plane and parallel. The contact blocks
eral Industry
shall be resurfaced, if necessary, after each strength test, and
1
may be reused only so long as the thickness remains over ⁄2 in.
3. Significance and Use
(12.7 mm). If the contact block is cracked during testing, it
3.1 Resistance to compression is the measure of the greatest
shall be replaced.
strength of a ceramic material. Ideally, ceramics should be
4.4 Cushion Pads—Cushion pads shall be used between the
test specimens and the contact blocks to aid in distributing the
load. New cushion pads shall be used for each specimen.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC21onCeramic
Suitable materials for cushion pads, selected in accordance
Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.
with the compressive strength range of the material being
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020. Published December 2020. Originally
tested, are shown in the following below:
approvedin1974toreplaceC407andC528.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2016
Compressive Strength Range, psi Cushion Pad
as C773 – 88 (2016). DOI: 10.1520/C0773-88R20.
2
(MPa)
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
5000 to 50 000 incl (34.5 to 345) blotting paper, ⁄64 in. (0.4 mm) thick
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
Over 50 000 to 150 000 incl (345 to mild steel, ⁄32 in. (0.8 mm) thick
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1030.0) (65 HRB max)
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

-----
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM C674-13(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Ceramic Whiteware Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods provide a means for determining the modulus of rupture and the modulus of elasticity, which may be required in product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover determination of the modulus of rupture and the modulus of elasticity of fired ceramic whitewares bodies, formed by any fabrication method, and are applicable to both glazed and unglazed test specimens.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C373-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determination of Water Absorption and Associated Properties by Vacuum Method for Pressed Ceramic Tiles and Glass Tiles and Boil Method for Extruded Ceramic Tiles and Non-tile Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Measurement of density, porosity, and specific gravity is a tool for determining the degree of maturation of a ceramic body, or for determining structural properties that may be required for a given application.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods covers procedures for determining water absorption, bulk density, apparent porosity, and apparent specific gravity of non-tile fired unglazed ceramic whiteware2 products, glazed or unglazed ceramic tiles, and glass tiles.  
1.2 The values stated in metric units are normative. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not normative.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C242-21(Terminology)
Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology pertains to the terminology used in ceramic whitewares and related products.  
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are peculiar to this industry. Double words, hyphenated words, or phrases are listed alphabetically under the first word; additional important words are cross-referenced.  
1.3 For definitions of terms relating to surface imperfections on ceramics, refer to Terminology F109.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F109-21(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on Ceramics

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology describes and illustrates imperfections observed on whitewares and related products. For additional definitions of terms relating to whitewares and related products, refer to Terminology C242. To observe these defects, examination shall be performed visually, with or without the aid of a dye penetrant, as described in Test Method C949. Agreement by the manufacturer and the purchaser regarding specific techniques of observation is strongly recommended.  
1.2 This terminology does not cover every defect or imperfection possible for whitewares or related products. The standard is not intended to be an all inclusive document for ceramic imperfections. New defect types may be created as ceramic processes, materials, and technology evolve.  
1.3 Some of the imperfection photos utilize magnification for clarity in documentation. Unless otherwise noted, typical observation conditions for detection of tile imperfections/defects shall consist of current ANSI A137.1 viewing criteria for the specific defect type  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    64 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    64 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C424-93(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Crazing Resistance of Fired Glazed Whitewares by Autoclave Treatment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method is particularly useful for porous materials that can exhibit moisture expansion.  
2.2 This test method is a primary test method that is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the crazing resistance of fired glazed whitewares using the autoclave treatment and under the conditions specified in this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C949-80(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Penetration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means for readily determining if a ceramic is properly fired (matured). Penetration of any extent may negate the usefulness of the ceramic, or, arbitrarily, some degree of penetration may be acceptable for the use or commercial quality of the item being tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for detecting pores, cracks, or other voids that may be present in otherwise impermeable whiteware ceramics, or as porosity in underfired ware.  
Note 1: This test method was partially derived from ANSI C29.1.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C848-88(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio For Ceramic Whitewares by Resonance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test system has advantages in certain respects over the use of static loading systems in the measurement of ceramic whitewares.  
3.1.1 Only minute stresses are applied to the specimen, thus minimizing the possibility of fracture.  
3.1.2 The period of time during which stress is applied and removed is of the order of hundreds of microseconds, making it feasible to perform measurements at temperatures where delayed elastic and creep effects proceed on a much-shortened time scale.  
3.2 This test method is suitable for detecting whether a material meets specifications, if cognizance is given to one important fact: ceramic whiteware materials are sensitive to thermal history. Therefore, the thermal history of a test specimen must be known before the moduli can be considered in terms of specified values. Material specifications should include a specific thermal treatment for all test specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elastic properties of ceramic whiteware materials. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonance frequencies which are defined by the elastic moduli, density, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore the elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, density, and mechanical resonance frequencies of a suitable test specimen of that material can be measured. Young’s modulus is determined using the resonance frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonance vibrations. Young’s modulus and shear modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio, the factor of lateral contraction.  
1.2 All ceramic whiteware materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic may be tested by this test method.2 This test method is not satisfactory for specimens that have cracks or voids that represent inhomogeneities in the material; neither is it satisfactory when these materials cannot be prepared in a suitable geometry.  
Note 1: Elastic here means that an application of stress within the elastic limit of that material making up the body being stressed will cause an instantaneous and uniform deformation, which will cease upon removal of the stress, with the body returning instantly to its original size and shape without an energy loss. Many ceramic whiteware materials conform to this definition well enough that this test is meaningful.
Note 2: Isotropic means that the elastic properties are the same in all directions in the material.  
1.3 A cryogenic cabinet and high-temperature furnace are described for measuring the elastic moduli as a function of temperature from −195 to 1200 °C.  
1.4 Modification of the test for use in quality control is possible. A range of acceptable resonance frequencies is determined for a piece with a particular geometry and density. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each piece need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonance frequency that the piece must possess if its geometry and density are within specified tolerances.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C329-88(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Fired Ceramic Whiteware Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Measurement of specific gravity is a tool for determining the degree of maturation of a ceramic body.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of specific gravity of fired ceramic whiteware materials under prescribed conditions.  
Note 1: This test method is not applicable to materials attacked by water.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1466-00(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Lead and Cadmium Extracted From Ceramic Foodware

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Toxic effects of lead and cadmium are well known and release of these elements from foodware is regulated by many countries. Regulatory decisions are based on results of 24-h leaching with acetic acid because results of this test method are precise and accurate and this test method is easy to use. Concentrations of lead and cadmium extracted by food may be different from results of this method, however, because acidity, contact time, and temperature typical of consumer use are different from those of this test method.  
5.2 This test method is intended for application only in contamination-free settings and should be performed by well-qualified technical personnel. It is recognized that it is not a practical or appropriate method to use in a nonlaboratory environment for quality assurance and control of the ceramic process. Users are advised to use Test Method C738 (flame AAS) for purposes of the latter.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) to quantitatively determine lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid at room temperature from the food-contact surface of foodware. The method is applicable to food-contact surfaces composed of silicate-based materials (earthenware, glazed ceramicware, decorated ceramicware, decorated glass, and lead crystal glass) and is capable of determining lead concentrations greater than 0.005 to 0.020 μg/mL and cadmium concentrations greater than 0.0005 to 0.002 μg/mL, depending on instrument design.  
1.2 This test method also describes quality control procedures to check for contamination and matrix interference during GFAAS analyses and a specific sequence of analytical measurements that demonstrates proper instrument operation during the time period in which sample solutions are analyzed.  
1.3 Cleaning and other contamination control procedures are described in this test method. Users may modify contamination control procedures provided that the modifications produce acceptable results and are used for both sample and quality control analyses.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C849-88(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Knoop Indentation Hardness of Ceramic Whitewares

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The Knoop indentation hardness is one of many properties that is used to characterize ceramic whitewares. Attempts have been made to relate Knoop indentation hardness to tensile strength, grinding speeds, and other hardness scales, but no generally accepted methods are available. Such conversions are limited in scope and should be used with caution, except for special cases where a reliable basis for the conversion has been obtained by comparison tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Knoop indentation hardness of ceramic whitewares and the verification of Knoop indentation hardness testing machines using standard glasses.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off