ASTM D8147-17(2023)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines
Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and specialized property requirements for producing special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. It deals with special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources such as crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. It is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of aviation distillate fuel under contract.
1.2 This specification defines specialized property requirements to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft manufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authorities when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment design.
1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation distillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intended for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels.
1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel continues to comply with this specification after batch certification.
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8147 − 17 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Specification for
Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-
Ignition Engines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8147; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included
in this standard.
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
aviation distillate fuel under contract.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2 This specification defines specialized property require-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ments to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
that are intended only for engineering and certification testing
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
manufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authorities
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
design.
1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that
2. Referenced Documents
may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when op-
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
erating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
distillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intended
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test
Closed Cup Tester
fuels.
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
maintained as such, but may be adopted for military,
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
government, or other specialized uses.
ration
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describ-
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
ing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to the
ity)
aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel
Method)
continues to comply with this specification after batch certifi-
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
cation.
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory
ucts by Hydrometer Method
for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
standard.
D1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and
Aviation Turbine Fuel
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.J0.02 on Aviation Piston Engine Fuels. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D8147 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D8147-17R23. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8147 − 17 (2023)
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels D6890 Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and
D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Avia- Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by
Combustion in a Constant Volume Chamber
tion Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
Fuel by Line Sampling
Kinematic Viscosity)
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D7153 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
(Automatic Laser Method)
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D7154 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation
(Automatic Fiber Optical Method)
and Distillate Fuels
D7345 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Micro Distil-
troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
lation Method)
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
D7524 Test Method for Determination of Static Dissipater
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
Additives (SDA) in Aviation Turbine Fuel and Middle
lometry
Distillate Fuels—High Performance Liquid Chromato-
D3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in
graph (HPLC) Method
Gasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
(Potentiometric Method)
Determine Conformance with Specifications
D3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In Aviation
2.2 IP Standards:
Turbine Fuels
IP 12 Determination of specific energy
D3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of
IP 16 Determination of freezing point of aviation fuels—
Aviation Turbine Fuels
Manual method
D3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
IP 71 Section 1 Petroleum products—Transparent and
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
opaque liquids—Determination of kinematic viscosity and
tion of Aviation Fuels
calculation of dynamic viscosity
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
IP 123 Petroleum products—Determination of distillation
Cup Tester
characteristics at atmospheric pressure
D3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Char-
IP 154 Petroleum products—Corrosiveness to copper—
acteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separom-
Copper strip test
eter
IP 156 Petroleum products and related materials—
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Determination of hydrocarbon types—Fluorescent indica-
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
tor adsorption method
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
IP 160 Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products—
D4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contami-
Laboratory determination of density—Hydrometer
nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
method
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
IP 170 Determination of flash point—Abel closed-cup
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
method
trometry
IP 274 Determination of electrical conductivity of aviation
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
and distillate fuels
tion of Aviation Fuels
IP 323 Determination of thermal oxidation stability of gas
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
turbine fuels
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
IP 336 Petroleum products—Determination of sulfur
Method)
content—Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrom-
D4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active
etry
Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)
IP 342 Petroleum products—Determination of thiol (mer-
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing
captan) sulfur in light and middle distillate fuels—
Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
Potentiometric method
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
IP 354 Determination of the acid number of aviation fuels-
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
colour-indicator titration method
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
IP 365 Crude petroleum and petroleum products—
D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Determination of density—Oscillating U-tube method
(Automatic Phase Transition Method)
IP 406 Petroleum products—Determination of boiling range
D6079 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels
distribution by gas chromatography
by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)
IP 435 Determination of the freezing point of aviation
D6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro-
carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum
Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Method with Refractive Index Detection 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
D8147 − 17 (2023)
turbine fuels by the automatic phase transition method 5. Materials and Manufacture
IP 436 Determination of aromatic hydrocarbon types in
5.1 Aviation distillate fuel is a complex mixture predomi-
aviation fuels and petroleum distillates— High perfor-
nantly composed of hydrocarbons and varies depending on
mance liquid chromatography method with refractive
crude source and manufacturing process. Consequently, it is
index detection
impossible to define the exact composition of aviation distillate
IP 498 Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane
fuels. Therefore, this specification is primarily a performance
number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels by combustion in
specification rather than a compositional specification. The
a constant volume chamber
specification limits aviation distillate fuels to those made from
IP 523 Determination of flash point—Rapid equilibrium
conventional sources or by specifically approved processes.
closed cup method
IP 528 Determination for the freezing point of aviation
5.1.1 Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified
turbine fuels—Automatic fibre optic method
in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined
IP 529 Determination of the freezing point of aviation
hydrocarbons (see Note 1) derived from conventional sources
turbine fuels—Automatic laser method
including crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil,
IP 540 Determination of the existent gum content of aviation
shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends
turbine fuel—Jet evaporation method
containing components from other sources is permitted.
IP 598 Petroleum products—Determination of the smoke
point of kerosine, manual and automated method NOTE 1—Conventionally refined aviation distillate fuel contains trace
levels of materials that are not hydrocarbons, including oxygenates,
2.3 ANSI Standard:
organosulfur, and nitrogenous compounds.
ANSI 863 Report of Test Results
5.2 Additives—Additives approved for use in D1655 jet fuel
3. Terminology
are approved for aviation distillate fuels and are shown in Table
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2. They may be used within the concentration limits shown in
3.1.1 identified incidental materials, n—chemicals and com-
the table subject to any restrictions described in the table
positions that have defined upper content limits in an aviation
footnotes.
fuel specification but are not approved additives.
4. General
4.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes
the required properties of aviation distillate fuel at the time and
place of delivery.
D8147 − 17 (2023)
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements of Aviation Distillate Fuels
Grades ID 7.9 ID 7.0 ID 6.3 900 WSD
Property Aviation Distillate Fuels Test Methods
Ignition Delay, ms min 7.9 7.0 6.3 Report D6890/IP 498
LUBRICITY
Wear Scar Diameter, μm min Report Report Report 900 D6079
Requirements for All Grades
Property Aviation Distillate Fuels Test Methods
COMBUSTION
A
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg min 42.8 D4529, D3338, or D4809
One of the following requirements shall be met:
(1) Smoke point, mm, or min 25 D1322
(2) Smoke point, mm, and min 18 D1322
Naphthalenes, percent by volume max 3.0 D1840
B C D B
VOLATILITY D86, D2887/IP 406, D7345, IP 123
Distillation temperature, °C
10 % recovered, temperature max 205
50 % recovered, temperature report
90 % recovered, temperature report
Final boiling point, temperature max 300
Distillation residue, % max 1.5
Distillation loss, % max 1.5
E F F F F
Flash point, °C min 38 D56, D93, D3828, IP 170 or IP 523
Density at 15 °C, kg/m 775 to 840 D1298/IP 160 or D4052 or IP 365
FLUIDITY
G
Freezing point, °C max –40 D5972/IP 435, D7153/IP 529, D7154/IP 528,
or D2386/IP 16
2 H I
Viscosity –20 °C, mm /s max 8.0 D445/IP 71, Section 1 or D7042
COMPOSITION
Acidity, total mg KOH/g max 0.10 D3242/IP 354
(1) Aromatics, percent by volume max 25.0 D1319 or IP 156
(2) Aromatics, percent by volume max 26.5 D6379/IP 436
J
Sulfur, mercaptan, percent by mass max 0.003 D3227/IP 342
Sulfur, total percent by mass max 0.30 D1266, D2622, D4294, D5453, or IP 336
CORROSION
Copper strip, 2 h at 100 °C max No. 1 D130/IP 154
THERMAL STABILITY
(2.5 h at control temperature of 260 °C min)
K K
Filter pressure drop, mm Hg max 25 D3241 /IP 323
Tube rating: One of the following requirements shall be
L
met:
(1) Annex A1 VTR, VTR Color Code Less than 3 (no peacock or abnormal color
deposits)
(2) Annex A2 ITR or Annex 3 ETR, nm average over max 85
area of 2.5 mm
CONTAMINANTS
Existent gum, mg/100 mL max 7 D381, IP 540
Microseparometer, Rating
Without electrical conductivity additive min 85 D3948
With electrical conductivity additive min 70
ADDITIVES See 5.2
M
Electrical conductivity, pS/m D2624/IP 274
A
For all grades use
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D8147 − 17 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Specification for
Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-
Ignition Engines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8147; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included
in this standard.
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
aviation distillate fuel under contract.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2 This specification defines specialized property require-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ments to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
that are intended only for engineering and certification testing
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
manufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authorities
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
design.
1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that
2. Referenced Documents
may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when op-
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
erating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
distillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intended
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test
Closed Cup Tester
fuels.
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
maintained as such, but may be adopted for military,
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
government, or other specialized uses.
ration
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describ-
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
ing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to the
ity)
aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel
Method)
continues to comply with this specification after batch certifi-
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
cation.
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory
ucts by Hydrometer Method
for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
standard.
D1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and
Aviation Turbine Fuel
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.J0.02 on Aviation Piston Engine Fuels. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D8147 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D8147-17R23. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8147 − 17 (2023)
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels D6890 Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and
Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by
D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Avia-
tion Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Combustion in a Constant Volume Chamber
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
Fuel by Line Sampling
Kinematic Viscosity)
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D7153 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
(Automatic Laser Method)
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D7154 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation
(Automatic Fiber Optical Method)
and Distillate Fuels
D7345 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Micro Distil-
troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
lation Method)
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
D7524 Test Method for Determination of Static Dissipater
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
Additives (SDA) in Aviation Turbine Fuel and Middle
lometry
Distillate Fuels—High Performance Liquid Chromato-
D3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in
graph (HPLC) Method
Gasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
(Potentiometric Method)
Determine Conformance with Specifications
D3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In Aviation
2.2 IP Standards:
Turbine Fuels
IP 12 Determination of specific energy
D3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of
IP 16 Determination of freezing point of aviation fuels—
Aviation Turbine Fuels
Manual method
D3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
IP 71 Section 1 Petroleum products—Transparent and
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
opaque liquids—Determination of kinematic viscosity and
tion of Aviation Fuels
calculation of dynamic viscosity
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
IP 123 Petroleum products—Determination of distillation
Cup Tester
characteristics at atmospheric pressure
D3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Char-
IP 154 Petroleum products—Corrosiveness to copper—
acteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separom-
Copper strip test
eter
IP 156 Petroleum products and related materials—
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Determination of hydrocarbon types—Fluorescent indica-
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
tor adsorption method
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
IP 160 Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products—
D4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contami-
Laboratory determination of density—Hydrometer
nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
method
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
IP 170 Determination of flash point—Abel closed-cup
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
method
trometry
IP 274 Determination of electrical conductivity of aviation
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
and distillate fuels
tion of Aviation Fuels
IP 323 Determination of thermal oxidation stability of gas
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
turbine fuels
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
IP 336 Petroleum products—Determination of sulfur
Method)
content—Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrom-
D4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active
etry
Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)
IP 342 Petroleum products—Determination of thiol (mer-
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing
captan) sulfur in light and middle distillate fuels—
Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
Potentiometric method
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
IP 354 Determination of the acid number of aviation fuels-
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
colour-indicator titration method
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
IP 365 Crude petroleum and petroleum products—
D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Determination of density—Oscillating U-tube method
(Automatic Phase Transition Method)
IP 406 Petroleum products—Determination of boiling range
D6079 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels
distribution by gas chromatography
by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)
IP 435 Determination of the freezing point of aviation
D6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro-
carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum
Distillates—High Performance Liquid Chromatography 3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Method with Refractive Index Detection 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
D8147 − 17 (2023)
turbine fuels by the automatic phase transition method 5. Materials and Manufacture
IP 436 Determination of aromatic hydrocarbon types in
5.1 Aviation distillate fuel is a complex mixture predomi-
aviation fuels and petroleum distillates— High perfor-
nantly composed of hydrocarbons and varies depending on
mance liquid chromatography method with refractive
crude source and manufacturing process. Consequently, it is
index detection
impossible to define the exact composition of aviation distillate
IP 498 Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane
fuels. Therefore, this specification is primarily a performance
number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels by combustion in
specification rather than a compositional specification. The
a constant volume chamber
specification limits aviation distillate fuels to those made from
IP 523 Determination of flash point—Rapid equilibrium
conventional sources or by specifically approved processes.
closed cup method
IP 528 Determination for the freezing point of aviation
5.1.1 Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified
turbine fuels—Automatic fibre optic method
in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined
IP 529 Determination of the freezing point of aviation
hydrocarbons (see Note 1) derived from conventional sources
turbine fuels—Automatic laser method
including crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil,
IP 540 Determination of the existent gum content of aviation
shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends
turbine fuel—Jet evaporation method
containing components from other sources is permitted.
IP 598 Petroleum products—Determination of the smoke
NOTE 1—Conventionally refined aviation distillate fuel contains trace
point of kerosine, manual and automated method
levels of materials that are not hydrocarbons, including oxygenates,
2.3 ANSI Standard:
organosulfur, and nitrogenous compounds.
ANSI 863 Report of Test Results
5.2 Additives—Additives approved for use in D1655 jet fuel
3. Terminology
are approved for aviation distillate fuels and are shown in Table
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2. They may be used within the concentration limits shown in
3.1.1 identified incidental materials, n—chemicals and com-
the table subject to any restrictions described in the table
positions that have defined upper content limits in an aviation
footnotes.
fuel specification but are not approved additives.
4. General
4.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes
the required properties of aviation distillate fuel at the time and
place of delivery.
D8147 − 17 (2023)
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements of Aviation Distillate Fuels
Grades ID 7.9 ID 7.0 ID 6.3 900 WSD
Property Aviation Distillate Fuels Test Methods
Ignition Delay, ms min 7.9 7.0 6.3 Report D6890/IP 498
LUBRICITY
Wear Scar Diameter, µm min Report Report Report 900 D6079
Requirements for All Grades
Property Aviation Distillate Fuels Test Methods
COMBUSTION
A
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg min 42.8 D4529, D3338, or D4809
One of the following requirements shall be met:
(1) Smoke point, mm, or min 25 D1322
(2) Smoke point, mm, and min 18 D1322
Naphthalenes, percent by volume max 3.0 D1840
B C D B
VOLATILITY D86, D2887/IP 406, D7345, IP 123
Distillation temperature, °C
10 % recovered, temperature max 205
50 % recovered, temperature report
90 % recovered, temperature report
Final boiling point, temperature max 300
Distillation residue, % max 1.5
Distillation loss, % max 1.5
E F F F F
Flash point, °C min 38 D56, D93, D3828, IP 170 or IP 523
Density at 15 °C, kg/m 775 to 840 D1298/IP 160 or D4052 or IP 365
FLUIDITY
G
Freezing point, °C max –40 D5972/IP 435, D7153/IP 529, D7154/IP 528,
or D2386/IP 16
2 H I
Viscosity –20 °C, mm /s max 8.0 D445/IP 71, Section 1 or D7042
COMPOSITION
Acidity, total mg KOH/g max 0.10 D3242/IP 354
(1) Aromatics, percent by volume max 25.0 D1319 or IP 156
(2) Aromatics, percent by volume max 26.5 D6379/IP 436
J
Sulfur, mercaptan, percent by mass max 0.003 D3227/IP 342
Sulfur, total percent by mass max 0.30 D1266, D2622, D4294, D5453, or IP 336
CORROSION
Copper strip, 2 h at 100 °C max No. 1 D130/IP 154
THERMAL STABILITY
(2.5 h at control temperature of 260 °C min)
K K
Filter pressure drop, mm Hg max 25 D3241 /IP 323
Tube rating: One of the following requirements shall be
L
met:
(1) Annex A1 VTR, VTR Color Code Less than 3 (no peacock or abnormal color
deposits)
(2) Annex A2 ITR or Annex 3 ETR, nm average over max 85
area of 2.5 mm
CONTAMINANTS
Existent gum, mg/100 mL max 7 D381, IP 540
Microseparometer, Rating
Without electrical conductivity additive min 85 D3948
With electrical conductivity additive min 70
ADDITIVES See 5.2
M
Electrical conductivity, pS/m D2624/IP 274
A
For all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Calculate and report the net heat
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D8147 − 17 D8147 − 17 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Specification for
Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-
Ignition Engines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8147; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of aviation
distillate fuel under contract.
1.2 This specification defines specialized property requirements to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are
intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this specification for
engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft manufacturer, engine
manufacturer, or certification authorities when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment design.
1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability
of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation distillate test fuels
defined in this specification are not intended for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists acceptable additives
for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels.
1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government,
or other specialized uses.
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to the aircraft.
However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel continues to
comply with this specification after batch certification.
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.02 on Aviation Piston Engine Fuels.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2017July 1, 2023. Published February 2018July 2023. Originally approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as
D8147 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/D8147-17.10.1520/D8147-17R23.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8147 − 17 (2023)
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
D1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Aviation Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
D3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels (Potentiometric
Method)
D3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In Aviation Turbine Fuels
D3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels
D3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester
D3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separometer
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
D4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
D4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Phase Transition Method)
D6079 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)
D6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum Distillates—High
Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection
D6890 Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by Combustion
in a Constant Volume Chamber
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic
Viscosity)
D7153 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Laser Method)
D7154 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Fiber Optical Method)
D7345 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Micro Distillation
Method)
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
D8147 − 17 (2023)
D7524 Test Method for Determination of Static Dissipater Additives (SDA) in Aviation Turbine Fuel and Middle Distillate
Fuels—High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) Method
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
2.2 IP Standards:
IP 12 Determination of specific energy
IP 16 Determination of freezing point of aviation fuels—Manual method
IP 71 Section 1 Petroleum products—Transparent and opaque liquids—Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of
dynamic viscosity
IP 123 Petroleum products—Determination of distillation characteristics at atmospheric pressure
IP 154 Petroleum products—Corrosiveness to copper—Copper strip test
IP 156 Petroleum products and related materials—Determination of hydrocarbon types—Fluorescent indicator adsorption
method
IP 160 Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products—Laboratory determination of density—Hydrometer method
IP 170 Determination of flash point—Abel closed-cup method
IP 274 Determination of electrical conductivity of aviation and distillate fuels
IP 323 Determination of thermal oxidation stability of gas turbine fuels
IP 336 Petroleum products—Determination of sulfur content—Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
IP 342 Petroleum products—Determination of thiol (mercaptan) sulfur in light and middle distillate fuels—Potentiometric
method
IP 354 Determination of the acid number of aviation fuels-colour-indicator titration method
IP 365 Crude petroleum and petroleum products—Determination of density—Oscillating U-tube method
IP 406 Petroleum products—Determination of boiling range distribution by gas chromatography
IP 435 Determination of the freezing point of aviation turbine fuels by the automatic phase transition method
IP 436 Determination of aromatic hydrocarbon types in aviation fuels and petroleum distillates— High performance liquid
chromatography method with refractive index detection
IP 498 Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels by combustion in a constant
volume chamber
IP 523 Determination of flash point—Rapid equilibrium closed cup method
IP 528 Determination for the freezing point of aviation turbine fuels—Automatic fibre optic method
IP 529 Determination of the freezing point of aviation turbine fuels—Automatic laser method
IP 540 Determination of the existent gum content of aviation turbine fuel—Jet evaporation method
IP 598 Petroleum products—Determination of the smoke point of kerosine, manual and automated method
2.3 ANSI Standard:
ANSI 863 Report of Test Results
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 identified incidental materials, n—chemicals and compositions that have defined upper content limits in an aviation fuel
specification but are not approved additives.
4. General
4.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of aviation distillate fuel at the time and place
of delivery.
5. Materials and Manufacture
5.1 Aviation distillate fuel is a complex mixture predominantly composed of hydrocarbons and varies depending on crude source
and manufacturing process. Consequently, it is impossible to define the exact composition of aviation distillate fuels. Therefore,
this specification is primarily a performance specification rather than a compositional specification. The specification limits
aviation distillate fuels to those made from conventional sources or by specifically approved processes.
5.1.1 Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined
hydrocarbons (see Note 1) derived from conventional sources including crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale
oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
D8147 − 17 (2023)
NOTE 1—Conventionally refined aviation distillate fuel contains trace levels of materials that are not hydrocarbons, including oxygenates, organosulfur,
and nitrogenous compounds.
5.2 Additives—Additives approved for use in D1655 jet fuel are approved for aviation distillate fuels and are shown in Table 2.
They may be used within the concentration limits shown in the table subject to any restrictions described in the table footnotes.
D8147 − 17 (2023)
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements of Aviation Distillate Fuels
Grades ID 7.9 ID 7.0 ID 6.3 900 WSD
Property Aviation Distillate Fuels Test Methods
Ignition Delay, ms min 7.9 7.0 6.3 Report D6890/IP 498
LUBRICITY
Wear Scar Diameter, μm min Report Report Report 900 D6079
Requirements for All Grades
Property Aviation Distillate Fuels Test Methods
COMBUSTION
A
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg min 42.8 D4529, D3338, or D4809
One of the following requirements shall be met:
(1) Smoke point, mm, or min 25 D1322
(2) Smoke point, mm, and min 18 D1322
Naphthalenes, percent by volume max 3.0 D1840
B C D B
VOLATILITY D86, D2887/IP 406, D7345, IP 123
Distillation temperature, °C
10 % recovered, temperature max 205
50 % recovered, temperature report
90 % recovered, temperature report
Final boiling point, temperature max 300
Distillation residue, % max 1.5
Distillation loss, % max 1.5
E F F F F
Flash point, °C min 38 D56, D93, D3828, IP 170 or IP 523
Density at 15 °C, kg/m 775 to 840 D1298/IP 160 or D4052 or IP 365
FLUIDITY
G
Freezing point, °C max –40 D5972/IP 435, D7153/IP 529, D7154/IP 528,
or D2386/IP 16
2 H I
Viscosity –20 °C, mm /s max 8.0 D445/IP 71, Section 1 or D7042
COMPOSITION
Acidity, total mg KOH/g max 0.10 D3242/IP 354
(1) Aromatics, percent by volume max 25.0 D1319 or IP 156
(2) Aromatics, percent by volume max 26.5 D6379/IP 436
J
Sulfur, mercaptan, percent by mass max 0.003 D3227/IP 342
Sulfur, total percent by mass max 0.30 D1266, D2622, D4294, D5453, or IP 336
CORROSION
Copper strip, 2 h at 100 °C max No. 1 D130/IP 154
THERMAL STABILITY
(2.5 h at control temperature of 260 °C min)
K K
Filter pressure drop, mm Hg max 25 D3241 /IP 323
Tube rating: One of the following requirements shall be
L
met:
(1) Annex A1 VTR, VTR Color Code Less than 3 (no peacock or abnormal color
deposits)
(2) Annex A2 ITR or Annex 3 ETR, nm average over max 85
area of 2.5 mm
CONTAMINANTS
Existent gum, mg/100 mL max 7 D381, IP 540
Microseparometer, Rating
W
...
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