ASTM D7100-04
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions that may Alter Hydraulic Conductivity
Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions that may Alter Hydraulic Conductivity
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers hydraulic conductivity compatibility testing of saturated soils in the laboratory with aqueous solutions that may alter hydraulic conductivity (for example, waste related liquids) using a flexible-wall permeameter. A hydraulic conductivity test is conducted until both hydraulic and chemical equilibrium are achieved such that potential interactions between the soil specimen being permeated and the aqueous solution are taken into consideration with respect to the measured hydraulic conductivity.
1.2 This test method is applicable to soils with hydraulic conductivities less than approximately 1 10-8 m/s.
1.3 In addition to hydraulic conductivity, intrinsic permeability can be determined for a soil if the density and viscosity of the aqueous solution are known or can be determined.
1.4 This test method can be used for all specimen types, including undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc. specimens.
1.5 A specimen may be saturated and permeated using three methods. Method 1 is for saturation with water and permeation with aqueous solution. Method 2 is for saturation and permeation with aqueous solution. Method 3 is for saturation with water, initial permeation with water, and subsequent permeation with aqueous solution.
1.6 The amount of flow through a specimen in response to a hydraulic gradient generated across the specimen is measured with respect to time. The amount and properties of influent and effluent liquids are monitored during the test.
1.7 The hydraulic conductivity with an aqueous solution is determined using procedures similar to determination of hydraulic conductivity of saturated soils with water as described in Test Methods D 5084. Several test procedures can be used, including the falling headwater-rising tailwater, the constant-head, the falling headwater-constant tailwater, or the constant rate-of-flow test procedures.
1.8 The standard units for the hydraulic conductivity values are the SI units, unless other units are specified. Hydraulic conductivity has traditionally been expressed in cm/s in the U.S., even though the official SI unit for hydraulic conductivity is m/s.
1.9 This standard contains a Hazards section related to using hazardous liquids (Section ).
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D7100–04
Standard Test Method for
Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with
Aqueous Solutions that may Alter Hydraulic Conductivity
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.8 The standard units for the hydraulic conductivity values
are the SI units, unless other units are specified. Hydraulic
1.1 This test method covers hydraulic conductivity compat-
conductivity has traditionally been expressed in cm/s in the
ibility testing of saturated soils in the laboratory with aqueous
U.S.,eventhoughtheofficialSIunitforhydraulicconductivity
solutions that may alter hydraulic conductivity (for example,
is m/s.
waste related liquids) using a flexible-wall permeameter. A
1.9 ThisstandardcontainsaHazardssectionrelatedtousing
hydraulic conductivity test is conducted until both hydraulic
hazardous liquids (Section 7).
and chemical equilibrium are achieved such that potential
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
interactions between the soil specimen being permeated and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the aqueous solution are taken into consideration with respect
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to the measured hydraulic conductivity.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2 This test method is applicable to soils with hydraulic
-8
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
conductivities less than approximately 1 3 10 m/s.
1.3 In addition to hydraulic conductivity, intrinsic perme-
2. Referenced Documents
ability can be determined for a soil if the density and viscosity
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of the aqueous solution are known or can be determined.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.4 This test method can be used for all specimen types,
Fluids
including undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted,
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
etc. specimens.
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort [12400 ft-lbf/ft (600
1.5 Aspecimenmaybesaturatedandpermeatedusingthree
kN-m/m )]
methods.Method1isforsaturationwithwaterandpermeation
D854 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
with aqueous solution. Method 2 is for saturation and perme-
Water Pycnometer
ation with aqueous solution. Method 3 is for saturation with
D888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
water, initial permeation with water, and subsequent perme-
D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Re-
ation with aqueous solution.
sistivity of Water
1.6 The amount of flow through a specimen in response to
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
ahydraulicgradientgeneratedacrossthespecimenismeasured
D1429 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Water and
withrespecttotime.Theamountandpropertiesofinfluentand
Brine
effluent liquids are monitored during the test.
D1498 PracticeforOxidation-ReductionPotentialofWater
1.7 The hydraulic conductivity with an aqueous solution is
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-
determined using procedures similar to determination of hy-
teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort [56000 ft-lbf/
draulic conductivity of saturated soils with water as described
3 3
ft (2700 kN-m/m )]
in Test Methods D5084. Several test procedures can be used,
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Geotechnical Sam-
including the falling headwater-rising tailwater, the constant-
pling of Soils
head, the falling headwater-constant tailwater, or the constant
D1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water
rate-of-flow test procedures.
1 2
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Properties of Soil and Rocks. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7100–04
D2216 TestMethodforLaboratoryDeterminationofWater 3. Terminology
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
3.1 Definitions:
D2435 Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation
3.1.1 hydraulic conductivity, k—(also referred to as coeffi-
Properties of Soils
cient of permeability or permeability) the rate of discharge of
D3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of Soils
apermeantliquidunderlaminarflowconditionsthroughaunit
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
cross-sectional area of porous medium under a unit hydraulic
Engaged in theTesting and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock gradient and at standard temperature (20°C).
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
3.1.2 permeameter—the apparatus (cell) containing the test
D3977 Test Methods for Determining Sediment Concen- specimen in a hydraulic conductivity test.
tration in Water Samples 3.1.2.1 Discussion—Theapparatusforthisteststandardisa
flexible-wall cell that includes top and bottom specimen caps,
D4128 Guide for Identification and Quantitation of Or-
including porous stones and filter paper, a flexible membrane,
ganicCompoundsinWaterbyCombinedGasChromatog-
an annulus chamber containing water, top and bottom plates,
raphy and Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry
valves, and fittings.
D4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil
3.1.3 head loss, h—thechangeintotalheadofliquidacross
Samples
a given distance.
D4327 Test Method for Anions in Water by Chemically
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The change in total head typically is
Suppressed Ion Chromatography
measured using heads acting at influent and effluent ends of a
D4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring
specimen, and the given distance typically is the length of the
Wells
test specimen.
D4691 PracticeforMeasuringElementsinWaterbyFlame
3.1.4 pore volume of flow—the cumulative quantity of flow
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
throughatestspecimendividedbythetotalvolumeofvoidsin
D4696 Guide for Pore-Liquid Sampling from the Vadose
the specimen.
Zone
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Thevolumeofvoidsinaspecimenthat
D4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
is effective in conducting flow may be lower than the total
D4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting and Speci-
volume of voids. The voids that conduct flow are represented
fying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil, Rock, and
byan effective porosity.Theeffectiveporosityislowerthanthe
Construction Materials Testing
total porosity. This difference affects the accuracy for deter-
D4767 Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Triaxial
mining the actual pore volumes of flow associated with a test.
Compression Test for Cohesive Soils
However, the presence and magnitude of effective porosity in
D4972 Test Method for pH of Soils
a soil specimen is usually not known a priori. Therefore, for
D5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-
the purposes of this standard, the determination of the pore
ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible
volumes of flow will be based on the total porosity of the
Wall Permeameter
specimen.
D5673 Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively
3.1.5 back pressure—a pressure applied to the specimen
Coupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometry
poreliquidtoforceanyairpresentinthespecimentocompress
D5790 TestMethodforMeasurementofPurgeableOrganic
and to therefore pass into the pore liquid resulting in an
Compounds in Water by Capillary Column Gas
increase of the degree of saturation of the specimen.
Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
3.2 Refer to Terminology D653 for definitions of other
D6001 Guide for Direct-Push Water Sampling for Geoen- terms in this standard.
vironmental Investigations
4. Significance and Use
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-
4.1 This test method is used to measure one-dimensional
cal Data
flow of aqueous solutions (for example, landfill leachates,
D6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-
liquidwastesandbyproducts,singleandmixedchemicals,etc.,
technical Exploration and Soil Sampling
from hereon referred to as the permeant liquid) through
D6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Envi-
initiallysaturatedsoilsunderanappliedhydraulicgradientand
ronmental Site Characterization
effective stress. Interactions between some permeant liquids
D6517 Guide for Field Preservation of Ground-Water
and some clayey soils have resulted in significant increases in
Samples
the hydraulic conductivity of the soils relative to the hydraulic
D6519 Practice for Sampling of Soil Using the Hydrauli-
conductivity of the same soils permeated with water (1). This
cally Operated Stationary Piston Sampler
test method is used to evaluate the presence and effect of
D6919 Test Method for Determination of DissolvedAlkali
potential interactions between the soil specimen being perme-
and Alkaline Earth Cations and Ammonium in Water and
ated and the permeant liquid on the hydraulic conductivity of
Wastewater by Ion Chromatography
the soil specimen. Test programs may include comparisons
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions with the
Glass Electrode
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
Determine the Precision of a Test Method this standard.
D7100–04
between the hydraulic conductivity of soils permeated with conductivities on the same specimen. Obtaining water and
water relative to the hydraulic conductivity of the same soils aqueous solution values on the same specimen reduces the
permeated with aqueous solutions to determine variations in uncertainties associated with specimen preparation, handling,
the hydraulic conductivity of the soils due to the aqueous and variations in test conditions. However, such testing se-
solutions.
quences may not represent actual field conditions and may
affect the results of a test. In the second approach, two
4.2 Flexible-wall hydraulic conductivity testing is used to
specimens of the same soil are permeated, with one specimen
determine flow characteristics of aqueous solutions through
being permeated with water and the other specimen being
soils.Hydraulicconductivitytestingusingflexible-wallcellsis
permeated with the aqueous solution. The specimens are
usually preferred over rigid-wall cells for testing with aqueous
prepared using the same sample preparation and handling
solutions due to the potential for sidewall leakage problems
methods and tested under the same testing conditions. This
with rigid-wall cells. Excessive sidewall leakage may occur,
for example, when a test soil shrinks during permeation with approach may represent actual field conditions better than the
first approach, however, uncertainties may arise due to the use
thepermeantliquidduetointeractionsbetweenthesoilandthe
permeant liquid in a rigid-wall cell. In addition, the use of a ofseparatespecimensfordetermininghydraulicconductivities
based on permeation with water and the aqueous solution.
rigid-wall cell does not allow for control of the effective
stresses that exist in the test specimen. Guidelines for preparing and testing multiple specimens for
comparativestudiesareprovidedinPracticeE691.Theuserof
4.3 Darcy’s law describes laminar flow through a test soil.
this standard shall be responsible for selecting and specifying
Laminar flow conditions and, therefore, Darcy’s law may not
theapproachthatbestrepresentstheintendedapplicationwhen
bevalidundercertaintestconditions.Forexample,interactions
comparisons of hydraulic conductivity are required.
between a permeating liquid and a soil may cause severe
channeling/cracking of the soil such that laminar flow is not 4.7 Terminationcriteriausedinthetestmethodarebasedon
maintained through a test specimen containing large open bothachievingsteady-stateconditionswithrespecttoflowand
pathways for flow. equilibrium between the chemical composition of the effluent
(outflow) relative to the influent (inflow).
4.4 Interactions that may clog the pore spaces of test soils
(for example, precipitation) may occur during permeation with
4.8 Intrinsic permeability can be determined in addition to
somepermeantliquids.Flowthroughtestsoilsmaybeseverely hydraulic conductivity using results of permeation tests de-
restrictedinthesecases.Incaseswherethemeasuredhydraulic
scribed in this standard.
-12
conductivity is less than 1 3 10 m/s, unsteady state analysis
4.9 The correlation between results obtained using this test
may be used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of test
method and the hydraulic conductivities of in-place field
soils (2).
materials has not been completely determined. Differences
4.5 Specimens of initially water-saturated soils (for ex-
may exist between the hydraulic conductivities measured on
ample, undisturbed natural soils) may be permeated with the small test specimens in the laboratory and those obtained for
permeant liquid. Specimens of water unsaturated soils (for
larger volumes in the field. Therefore, the results obtained
example,compactedsoils)maybefullysaturatedwithwateror using this standard should be applied to field situations with
the permeant liquid and then permeated with the permeant
caution and by qualified personnel.
liquid.Specimensofsoilsinitiallypartlyorfullysaturatedwith
4.10 While not required for determining the hydraulic
a particular liquid (for example, specimens collected from a
conductivity of soils with aqueous solutions, soil chemical
containment facility subsequent to a period of use) may be
properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable
fully saturated and then permeated with the same or another
metals (cations), and cation exchange capacity as well as the
liquid. The use of different saturating and permeating liquids
mineralogical composition of the soil may be useful in the
can have significant effects both on the results and the
interpretation and explanation of the test results.
interpretation of the results of a test (1). Selection of type and
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is
sequence of liquids for saturation and permeation of test
dependent of the competence of the personnel using this standard and the
specimens is based on the characteristics of the test specimens
suitability of the equipment and facilities.Agencies that meet the criteria
...
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