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ASTM E2247-02

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process for Forestland or Rural Property

Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process for Forestland or Rural Property

SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this practice is to define good commercial and customary practice in the United States of America for conducting a Phase I environmental site assessment of a property 120 acres or greater of forestland or rural property or with a developed use of only managed forestland and/or agriculture with respect to the range of contaminants within the scope of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and petroleum products. The property need not be adjoining; however, the separate areas should have substantially the same general land use and be part of the same transaction. The property may contain isolated areas of non-forestland and non-rural property. As such, this practice is intended to permit a user to satisfy one of the requirements to qualify for the innocent landowner defense to CERCLA liability; that is, the practices that constitute "all appropriate inquiry into the previous ownership and uses of the  property consistent with good commercial or customary practice" as defined in 42 USC § 9601(35)(B). (See Appendix X1 for an outline of CERCLA's liability and defense provisions).
1.1.1 Recognized Environmental Conditions—In defining a standard of good commercial and customary practice for conducting an environmental site assessment of a parcel of property, the goal of the processes established by this practice is to identify recognized environmental conditions. The term recognized environmental conditions means the presence or likely presence of any hazardous substances or petroleum products on a property under conditions that indicate an existing release, a past release, or a material threat of a release of any  hazardous substances or petroleum products into structures on the property or into the ground, groundwater, or surface water of the  property. The term includes hazardous substances or petroleum products even under conditions in compliance with laws. The scope of the work in Section 12 (Non-Scope Considerations) also applies to conditions that would affect the quality of water and threatened and endangered species on a  property (as defined in the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act specific to non-point source BMP deviations and the taking of threatened and endangered species). The term is not intended to include  de minimis conditions that generally do not present a material risk of harm to public health or the environment or that generally would not be the subject of an enforcement action if brought to the attention of appropriate governmental agencies.
1.1.2 Three Related Practices—This practice is closely related to Practices E 1527 and E 1528. Both E 1527 and E 1528 are environmental site assessments for commercial real estate (see 4.3). This practice also shares similar protocols with Appendix guidance documents X3 and X4: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Guides for Clean Water Act Non-Point Source Considerations and Threatened and Endangered Species Considerations on Forestland or Rural Property.
1.1.3 Petroleum Products—Petroleum products are included within the scope of this practice because they are of concern with respect to many parcels of forestland or rural property and current custom and usage is to include an inquiry into the presence of petroleum products when doing an environmental site assessment of forestland or rural property. Inclusion of petroleum products within the scope of this practice is not based upon the applicability, if any, of CERCLA to petroleum products. (See Appendix X1 for discussion of petroleum exclusion to CERCLA liability.)
1.1.4 CERCLA Requirements Other Than Appropriate Inquiry—This practice does not address whether requirements in addition to appropriate inquiry have been met in order to qualify for CERCLA's innocent landowner defense (for example, the duties specified in 42 USC § 9607(b)(3)(a) and (b) and cited in Appendix X1).
1.1.5 Other Federal, State, and Local Envir...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2002
ICS
13.020.10 - Environmental management
Technical Committee
E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
Drafting Committee
E50.02 - Real Estate Assessment and Management
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2247-08 - Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process for Forestland or Rural Property
Effective Date
01-Jun-2008
Referred By
ASTM E1527-21 - Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM E3033-16 - Standard Guide for Beneficial Use of Landfills and Chemically Impacted Sites
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM E1903-19 - Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Process
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM E3358-23a - Standard Guide for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Site Screening and Initial Characterization
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM E2137-22 - Standard Guide for Estimating Monetary Costs and Liabilities for Environmental Matters
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM E2091-22 - Standard Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations, Including Institutional and Engineering Controls
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM E2790-20 - Standard Guide for Identifying and Complying With Continuing Obligations
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6008-22 - Standard Practice for Determining the Environmental Condition of Federal Property
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM E1528-22 - Standard Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence: Transaction Screen Process
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002

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ASTM E2247-02 - Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process for Forestland or Rural PropertyASTM E2247-02 - Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process for Forestland or Rural Property
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ASTM E2247-02 - Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process for Forestland or Rural Property
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 2247 – 02
Standard Practice for
Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental
1
Site Assessment Process for Forestland or Rural Property
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2247; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope (Non-Scope Considerations) also applies to conditions that
would affect the quality of water and threatened and endan-
1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this practice is to define good
gered species on a property (as defined in the Clean WaterAct
commercial and customary practice in the United States of
and the Endangered Species Act specific to non-point source
America for conducting a Phase I environmental site assess-
2
BMP deviations and the taking of threatened and endangered
ment of a property 120 acres or greater of forestland or rural
species). The term is not intended to include de minimis
property or with a developed use of only managed forestland
conditions that generally do not present a material risk of harm
and/or agriculture with respect to the range of contaminants
to public health or the environment or that generally would not
within the scope of the Comprehensive Environmental Re-
be the subject of an enforcement action if brought to the
sponse, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and
attention of appropriate governmental agencies.
petroleum products. The property need not be adjoining;
1.1.2 Three Related Practices—This practice is closely
however, the separate areas should have substantially the same
related to Practices E 1527 and E 1528. Both E 1527 and
general land use and be part of the same transaction. The
E 1528 are environmental site assessments for commercial real
property may contain isolated areas of non-forestland and
estate(see4.3).Thispracticealsosharessimilarprotocolswith
non-rural property.As such, this practice is intended to permit
Appendix guidance documents X3 and X4: Phase I Environ-
a user to satisfy one of the requirements to qualify for the
mental SiteAssessment Guides for CleanWaterAct Non-Point
innocent landowner defense to CERCLA liability; that is, the
Source Considerations and Threatened and Endangered Spe-
practices that constitute “all appropriate inquiry into the
cies Considerations on Forestland or Rural Property.
previous ownership and uses of the property consistent with
1.1.3 Petroleum Products—Petroleum products are in-
good commercial or customary practice” as defined in 42 USC
cluded within the scope of this practice because they are of
§9601(35)(B).(SeeAppendixX1foranoutlineofCERCLA’s
concern with respect to many parcels of forestland or rural
liability and defense provisions).
property and current custom and usage is to include an inquiry
1.1.1 Recognized Environmental Conditions—In defining a
into the presence of petroleum products when doing an
standard of good commercial and customary practice for
environmental site assessment of forestland or rural property.
conducting an environmental site assessment of a parcel of
Inclusion of petroleum products within the scope of this
property, the goal of the processes established by this practice
practiceisnotbasedupontheapplicability,ifany,ofCERCLA
is to identify recognized environmental conditions. The term
to petroleum products. (See Appendix X1 for discussion of
recognized environmental conditions means the presence or
petroleum exclusion to CERCLA liability.)
likely presence of any hazardous substances or petroleum
1.1.4 CERCLA Requirements Other Than Appropriate
products on a property under conditions that indicate an
Inquiry—This practice does not address whether requirements
existing release, a past release, or a material threat of a release
in addition to appropriate inquiry have been met in order to
of any hazardous substances or petroleum products into
qualify for CERCLA’s innocent landowner defense (for ex-
structures on the property or into the ground, groundwater, or
ample, the duties specified in 42 USC § 9607(b)(3)(a) and (b)
surface water of the property. The term includes hazardous
and cited in Appendix X1).
substances or petroleum products even under conditions in
1.1.5 Other Federal, State, and Local Environmental
compliance with laws. The scope of the work in Section 12
Laws—This practice does not address requirements of any
state or local laws or of any federal laws other than the
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environ-
appropriate inquiry provisions of CERCLA’s innocent land-
mentalAssessment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.02 on Real
owner defense. Use
...

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4.1.1 Small businesses or enterprises;  
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1.1 Overview—This guide is an organized collection of information and series of options for industry, regulators, auditors, consultants and the public, intended to measure compliance with environmental performance standards against established benchmarks. It focuses on compliance with air, water, waste prevention, waste management, and toxic reduction standards for facilities in the United States. While the guide does not recommend a specific course of action, it establishes a tiered framework of essential components, beginning with those standards where a deviation presents the greatest potential public health, environmental, and business risks. In each identified pathway, at each tier or step of analysis, the guide outlines ways to identify compliance options and reduce pollution in iterative steps. The goal in using the guide is to lower environmental, public health and business risks from Tiers 1 and 2 to Tiers 3 and 4, by evaluating the performance standards described in this guide. While this guide provides a simplified framework of explicit steps for users, a qualified professional should conduct detailed, site-specific risk analysis. This guide may act as a starting point for organizations with limited experience in systematic environmental assessment. As facilities develop their specific plan framework, they will find that risk is weighted by more than just a few parameters. For each facility risk is the complex interaction among location, size, history, surrounding community and ecological zones.  
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4.1 Intended Use—This practice is intended for use by parties who wish to perform or direct an audit, or rely upon audit findings or an audit report. Such use includes audits by internal and external auditors.  
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1.2.1 Awareness of Benefits Associated with Audits—Various benefits have been attributed to audits. These benefits may include a better understanding of the compliance status of a facility or organization, identification of opportunities for environmental management systems improvements, reduction or elimination of potential legal and financial liabilities when implemented as part of a comprehensive compliance management program, better communications and improved relationships with governmental agencies, communities, and other stakeholders, providing information for development of both short-term and long-term environmental expenditures, and education of employees.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide defines the meaning of a representative sample, as well as the attributes the sample(s) needs to have in order to provide a valid inference from the sample data to the population.  
4.2 This guide also provides a process to identify the sources of error (both systematic and random) so that an effort can be made to control or minimize these errors. These sources include sampling error, measurement error, and statistical bias.  
4.3 When the objective is limited to the taking of a representative (physical) sample or a representative set of (physical) samples, only potential sampling errors need to be considered. When the objective is to make an inference from the sample data to the population, additional measurement error and statistical bias need to be considered.  
4.4 This guide does not apply to the cases where the taking of a nonrepresentative sample(s) is prescribed by the study objective. In that case, sampling approaches such as judgment sampling or biased sampling can be taken. These approaches are not within the scope of this guide.  
4.5 Following this guide does not guarantee that representative samples will be obtained. But failure to follow this guide will likely result in obtaining sample data that are either biased or imprecise, or both. Following this guide should increase the level of confidence in making the inference from the sample data to the population.  
4.6 This guide can be used in conjunction with the DQO process (see Practice D5792).  
4.7 This guide is intended for those who manage, design, and implement sampling and analytical plans for waste management and contaminated media.
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1.1 This guide covers the definition of representativeness in environmental sampling, identifies sources that can affect representativeness (especially bias), and describes the attributes that a representative sample or a representative set of samples should possess. For convenience, the term “representative sample” is used in this guide to denote both a representative sample and a representative set of samples, unless otherwise qualified in the text.  
1.2 This guide outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population. The purpose of the representative sample is to provide information about a statistical parameter(s) (such as mean) of the population regarding some characteristic(s) (such as concentration) of its constituent(s) (such as lead). This process includes the following stages: (1) minimization of sampling bias and optimization of precision while taking the physical samples, (2) minimization of measurement bias and optimization of precision when analyzing the physical samples to obtain data, and (3) minimization of statistical bias when making inferences from the sample data to the population. While both bias and precision are covered in this guide, major emphasis is given to bias reduction.  
1.3 This guide describes the attributes of a representative sample and presents a general methodology for obtaining representative samples. It does not, however, provide specific or comprehensive sampling procedures. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that proper and adequate procedures are used.  
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4.1.7 Educational facilities;  
4.1.8 Property, buildings and grounds management, including landscaping;  
4.1.9 Non-regulatory government agencies, such as the military; and  
4.1.10 Specific industrial sectors such as dry cleaners, printers, photo processors, laboratories, health care, and vehicle fueling, maintenance and delivery.  
4.2 This guide is intended as a first step in crafting simplified management goals for assessing compliance with a wide variety of multimedia environmental performance standards. The framework describes a process by which the user may categorize current waste management, air quality, water, and release prevention practices in order to manage the risks associated with noncompliance. The technique classifies common environmental performance standards into tiers based on relative risks to human health, the environment and business operations. The tier classifications found in this guide reflect the general requirements of State, Federal and local compliance and enforcement programs. These authorities generally classify groups of similar environmental performance standards according to the significance of any noncompliance within each group of standards.
Note 1: Users in the United States are encouraged to review the EPA’s Audit Policy Program: Frequently Asked...
SCOPE
1.1 Overview—This guide is an organized collection of information and series of options for industry, regulators, auditors, consultants and the public, intended to measure compliance with environmental performance standards against established benchmarks. It focuses on compliance with air, water, waste prevention, waste management, and toxic reduction standards for facilities in the United States. While the guide does not recommend a specific course of action, it establishes a tiered framework of essential components, beginning with those standards where a deviation presents the greatest potential public health, environmental, and business risks. In each identified pathway, at each tier or step of analysis, the guide outlines ways to identify compliance options and reduce pollution in iterative steps. The goal in using the guide is to lower environmental, public health and business risks from Tiers 1 and 2 to Tiers 3 and 4, by evaluating the performance standards described in this guide. While this guide provides a simplified framework of explicit steps for users, a qualified professional should conduct detailed, site-specific risk analysis. This guide may act as a starting point for organizations with limited experience in systematic environmental assessment. As facilities develop their specific plan framework, they will find that risk is weighted by more than just a few parameters. For each facility risk is the complex interaction among location, size, history, surrounding community and ecological zones.  
1.2 Differences Among Standards—This guide focuses on compliance with environmental performance standards in the United States. As such it includes a unique, risk-based method to analyze specific groups of legal requirements, as well as risk reduction techniques, sometimes called “pollution prevention.”  
1.2.1 Use of this guide provides a system to evaluate the relative priority of compliance and pollution preven...

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ASTM
ASTM E2107-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Environmental Regulatory Compliance Audits

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Intended Use—This practice is intended for use by parties who wish to perform or direct an audit, or rely upon audit findings or an audit report. Such use includes audits by internal and external auditors.  
4.2 Other Audit Criteria—Other audit criteria may be included in the audit scope if specified in the audit plan. Examples include safety and health requirements, and technical, operational, and management requirements.  
4.3 Related ASTM Standards—This practice is related to Practice E1527, which addresses CERCLA liability, and Practice E1528, which addresses due diligence for commercial real estate. A number of terms and procedures from these practices are similar to terms and procedures associated with this practice but they may not be the same. Guide E2365 addresses environmental compliance assessment and may be an appropriate tool for some environmental regulatory compliance audits. The user is advised that Guide E2365 is not an all-encompassing compliance assessment tool. Guide E3123 addresses the five types of environmental liabilities named in generally-accepted accounting principles (asset retirement obligations, environmental obligations, commitments, contingencies and guarantees).  
4.3.1 Not Interchangeable—Although distantly related to Practices E1527 and E1528, this practice is designed to achieve different results. Therefore, these practices shall not be used interchangeably with, or in place of, this practice.  
4.4 Related ISO Guidelines—The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed guidelines addressing environmental auditing. These are ISO 14001-2015 and 19011-2018. A number of terms and procedures from these guidelines may be similar to terms and procedures associated with this practice but they may not be the same. ISO 14001-2015 added several compliance evaluation criteria, including Section 9.1.2 (Evaluation of Compliance) and Section 9.2 (Internal Audits).  
4.4.1 Not Interchangeable—Although related to IS...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—This practice2 identifies minimum requirements for environmental regulatory compliance audits (audits). It also provides information on the terms and procedures associated with audits as practiced in the United States of America (USA) and other jurisdictions subject to the laws thereof. It provides a reference to which interested parties may refer for definition and description of accepted audit terms and procedures.  
1.2 Background:  
1.2.1 Awareness of Benefits Associated with Audits—Various benefits have been attributed to audits. These benefits may include a better understanding of the compliance status of a facility or organization, identification of opportunities for environmental management systems improvements, reduction or elimination of potential legal and financial liabilities when implemented as part of a comprehensive compliance management program, better communications and improved relationships with governmental agencies, communities, and other stakeholders, providing information for development of both short-term and long-term environmental expenditures, and education of employees.  
1.2.2 Awareness of Risks Associated with Audits—It is also important to recognize that certain risks have been associated with audits. These risks may be managed and controlled by giving thoughtful consideration to the audit process before beginning an audit. These risks may include increased potential legal and financial liabilities for the audited entity if audit findings are not corrected in a timely manner, disclosure of confidential business information or trade secrets, inadvertent admissions against interest because of the wording of audit findings, disclosure of audit findings intended to be kept confidential under audit privilege laws or attorney-client privilege or work product doctrine, and inaccurate audit findings.  
1.2.3 Awareness of Legal Issues—A number of important legal issues are associat...

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ASTM
ASTM E3228-19(Guide)
Standard Guide for Environmental Knowledge Management

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Use—This guide is intended for use on a voluntary basis for evaluating data for long term storage as they relate to environmental matters. The user may elect to apply this guide for any or all of these purposes:  
4.1.1 Determining an entity’s document retention policies;  
4.1.2 Designing and implementing a system for cataloging the documents stored under this guide;  
4.1.3 Documenting whether a property is subject to regulatory action;  
4.1.4 Supporting evaluation of whether similar environmental risks (for example, permits, plant, or process expansion) are being recognized at similar points in their lifecycle per Guide E3123;  
4.1.5 Supporting evaluation of whether similar environmental risks and liabilities are being managed to similar outcomes per Guide E3123;  
4.1.6 Supporting the determination of liability values per Guide E2137;  
4.1.7 Supporting due diligence analysis for proposed mergers, acquisitions, or spinoffs;  
4.1.8 Documenting key decisions on environmental liability provisions, reserves, budgets, and cash flow forecasts, including recognition benchmarks and obligating events (see Guide E3123);  
4.1.9 Providing documentation to support the identification and analysis of liabilities associated with:  
4.1.9.1 Certain remedial alternatives;
4.1.9.2 Future land uses, property transfer, and redevelopment decisions;
4.1.9.3 Land use alternatives for former landfills and chemically impacted sites; and
4.1.9.4 Meeting regulatory requirements;  
4.1.10 Designing and implementing project and program controls;  
4.1.11 Defending against third-party lawsuits;  
4.1.12 Calculating insurance premiums;  
4.1.13 Making and settling insurance claims;  
4.1.14 Making purchase accounting adjustments;  
4.1.15 Preparing an audit defense; and  
4.1.16 Completing financial and investment analysis.  
4.2 Needs Regarding Document Formats—Preserve data across time, eliminate duplicate file collection, and maintain data and files in contem...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes good commercial and customary practice in documenting environmental risks, project, and program knowledge.  
1.2 Considering that management of environmental liabilities can span very long timeframes, users of this guide understand that preserving key findings, decisions, obligations, commitments, and guarantees for coming generations of project teams is essential to efficient management of associated assets and liabilities.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2637-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Utilizing the Environmental Cost Element Structure Presented by Classification

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In addition to its cost management and project management functions, the ECES can also be used to support a number of other program and project functions. These functions include:  
5.1.1 Bid solicitation, collection, and evaluation;  
5.1.2 Communicating project data between installations, complexes, agencies, and industry;  
5.1.3 Providing a project checklist;  
5.1.4 Cost and schedule estimating;  
5.1.5 Historical cost/schedule data collection;  
5.1.6 Historical project data collection (for example, technology deployments, project conditions);  
5.1.7 Validating and calibrating cost estimates and software tools; and  
5.1.8 Establishing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned.  
5.2 Several government agencies are already incorporating this structure into existing and future cost estimating models, databases, and other similar software tools and systems.
SCOPE
1.1 The Environmental Cost Element Structure (ECES) covered by Classification E2150 (and Adjunct E2150) provides a consistent and comprehensive structure across all phases of environmental remediation projects and is a tool to improve the cost management of those projects. This guide is intended to facilitate the application of the ECES to any environmental remediation project, without regard to project size.  
1.2 Classification E2150 establishes the broad, top-level framework for environmental remediation projects by providing a hierarchical list of project elements to two levels of detail. Its associated Adjunct E2150 supports the top-level structure by providing more detailed elements and definitions of the ECES to three additional levels of detail. Although it is assumed that the user is familiar with Classification E2150, much of the content of the classification is repeated in this guide to relieve the user of the burden of back-and-forth referencing during use. It is assumed, however, that all users of this guide will have at hand both Classification E2150 and the Adjunct E2150 during project planning.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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