ASTM E1688-10(2016)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
Standard Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sediment exposure evaluations are a critical component for both ecological and human health risk assessments. Credible, cost-effective methods are required to determine the rate and extent of bioaccumulation given the potential importance of bioaccumulation by benthic organisms. Standardized test methods to assess the bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants are required to assist in the development of sediment quality guidelines (1, 2, 3)5 and to assess the potential impacts of disposal of dredge materials (4).
5.2 The extent to which sediment-associated contaminants are biologically available and bioaccumulated is important in order to assess their direct effects on sediment-dwelling organisms and assess their transport to higher trophic levels. Controlled studies are required to determine the potential for bioaccumulation that can be interpreted and modeled for predicting the impact of accumulated chemicals. The data collected by these methods should be correlated with the current understanding of toxicity or human health risks to augment the hazard interpretation for contaminated sediments.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for measuring the bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by infaunal invertebrates. Marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments are a major sink for chemicals that sorb preferentially to particles, such as organic compounds with high octanol-water-partitioning coefficients (Kow) (for example, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)) and many metals. The accumulation of chemicals into whole or bedded sediments (that is, consolidated rather than suspended sediments) reduces their direct bioavailability to pelagic organisms but increases the exposure of benthic organisms. Feeding of pelagic organisms on benthic prey can reintroduce sediment-associated contaminants into pelagic food webs. The bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by sediment-dwelling organisms can therefore result in ecological impacts on benthic and pelagic communities and human health from the consumption of contaminated shellfish or pelagic fish.
1.2 Methods of measuring bioaccumulation by infaunal organisms from marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments containing organic or metal contaminates will be discussed. The procedures are designed to generate quantitative estimates of steady-state tissue residues because data from bioaccumulation tests are often used in ecological or human health risk assessments. Eighty percent of steady-state is used as the general criterion. Because the results from a single or few species are often extrapolated to other species, the procedures are designed to maximize exposure to sediment-associated contaminants so that residues in untested species are not underestimated systematically. A 28-day exposure with sediment-ingesting invertebrates and no supplemental food is recommended as the standard single sampling procedure. Procedures for long-term and kinetic tests are provided for use when 80 % of steady-state will not be obtained within 28 days or when more precise estimates of steady-state tissue residues are required. The procedures are adaptable to shorter exposures and different feeding types. Exposures shorter than 28 days may be used to identify which compounds are bioavailable (that is, bioaccumulation potential) or for testing species that do not live for 28 days in the sediment (for example, certain Chironomus). Non-sediment-ingestors or species requiring supplementary food may be used if the goal is to determine uptake in these particular species because of their importance in ecological or human health risk assessments. However, the results from such species should not be extrapolated to other species.
1.3 Standard test methods are still under development, and much of this guide is based on techniques used in successful studies and expert opinion rather than experimen...
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Designation: E1688 − 10 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Guide for
Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-
Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* arerequired.Theproceduresareadaptabletoshorterexposures
and different feeding types. Exposures shorter than 28 days
1.1 This guide covers procedures for measuring the bioac-
may be used to identify which compounds are bioavailable
cumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by infaunal
(that is, bioaccumulation potential) or for testing species that
invertebrates. Marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments are
do not live for 28 days in the sediment (for example, certain
a major sink for chemicals that sorb preferentially to particles,
Chironomus). Non-sediment-ingestors or species requiring
such as organic compounds with high octanol-water-
supplementary food may be used if the goal is to determine
partitioning coefficients (K ) (for example, polychlorinated
ow
uptake in these particular species because of their importance
biphenyls(PCBs)anddichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT))
in ecological or human health risk assessments. However, the
andmanymetals.Theaccumulationofchemicalsintowholeor
results from such species should not be extrapolated to other
bedded sediments (that is, consolidated rather than suspended
species.
sediments)reducestheirdirectbioavailabilitytopelagicorgan-
isms but increases the exposure of benthic organisms. Feeding
1.3 Standard test methods are still under development, and
ofpelagicorganismsonbenthicpreycanreintroducesediment-
much of this guide is based on techniques used in successful
associated contaminants into pelagic food webs. The bioaccu-
studies and expert opinion rather than experimental compari-
mulation of sediment-associated contaminants by sediment-
sons of different techniques. Also, relatively few marine/
dwelling organisms can therefore result in ecological impacts
estuarine (for example, Nereis and Macoma), freshwater (for
onbenthicandpelagiccommunitiesandhumanhealthfromthe
example, Diporeia and Lumbriculus variegatus) species, and
consumption of contaminated shellfish or pelagic fish.
primarily neutral organic compounds provide a substantial
portion of the basis for the guide. Nonetheless, sufficient
1.2 Methods of measuring bioaccumulation by infaunal
progress has been made in conducting experiments and under-
organisms from marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments
standing the factors regulating sediment bioavailability to
containing organic or metal contaminates will be discussed.
establish general guidelines for sediment bioaccumulation
The procedures are designed to generate quantitative estimates
tests.
of steady-state tissue residues because data from bioaccumu-
lation tests are often used in ecological or human health risk
1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:
assessments. Eighty percent of steady-state is used as the
Scope 1
general criterion. Because the results from a single or few
Referenced Documents 2
species are often extrapolated to other species, the procedures
Terminology 3
Summary of Guide 4
are designed to maximize exposure to sediment-associated
Significance and Use 5
contaminants so that residues in untested species are not
Interferences 6
underestimated systematically. A 28-day exposure with Apparatus 7
Safety Precautions 8
sediment-ingesting invertebrates and no supplemental food is
Overlying Water 9
recommended as the standard single sampling procedure.
Sediment 10
Procedures for long-term and kinetic tests are provided for use Test Organisms 11
Experimental Design 12
when 80% of steady-state will not be obtained within 28 days
Procedure 13
or when more precise estimates of steady-state tissue residues
Analytical Methodology 14
Data Analysis and Interpretation 15
Keywords
Annexes
Additional Methods for Predicting Bioaccumulation Annex A1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
Determining the Number of Replicates Annex A2
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil-
Adequacy of 10-Day and 28-Day Exposures Annex A3
ity of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.
Alternative Test Designs Annex A4
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originally
Calculation of Time to Steady-State Annex A5
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E1688–10. DOI:
Special Purpose Exposure Chambers Annex A6
10.1520/E1688-10R16.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1688 − 10 (2016)
2.2 Federal Documents:
Additional Techniques to Correct for Gut Sediment Annex A7
Bioaccumulation Testing with Lumbriculus variegatus Annex A8
CFR, Title 21,Food and Drugs, Chapter I Food and Drug
References
Administration, Department of Health and Human
1.5 Field-collected sediments may contain toxic materials,
Services, Part 177, Indirect Food Additives: Polymers
including pathogens, and should be treated with caution to
CFR, Title 49,Transportation Chapter 1 Research and Spe-
minimize exposure to workers. Worker safety must also be
cial Programs Administration, Department of Transporta-
considered when using laboratory-dosed sediments containing
tion Parts 100–177, Subchapter A—Hazardous Materials
toxic compounds.
Transportation, Oil Transportation and Pipeline Safety,
Subchapter B—Oil Transportation and Subchapter
1.6 This guide may involve the use of non-indigenous test
C—Hazardous Materials Regulation
species. The accidental establishment of non-indigenous spe-
cies has resulted in substantial harm to both estuarine and
3. Terminology
freshwater ecosystems. Adequate precautions must therefore
3.1 Definitions:
be taken against the accidental release of any non-indigenous
3.1.1 The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “can,” and
test species or associated flora or fauna.
“might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must” is
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
usedtoexpressanabsoluterequirement,thatis,tostatethatthe
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
test needs to be designed to satisfy the specified conditions,
standard.
unless the purpose of the test requires a different design.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
“Must” is used only in connection with the factors that relate
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
directlytotheacceptabilityofthetest.“Should”isusedtostate
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
that the specified conditions are recommended and ought to be
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
met in most tests. Although the violation of one “should” is
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
rarely a serious matter, violation of several will often render
tionary statements are given in Section 8.
results questionable. Terms such as “is desirable,” “is often
desirable,” and “might be desirable” are used in connection
2. Referenced Documents
with less important factors. “May” is used to mean “is (are)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
allowed to,” “can” is used to mean “is (are) able to,” and
D1129Terminology Relating to Water
“might” is used to mean “could possibly.” Thus, the classic
D4387Guide for Selecting Grab Sampling Devices for
distinctionbetween“may”and“can”ispreserved,and“might”
Collecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates (Withdrawn
is never used as a synonym for either “may” or “can.”
2003)
3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to
E729Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test
Guide E729 and Terminologies D1129 and E943. For an
Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphib-
explanation of units and symbols, refer to SI10-02 IEEE/
ians
ASTM SI 10 .
E943Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ronmental Fate
3.2.1 acid volatile sulfide (AVS)—sedimentary reduced sul-
E1022Guide for Conducting Bioconcentration Tests with
fide phase associated with metal partitioning.
Fishes and Saltwater Bivalve Mollusks
3.2.2 alpha—see Type I error.
E1367TestMethodforMeasuringtheToxicityofSediment-
3.2.3 apparent steady-state—see steady-state.
Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine In-
3.2.4 bedded sediment—see whole sediment.
vertebrates
3.2.5 beta—see Type II error.
E1383Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with
Freshwater Invertebrates (Withdrawn 1995)
3.2.6 bioaccumulation—thenetaccumulationofasubstance
E1391Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, and
by an organism as a result of uptake from all environmental
Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing and
sources.
for Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Inver-
3.2.7 bioaccumulation factor (BAF)—the ratio of tissue
tebrates
residue to sediment contaminant concentration at steady-state.
E1525GuideforDesigningBiologicalTestswithSediments
3.2.8 bioaccumulation potential—a qualitative assessment
E1706TestMethodforMeasuringtheToxicityofSediment-
of whether a contaminant in a particular sediment is bioavail-
Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
able.
SI10-02IEEE/ASTMSI10 AmericanNationalStandardfor
UseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI):TheModern
3.2.9 bioconcentration—the net assimilation of a substance
Metric System by an aquatic organism as a result of uptake directly from
aqueous solution.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.10 bioconcentration factor (BCF)—the ratio of tissue
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
residue to water contaminant concentration at steady-state.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Available from U.S. Government Publishing Office, 732 N. Capitol St., NW,
www.astm.org. Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://www.gpo.gov.
E1688 − 10 (2016)
3.2.11 biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF)—the ra- 3.2.27 experimental unit—an organism or organisms to
tio of lipid-normalized tissue residue to organic carbon- which one trial of a single treatment is applied.
normalizedsedimentcontaminantconcentrationatsteadystate,
3.2.28 fines—the silt-clay fraction of a sediment.
with units of g-carbon/g-lipid.
3.2.29 gut purging—voiding of sediment contained in the
3.2.12 black carbon (BC)—type of environmental carbon
gut.
formed during the incomplete oxidation of organic substances
3.2.30 hydrophobic contaminants—low-contaminant water
(for example, fossil fuels, biomass). May consist of phases
solubility with a high K and usually a strong tendency to
ow
such as soot, charcoal, tar, and coal. Certain forms have high
bioaccumulate.
affinity for hydrophibic contaminants and can reduce the
3.2.31 interstitial water—water within a wet sediment that
bioavailability of some contaminants.
surrounds the sediment particles.
3.2.13 block—a group of homogeneous experimental units.
3.2.32 kinetic bioaccumulation model—any model that uses
3.2.14 coeffıcient of variation (CV)—a standardized vari-
uptake or elimination rates, or both, to predict tissue residues.
ance term; the standard deviation (SD) divided by the mean
3.2.33 long-term uptake tests—bioaccumulation tests with
and expressed as a percent.
an exposure period greater than 28 days.
3.2.15 comparison-wise error—aType I error applied to the
3.2.34 metabolism—see degradation.
single comparison of two means. Contrast with experiment-
3.2.35 minimum detectable difference—the smallest (abso-
wise error.
lute) difference between two means that is distinguishable
3.2.16 compositing—the combining of separate tissue or
statistically.
sediment samples into a single sample.
3.2.36 multiple comparisons—the statistical comparison of
3.2.17 control sediment—sediment containing no or very
several treatments simultaneously.
low levels of contaminants. Control sediments should ideally
3.2.37 no further degradation—an approach by which a
contain only unavoidable “global” levels of contaminants.
tissue concentration is deemed acceptable if it is not greater
Contrast with reference sediment.
than the tissue concentration at a reference site.
3.2.18 degradation—biochemical breakdown of the con-
3.2.38 organic carbon (OC)—type of environmental carbon
taminant by a test species.
resulting from the diagenesis of organic substances (for
3.2.19 depuration—loss of a substance from an organism as
example, plant and animal matter).
a result of any active (for example, metabolic breakdown) or
3.2.39 pairwise comparisons—the statistical comparison of
passive process when the organism is placed into an uncon-
two treatments. Contrast with multiple comparisons.
taminated environment. Contrast with elimination.
3.2.40 power—the probability of detecting a difference
3.2.20 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)—a common
between the treatment and control means when a true differ-
environmental contaminant. Metabolites include dichlorodi-
ence exists.
phenyldichloroethane (DDD) and dichlorodiphenylethylene
3.2.41 pseudoreplication—the incorrect assignment of
(DDE).
replicates, often due to a biased assignment of replicates.
3.2.21 dissolved organic carbon (DOC)—type of organic
3.2.42 reference sediment—a sediment similar to the test
carbon soluble in aqueous solutions. Particulate and dissolved
sediment in physical and chemical characteristics and not
organic carbon are the primary organic carbon components in
contaminatedbytheparticularcontaminantsourceunderstudy
aquatic systems.
(for example, dredge material, discharge, and non-point run-
3.2.22 Eh (redox potential)—a measure of the oxidation
off). A reference sediment should ideally contain only back-
state of a sediment relative to the hydrogen half-cell reaction.
ground levels of contaminants characteristic of the region.
Contrast with control sediment.
3.2.23 elimination—a general term for the loss of a sub-
stance from an organism that occurs by any active or passive 3.2.43 replication—the assignment of a treatment to more
means. The term is applicable in either a contaminated envi- than one experimental unit.
ronment (for example, occurring simultaneously with uptake)
3.2.44 sampling unit—t
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1688 − 10 E1688 − 10 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Guide for
Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-
Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide covers procedures for measuring the bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by infaunal
invertebrates. Marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments are a major sink for chemicals that sorb preferentially to particles, such
as organic compounds with high octanol-water-partitioning coefficients (K ) (for example, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and
ow
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)) and many metals. The accumulation of chemicals into whole or bedded sediments (that
is, consolidated rather than suspended sediments) reduces their direct bioavailability to pelagic organisms but increases the
exposure of benthic organisms. Feeding of pelagic organisms on benthic prey can reintroduce sediment-associated contaminants
into pelagic food webs. The bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants by sediment-dwelling organisms can therefore
result in ecological impacts on benthic and pelagic communities and human health from the consumption of contaminated shellfish
or pelagic fish.
1.2 Methods of measuring bioaccumulation by infaunal organisms from marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments containing
organic or metal contaminates will be discussed. The procedures are designed to generate quantitative estimates of steady-state
tissue residues because data from bioaccumulation tests are often used in ecological or human health risk assessments. Eighty
percent of steady-state is used as the general criterion. Because the results from a single or few species are often extrapolated to
other species, the procedures are designed to maximize exposure to sediment-associated contaminants so that residues in untested
species are not underestimated systematically. A 28-day exposure with sediment-ingesting invertebrates and no supplemental food
is recommended as the standard single sampling procedure. Procedures for long-term and kinetic tests are provided for use when
80 % of steady-state will not be obtained within 28 days or when more precise estimates of steady-state tissue residues are required.
The procedures are adaptable to shorter exposures and different feeding types. Exposures shorter than 28 days may be used to
identify which compounds are bioavailable (that is, bioaccumulation potential) or for testing species that do not live for 28 days
in the sediment (for example, certain Chironomus). Non-sediment-ingestors or species requiring supplementary food may be used
if the goal is to determine uptake in these particular species because of their importance in ecological or human health risk
assessments. However, the results from such species should not be extrapolated to other species.
1.3 Standard test methods are still under development, and much of this guide is based on techniques used in successful studies
and expert opinion rather than experimental comparisons of different techniques. Also, relatively few marine/estuarine (for
example, Nereis and Macoma), freshwater (for example, Diporeia and Lumbriculus variegatus) species, and primarily neutral
organic compounds provide a substantial portion of the basis for the guide. Nonetheless, sufficient progress has been made in
conducting experiments and understanding the factors regulating sediment bioavailability to establish general guidelines for
sediment bioaccumulation tests.
1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:
Scope 1
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
Summary of Guide 4
Significance and Use 5
Interferences 6
Apparatus 7
Safety Precautions 8
Overlying Water 9
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate.
Current edition approved April 1, 2010Feb. 1, 2016. Published July 2010May 2016. Originally publishedapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as
E1688 – 00a.E1688 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/E1688-10.10.1520/E1688-10R16.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1688 − 10 (2016)
Sediment 10
Test Organisms 11
Experimental Design 12
Procedure 13
Analytical Methodology 14
Data Analysis and Interpretation 15
Keywords
Annexes
Additional Methods for Predicting Bioaccumulation Annex A1
Determining the Number of Replicates Annex A2
Adequacy of 10-Day and 28-Day Exposures Annex A3
Alternative Test Designs Annex A4
Calculation of Time to Steady-State Annex A5
Special Purpose Exposure Chambers Annex A6
Additional Techniques to Correct for Gut Sediment Annex A7
Bioaccumulation Testing with Lumbriculus variegatus Annex A8
References
1.5 Field-collected sediments may contain toxic materials, including pathogens, and should be treated with caution to minimize
exposure to workers. Worker safety must also be considered when using laboratory-dosed sediments containing toxic compounds.
1.6 This guide may involve the use of non-indigenous test species. The accidental establishment of non-indigenous species has
resulted in substantial harm to both estuarine and freshwater ecosystems. Adequate precautions must therefore be taken against the
accidental release of any non-indigenous test species or associated flora or fauna.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D4387 Guide for Selecting Grab Sampling Devices for Collecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates (Withdrawn 2003)
E729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians
E943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental Fate
E1022 Guide for Conducting Bioconcentration Tests with Fishes and Saltwater Bivalve Mollusks
E1367 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates
E1383 Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with Freshwater Invertebrates (Withdrawn 1995)
E1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing and for
Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Invertebrates
E1525 Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments
E1706 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
SI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric
System
2.2 Federal Document:Documents:
CFR, Title 21, Food and Drugs, Chapter I Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Part 177,
Indirect Food Additives: Polymers
CFR, Title 49, Transportation Chapter 1 Research and Special Programs Administration, Department of Transportation Parts
100–177, Subchapter A—Hazardous Materials Transportation, Oil Transportation and Pipeline Safety, Subchapter B—Oil
Transportation and Subchapter C—Hazardous Materials Regulation
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The words “must,” “should,” “may,” “ can,” “can,” and “might” have very specific meanings in this guide. “Must” is used
to express an absolute requirement, that is, to state that the test needs to be designed to satisfy the specified conditions, unless the
purpose of the test requires a different design. “Must” is used only in connection with the factors that relate directly to the
acceptability of the test. “Should” is used to state that the specified conditions are recommended and ought to be met in most tests.
Although the violation of one “should” is rarely a serious matter, violation of several will often render results questionable. Terms
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.Publishing Office, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC
20401-0001, http://www.gpo.gov.
E1688 − 10 (2016)
such as “is desirable,” “is often desirable,” and “might be desirable” are used in connection with less important factors. “May” is
used to mean “is (are) allowed to,” “can” is used to mean “is (are) able to,” and “might” is used to mean “could possibly.” Thus,
the classic distinction between “may” and “can” is preserved, and “ might” “might” is never used as a synonym for either “may”
or “can.”
3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Guide E729 and Terminologies D1129 and E943. For an explanation
of units and symbols, refer to SI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 .
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 acid volatile sulfide (AVS)—sedimentary reduced sulfide phase associated with metal partitioning.
3.2.2 alpha—see Type I error.
3.2.3 apparent steady-state—see steady-state.
3.2.4 bedded sediment—see whole sediment.
3.2.5 beta—see Type II error.
3.2.6 bioaccumulation—the net accumulation of a substance by an organism as a result of uptake from all environmental
sources.
3.2.7 bioaccumulation factor (BAF)—the ratio of tissue residue to sediment contaminant concentration at steady-state.
3.2.8 bioaccumulation potential—a qualitative assessment of whether a contaminant in a particular sediment is bioavailable.
3.2.9 bioconcentration—the net assimilation of a substance by an aquatic organism as a result of uptake directly from aqueous
solution.
3.2.10 bioconcentration factor (BCF)—the ratio of tissue residue to water contaminant concentration at steady-state.
3.2.11 biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF)—the ratio of lipid-normalized tissue residue to organic carbon-normalized
sediment contaminant concentration at steady state, with units of g-carbon/g-lipid.
3.2.12 black carbon (BC)—type of environmental carbon formed during the incomplete oxidation of organic substances (for
example, fossil fuels, biomass). May consist of phases such as soot, charcoal, tar, and coal. Certain forms have high affinity for
hydrophibic contaminants and can reduce the bioavailability of some contaminants.
3.2.13 block—a group of homogeneous experimental units.
3.2.14 coeffıcient of variation (CV)—a standardized variance term; the standard deviation (SD) divided by the mean and
expressed as a percent.
3.2.15 comparison-wise error—a Type I error applied to the single comparison of two means. Contrast with experiment-wise
error.
3.2.16 compositing—the combining of separate tissue or sediment samples into a single sample.
3.2.17 control sediment—sediment containing no or very low levels of contaminants. Control sediments should ideally contain
only unavoidable “global” levels of contaminants. Contrast with reference sediment.
3.2.18 degradation—biochemical breakdown of the contaminant by a test species.
3.2.19 depuration—loss of a substance from an organism as a result of any active (for example, metabolic breakdown) or
passive process when the organism is placed into an uncontaminated environment. Contrast with elimination.
3.2.20 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)—a common environmental contaminant. Metabolites include dichlorodiphenyl-
dichloroethane (DDD) and dichlorodiphenylethylene (DDE).
3.2.21 dissolved organic carbon (DOC)—type of organic carbon soluble in aqueous solutions. Particulate and dissolved organic
carbon are the primary organic carbon components in aquatic systemssystems.
3.2.22 Eh (redox potential)—a measure of the oxidation state of a sediment relative to the hydrogen half-cell reaction.
3.2.23 elimination—a general term for the loss of a substance from an organism that occurs by any active or passive means. The
term is applicable in either a contaminated environment (for example, occurring simultaneously with uptake) or a clean
environment. Contrast with depuration.
3.2.24 equilibrium partitioning (EqP) bioaccumulation model—a bioaccumulation model based on equilibrium partitioning of
a neutral organic between organism lipids and sediment carbon.
3.2.25 experiment-wise error—a Type I error (alpha) chosen such that the probability of making any Type I error in a series of
tests is alpha. Contrast with comparison-wise error.
3.2.26 experimental error—variation among replicate experimental units.
3.2.27 experimental unit—an organism or organisms to which one trial of a single treatment is applied.
3.2.28 fines—the silt-clay fraction of a sediment.
3.2.29 gut purging—voiding of sediment contained in the gut.
E1688 − 10 (2016)
3.2.30 hydrophobic contaminants—low-contaminant water solubility with a high K and usually a strong tendency to
ow
bioaccumulate.
3.2.31 interstitial water—water within a wet sediment that surrounds the sediment particles.
3.2.32 kinetic bioaccumulation model—any model that uses uptake or elimination rates, or both, to predict tissue residues.
3.2.33 long-term uptake tests—bioaccumulation tests with an exposure period greater than 28 days.
3.2.34 metabolism—see degradation.
3.2.35 minimum detectable difference—the smallest (absolute) difference between two means that is distinguishable statistically.
3.2.36 multiple comparisons—the statistical comparison of several treatments simultaneously.
3.2.37 no further degradation—an approach by which a
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